UNIVERSITY    KARM 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

A  TREATISE   ON  THE  PROPAGATION,  PLANTING,  AND  CULTIVA- 

TION,   WITH   A   DESCRIPTION,   AND   THE   BOTANICAL 

AND   POPULAR   NAMES   OF  ALL   THE 

Indigenous  Trees  of  the  United  States, 

BOTH  EVEEQEEEN  AND  DECIDUOUS,  TOGETHEE  WITH  NOTES  OK 
A  LAEGE  NUMBEE  OF  THE  MOST 

VALUABLE    EXOTIC    SPECIES. 

BY 
ANDREW     S.     FULLER, 

MJTHOB    OP    THB    "STRAWBERRY    CULTTTRIST,"    "GRAPE    CULTUHIST,"    "  8MALI, 
FRUIT    CULTURI8T,"    ETC.,    ETO. 

ILLUSTRATED. 


tBK^l? 

V     OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


NEW   YORK: 

ORANGE  JUDD   COMPANY. 
52  &  54  LAFAYETTE  PLACE. 

1908 


UNIVERSITY    FARM 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1584,  by  the 

ORANGE    JUDD    COMPANY, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  ot  Congress,  at  Washington. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Influence  of  Forests  on  Climate 


Forests  and  Streams 15 

Trees  for  Shelter 17 

Forests  and  Insects 18 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  Characteristics  of  Trees 19 

The  Movement  of  Sap  in  Trees 22 

The  Buds  of  Trees 23 

CHAPTER  III. 

Raising  Trees  from  Seed k 35 

Preparing  a  Seed-bed 28 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Transplanting  Seedlings 32 

CHAPTER  V. 

Budding  and  Grafting 36 

Budding 36 

Grafting  Deciduous  Trees  42 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Grafting  Conifers 48 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Coniferse  from  Cuttings 51 

Layers 54 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Deciduous  Trees  from  Cuttings 54 

Propagation  by  Layering 55 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Seedlings  of  Coniferse 58 

Sowing  the  Seeds 60 

Evergreens  from  the  Forests 64 

Seasou  for  Transplanting 66 

(3) 


845 


IV  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  X. 

Pruning  Forest  Trees 67 

Time  to  Prune 0 69 

Pruning  Evergreens 70 

Implements  used  in  Pruning 71 

CHAPTER  XI. 
The  best  Time  to  cut  Timber 72 

CHAPTER  XII. 
importance  of  a  Supply  of  Wood 75  * 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

Preservation  of  Forests 78 

Management  of  Forests 79 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
Establishing  new  Forests 80 

CHAPTER  XV. 
Forest  Trees 87 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
Evergreen  Trees 233 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

Coniferae  or  Cone-bearing  Trees 237 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Additional  list  of  Coniferse 278 

Trees  not  Generally  Known 282 

Additions  and  Corrections..,  ..  283 


PREFACE. 


The  preface  of  a  book  is  usually  considered  the  proper  place 
for  an  author  to  give  his  reasons  for  writing  it.  Following  the 
usual  custom  in  this  matter,  I  may  say  that  I  am  a  son  of  a 
carpenter,  who  followed  the  business  of  building  bridges,  barns, 
houses,  and  similar  structures,  and  my  earliest  recollections 
take  me  back  to  the  time  when  I  spent  many  an  hour  in  the 
shop,  twirling  and  unrolling  the  long,  silky  pine  and  white- 
wood  shavings,  and  at  these  times  I  heard  discussions  almost 
daily  in  regard  to  wood,  timber,  trees,  their  quality,  value,  and 
variety.  My  father  also  owned  a  farm  in  the  heavily  wooded 
regions  of  Western  New  York,  and  he  highly  appreciated  the 
value  of  certain  kinds  of  trees  growing  thereon,  for  his  practiced 
eye  would  measure  the  size  of  a  hewn  stick  of  timber  that 
could  be  made  from  a  giant  oak,  beech,  or  ether  kind  of  tree  as 
it  stood  in  the  forest,  as  well  as  make  a  very  close  guess  as  to 
the  number  of  feet  of  boards  or  plank  that  could  be  produced 
from  the  great  white-woods,  hemlocks,  or  pines,  of  those 
regions.  Brought  up  amid  such  surroundings,  and  early  taught 
to  use  tools  and  work  in  wood  myself,  it  was  but  natural  that  I 
should  take  an  interest  in  Forestry,  and  endeavor  to  learn 
something  of  the  value  of  trees  and  forests. 

A  few  years  later,  or  in  the  summer  of  1846,  I  spent  several 
weeks  in  the  great  pine  forests  of  Eastern  Michigan,  commenc- 
ing at  Port  Huron,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  thence  travel- 
ling northward  to  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw.  This  extensive 
region  was  at  that  time  an  almost  unbroken  wilderness,  although 
there  were  a  few  saw-mills  scattered  here  and  there  along  the 
lake  shore,  or  in  the  bays,  that  afforded  a  good  harbor  for  the 
small  vessels  engaged  in  transporting  lumber.  The  mills  at 
Port  Huron,  Saginaw,  Thunder  Bay,  and  a  few  other  places 
were  kept  running,  but  they  made  only  a  slight  impression 
upon  the  surrounding  forests,  and  it  was  often  asserted  at  that 
day,  that  the  pine  forests  of  Michigan  were  simply  inexhausti- 

(5) 


VI  PKEFACE. 

ble.  But  when  a  few  weeks  later  I  crossed  Lake  Michigan,  and 
travelled  across  Southern  Wisconsin  into  Iowa,  and  in  return- 
ing passed  over  the  great  prairies  of  Illinois,  I  began  to  realize 
the  fact,  that  while  there  were  great  forests  not  far  distant, 
there  were  also  still  more  extensive  regions  of  country  that 
would  and  must  be  supplied  with  lumber  and  timber  of  various 
kinds. 

A  nine  years  residence  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  several 
journeys  across  the  Great  Plains,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
with  rambles  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions,  both  in  summer 
and  winter,  have  added  something  to  my  acquaintance  with 
our  great  forests,  and  strengthened  my  convictions  as  to  their 
importance  and  value  to  the  country.  During  all  these  years  I 
have  been  engaged  more  or  less  in  raising  and  planting  forest 
trees,  sometimes  as  a  business,  but  frequently  as  a  pastime,  or 
for  the  purpose  of  experimenting  "with  the  different  species, 
both  exotic  and  indigenous.  Twenty-five  years  ago  I  com- 
menced writing  about  forest  trees,  and  from  that  time  to  the 
present,  I  have  never  allowed  a  season  to  pass  without  urging 
upon  our  people  the  importance  of  not  only  preserving  the  forests 
we  now  possess,  but  also  the  necessity  of  planting  new  ones. 

In  1864,  at  the  urgent  request  of  my  former  publishers,  I 
wrote  a  little  hand-book  called  the  "  Forest  Tree  Culturist," 
which  was  to  be  issued  in  a  pamphlet  form  and  sold  at  a  low 
price,  but  after  it  was  out  of  my  control,  these  former  publish- 
ers saw  fit  to  add  a  cover  of  cloth,  and  offer  it  at  the  same  price 
as  my  larger  works,  a  change  that  I  have  always  regretted,  as 
it  was  not  just  to  the  author  or  purchaser. 

Many  a  time  during  my  life  have  I  felt  the  need  of  some  one 
volume  of  moderate  size,  containing  the  names  and  descrip- 
tions, however  brief  the  latter  might  be,  of  all  the  trees  indi- 
genous to  the  United  States.  Having  waited  in  vain  for  the 
appearance  of  such  a  book,  I  have  attempted  to  write  one  my- 
self, with  the  hope  that  it  will  be  of  service,  not  only  to  those 
who  may  desire  to  raise  forest  trees  for  pleasure  or  profit,  but 
to  others,  who,  like  the  author,  may  occasionally  visit  different 
parts  of  the  country,  and  need  some  such  guide,  that  will 
help  them  to  call  to  mind  the  names,  as  well  as  assist  in  identi- 
fying the  different  species  of  trees  to  be  found  in  our  forests. 
I  have  written  it  for  those  who  are  not  supposed  to  have  given 
the  subject  of  forestry  any  special  attention,  and  for  this  rea- 
son purposely  avoided  using  any  greater  number  of  scientific 


PREFACE.  VII 

and  unfamiliar  terms  than  was  actually  necessary  in  describing 
the  various  species  and  varieties. 

Furthermore,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  publishers,  I  have  been 
as  brief  as  possible,  in  order  to  make  a  book  that  can  be  sold  at 
a  price  within  the  means  of  all,  and  one  that  will  not  even  deter 
the  summer  tourist,  who  is  about  to  spend  a  few  days  or  weeks 
in  the  country,  from  dropping  a  copy  into  his  grip-sack  before 
leaving  home.  Could  I  have  followed  my  own  desires  and 
pleasures  in  this  matter,  the  book  would  have  been  extended  to 
a  thousand  pages,  and  illustrated  at  a  cost  of  many  thousands 
of  dollars,  but  there  are  comparatively  a  small  number  of  per- 
sons who  take  sufficient  interest  in  forestry  to  purchase  such  a 
work;  consequently  my  own  wishes  have  been  made  subservi- 
ent to  these  circumstances,  which  neither  author  nor  publishers 
have  power  to  control. 

I  desire  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  the  excellent  bo- 
tanical works  of  Prof.  Asa  Gray,  and  those  of  the  late  Dr. 
Chapman,  of  Florida,  and  Dr.  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  also  to 
those  other  botanists,  which  I  have  had  occasion  to  consult,  and 
especially  to  the  recently  completed  "  Botany  of  California,"  by 
Profs.  Gray,  Brewer,  Watson,  and  their  many  able  assistants. 
To  the  works  of  Michaux,  Nuttall,  and  other  earlier  writers  I 
have  frequently  referred  in  the  following  pages,  also  to  the 
"Book  of  Evergreens,"  by  Josiah  Hoopes,  to  which  I  have 
called  especial  attention  in  the  Chapter  on  Coniferse.  I  have 
endeavored  to  give  proper  credit  to  the  first  describer  of  the 
species,  but  may  in  some  instances  have  failed  in  this,  owing  to 
the  confusion  existing  in  regard  to  this  matter  in  some  of  our 
botanical  works. 

ANDREW  S.  FULLER. 
Ridgewood,  Bergen  Co.,  N,  J.,  1884, 


iVERSITY   1 

/ 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY, 


CHAPTEK   I. 
INFLUENCE  OF  FORESTS  ON  CLIMATE. 

The  influence  of  forests  on  climate,  is  a  subject  that 
has  attracted  the  attention  of  all  civilized  nations,  and 
barbarous  races,  however  low  in  the  scale  of  intelligence, 
know  enough  of  the  effect  of  forests  on  climate  to  seek 
or  avoid  them  as  may  be  necessary  to  escape  disease,  or 
obtain  shelter.  We  are  not,  however,  to  suppose  that 
large  forests  are  always  a  blessing  to  a  country  or  to  a 
people,  or  that  their  total  absence  is  in  all  cases  a  dire 
calamity,  for  the  jungles  of  India,  or  the  almost  im- 
penetrable forests  of  the  tropical  regions  of  America,  are 
no  more  desirable  as  places  of  residence,  than  the  arid 
plains  of  this  or  any  other  country.  What  man  should 
seek,  is  adaptation  of  the  climate  to  his  needs,  and  if  he 
can  increase  or  decrease  the  amount  of  moisture  by  chang- 
ing the  area  covered  by  forest,  he  should  lose  no  time  in 
beginning  to  raise  trees,  or  to  destroy  them,  which  ever 
is  likely  to  conduce  most  to  his  welfare. 

The  cutting  down  of  great  forests,  thus  allowing  the 
air  and  sun  to  reach  the  earth,  and  the  wind  to  sweep 
over  its  surface,  must  necessarily  hasten  the  disappear- 
ance of  moisture  therefrom,  just  as  the  opening  of  the 
windows  of  a  room  tends  to  a  more  rapid  movement  of 
the  air  within,  and  aids  in  dispelling  smoke,  steam,  or 
odors  which  it  may  have  previously  contained.  We  ven- 
tilate a  building  by  arranging  for  the  ingress  and  egress 
of  air  in  such  a  way  that  it  shall  be  kept  in  motion,  and 
(9) 


10  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

we  do  the  same  thing  on  a  more  extended  scale,  when  we 
raise  or  remove  forests.  Whenever  an  extensive  region 
of  country  is  denuded  of  its  forests,  the  winds  pass  over 
it  with  greater  velocity,  impinging  with  greater  force  up- 
on the  soil,  rapidly  dispelling  the  moisture  on  it  or  arising 
therefrom.  Keeping  this  in  mind,  we  can  readily  under- 
stand why  a  country  denuded  of  its  forests  may  become 
so  dry  as  not  to  admit  of  the  production  of  grain,  or  any 
of  the  ordinary  cultivated  crops,  while  the  annual 
amount  of  rainfall  remains  almost  if  not  quite  as  great  as 
it  was  when  the  forests  were  standing,  and  when  the  hus- 
bandman seldom  failed  to  raise  remunerative  crops. 

Any  one  who  has  resided  for  any  length  of  time  on  the 
plains  of  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  or  in  fact  almost  any- 
where in  the  elevated  regions  of  the  West,  can  fully  un- 
derstand the  effect  of  winds  on  surface  moisture  deposited 
by  rains.  I  have  known  more  water  to  fall  in  one  hour 
in  these  regions,  than  in  any  four  I  ever  experienced  in 
the  Eastern  States,  while  owing  to  the  compact  nature  of 
the  soil  it  could  not  penetrate  to  any  considerable  depth, 
but  passes  over  to  the  lower  lands  and  streams,  leaving 
the  ground  nearly  as  dry  as  before  it  came.  These  show- 
ers are  almost  invariably  followed  by  high  winds,  which 
take  up  and  dispel  what  little  moisture  may  have  re- 
mained attached  to  the  leaves  and  stems  of  the  low-grow- 
ing weeds  and  grasses.  The  immense  number  of  deep 
gullies  to  be  seen  all  through  what  has  been  aptly  termed 
the  "arid  belt,"  show  plainly  enough  that  very  heavy 
showers  do  occasionally  fall  in  these  regions,  but  there  is. 
no  large  area  of  sponge-like  leaf -mould,  in  either  forest 
or  field,  to  take  up  and  retain  the  waters  until  utilized 
by  plants — dispersed  by  slow  evaporation,  or  absorbed 
by  the  soil  beneath,  where  a  portion  of  it  at  least 
would  find  its  way  to  the  little  springs  below,  which  in 
turn  would  feed  the  brooks  and  streams  of  lower  levels. 
Instead  of  these  natural  obstructions,  the  way  is  clear  for 


INFLUENCE   OF    FORESTS    ON    CLIMATE.  11 

the  most  rapid  departure  of  all  the  water  that  may  fall  in 
the  form  of  rain.  A  few  showers  at  a  certain  season,  may 
produce  a  great  amount  of  water,  and  still  the  section  be 
so  dry  as  to  he  almost  uninhabitable  the  remainder  of  the 
year.  One-half  the  quantity  of  water,  if  distributed 
through  a  longer  period,  might  be  all  that  was  actually 
necessary  to  make  the  soil  fertile  and  the  climate  de- 
lightful. 

In  many  instances  the  destruction  of  large  forests  ap- 
pears to  have  diminished  the  amount  of  rainfall,  while  in 
others  no  diminution  has  been  observed.  Col.  Playfair, 
British  Consul  for  Algiers,  in  a  report  to  the  home  Gov- 
ernment, instances  some  remarkable  effects  of  extensive 
destruction  of  forests  in  that  country.  "  During  the 
first  twelve  years,  since  1838,  from  which  time  meteoro- 
logical observations  have  been  carried  on  in  Algiers,  the 
rainfall  averaged  32  inches  annually.  During  the  sec- 
ond twelve  years  it  had  decreased  to  30.8  inches,  and 
during  the  last  fourteen  years,  it  has  been  but  25.5  inches. 
The  decrease  became  apparent  after  the  principal  clear- 
ings of  wood  in  1845,  and  in  1876  so  exhausted  had  the 
soil  become,  that  a  famine  seemed  imminent  in  Western 
Algiers." 

Similar  instances  in  the  decrease  in  the  amount  of  rain- 
fall following  the  destruction  of  forests,  have  been  re- 
ported by  several  observers  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
but  principally  by  those  residing  in  hot  climates.  Wher- 
ever forests  of  any  considerable  extent  have  been  de- 
stroyed in  Australia,  Africa,  India,  Ceylon,  or  in  the  is- 
lands of  the  Indian  and  Atlantic  oceans,  lying  within 
what  may  be  termed  the  tropical  belt,  drouths  seem  to 
have  almost  invariably  followed.  These  drouths,  however, 
have  not  in  all  instances  been  traceable  to  a  diminished 
amount  of  rain,  but  to  rapid  dispersion  of  moisture  by 
winds,  as  well  as  evaporations  from  a  soil  exposed  to  the 
direct  rays  of  a  tropical  sun.  In  fact,  all  written  history 


12  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

that  gives  us  any  information  relating  to  the  clearing  of 
the  earth's  surface  of  forests  for  the  use,  convenience,  or 
other  purposes  by  man,  show  that  it  -diminishes  atmos- 
pheric moisture  more  or  less.  In  some  instances  this  may 
be  beneficial,  especially  in  regions  where  there  is  too 
much  rain  and  moisture  for  the  convenience  and  pros- 
perity of  the  inhabitants.  For  this  reason,  it  cannot  be 
said  that  the  destruction  of  forests  is  always  to  be  depre- 
cated and  looked  upon  as  an  evil,  for  it  may  be  a  blessing 
in  more  ways  than  one. 

The  healthfullness  of  a  country  is  frequently  influenced 
by  the  condition  of  the  forests.  It  has  often  been  claimed 
by  those  who  are  supposed  to  be  acquainted  with  such 
matters,  that  the  draining  of  swamps,  pools,  and  even 
the  under-draining  of  arable  lands,  tends  to  increase  the 
healthfulness  of  a  country  or  neighborhood.  While  this 
may  be  true  in  some  instances,  the  dispersion  of  what 
may  be  termed  surplus  moisture,  does  not  always  produce 
desirable  results. 

For  a  hundred  years  or  more,  it  has  been  noticed  that 
the  climate  of  the  Island  of  Mauritius  was  changing  from 
one  of  great  humidity  to  one  of  extreme  dryness, 
which,  it  is  claimed  is  due  to  the  destruction  of  the  great 
forests  that  originally  covered  the  country.  So  great 
has  been  this  change,  that  large  tracts  of  land  once 
occupied  by  sugar  plantations  have  been  abandoned  in 
consequence  of  the  severe  drouths,  which  are  of  such 
frequent  occurrence  that  planters  will  no  longer  take  the 
risk  of  planting  cane,  while  at  the  same  time  the  mor- 
tality among  the  inhabitants  from  fevers  has  been  very 
great,  and  these  diseases  appear  to  increase  in  severity  as 
the  humidity  of  the  climate  decreases.  It  is  quite 
probable,  however,  that  the  fevers  are  due  to  the  drying 
up  of  the  surface  moisture,  and  to  the  stagnant  pools 
formed  during  the  rainy  season. 

When  the  country  was  covered  with  forests,  and  rainb 


INFLUENCE   OF    FORESTS    ON    CLIMATE.  13 

were  more  frequent  and  abundant,  the  soil  was  shaded 
and  covered  with  leaves  and  other  vegetable  matter, 
that  prevented  the  rapid  evaporation  of  moisture — a 
portion  of  which  must  necessarily  have  found  its  way  by 
percolation  into  the  ponds.  The  water  in  these  ponds 
was  not  only  frequently  renewed  by  showers,  but  pu- 
rified by  almost  constant  aeration,  in  consequence  of  the 
visits  of  water  fowls  that  frequented  them  in  search  of 
food.  Every  ripple  of  the  surface  forced  air  beneath  it, 
and  the  movements  of  the  birds — reptiles,  amphibia,  and 
aquatic  insects  making  their  homes,  or  occasionally 
visiting  these  ponds,  assisted  in  aerating  and  purifying 
the  water.  Ponds  under  such  conditions  never  give  off 
fever  germs,  no  matter  in  what  country  or  climate  they 
may  be  located,  but  when  they  dry  in  consequence  of 
scarcity  of  rain,  or  the  water  is  removed  artificially, 
there  is  always  more  or  less  danger  of  the  emission  and 
dispersion  of  fever  germs. 

The  draining  of  swamps,  ponds — the  changing  of  the 
beds  of  streams — opening  of  new  streets,  even  in  our 
older  cities,  as  well  as  the  breaking  up  of  the  virgin 
soils  of  woodlands  or  prairies,  are  operations  very  likely 
to  be  followed  with  outbreaks  of  chills  and  fever,  among 
the  inhabitants  of  the  neighborhood.  The  principles 
that  appear  to  govern  the  developement  of  fever  germs, 
are  the  same  the  world  over,  and  if  ponds,  swamps,  or 
low  lands  are  to  be  drained  at  all,  it  should  be  thoroughly 
done,  that  there  shall  be  no  repetition  of  the  danger 
which  usually  follows  the  first  disappearence  of  the 
water  therefrom. 

We  naturally  look  to  the  old  world  for  information 
in  regard  to  the  influence  of  forests  on  climate,  because 
there  men  have  paid  the  most  attention  to  the  subject, 
at  least  in  modern  times,  and  even  if  we  go  further  back 
and  grope  about  among  ancient  cities  buried  in  drifting 
sands,  or  pass  over  desert  wastes,  where  once  forests 


14  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

stood,  while  near  by,  fields  of  waving  grain  rejoiced  the 
hearts  of  the  husbandmen,  the  lesson  is  the  same, — 
forests,  fields,  and  firesides,  are  three  inseparable  links 
in  the  golden  chain  of  man's  prosperity  as  a  tiller  of  the 
soil. 

But  the  destruction  of  forests  in  the  old  world 
interests  us,  mainly  as  a  warning,  showing  what  may 
happen  in  this,  if  we  continue  doing  as  we  have  done 
during  the  past  half  century,  in  stripping  the  land  of 
forests.  I  doubt  if  we  have  any  proof  that  the  destruc- 
tion of  forests  thus  far,  in  America,  has  had  any  per- 
cep table  influence  upon  the  amount  of  rainfall,  and 
there  are  not  wanting  instances  where  more  rain  has  fallen 
in  the  open  country  than  in  the  forests,  but  I  believe 
that  the  fact  is  well  established  that  in  wooded  countries, 
or  where  forests  abound,  it  rains  oftener  and  the  atmos- 
phere is,  in  consequence,  more  humid  than  where  the 
opposite  conditions  exist.  Marsh  in  his  "Man  and 
Nature,"  sums  up  this  question  of  the  effect  of 
forests  and  rainfall  as  follows  :  "The  effect  of  the 
forests  then,  is  not  entirely  free  from  doubt,  and  we 
cannot  positively  affirm  that  the  total  annual  quantity  of 
rain  is  diminished  or  increased  by  the  destruction  of  the 
woods,  though  both  theoretical  considerations  and  the 
balance  of  testimony  strongly  favor  the  opinion  that  more 
rain  falls  in  wooded,  than  in  open  countries,  one  im- 
portant conclusion,  at  least,  upon  the  meteorological 
influence  of  forests  is  certain  and  undisputed ;  the 
proposition,  namely,  that  within  their  own  limits,  and 
near  their  own  borders,  they  maintain  a  more  uniform 
degree  of  humidity  in  the  atmosphere,  than  is  observed 
in  the  cleared  grounds,  scarcely  less  can  it  be  questioned 
that  they  promote  the  frequency  of  showers,  and  if  they 
do  not  augment  the  amount  of  precipitation,  they 
equalize  its  distribution  throughout  the  season." 

There  are,  no  doubt,  great  irregularities  which  must  be 


INFLUENCE   OF    FOBESTS    ON    CLIMATE.  15 

taken  into  consideration  when  making  observations  in 
regard  to  the  influences  of  forests  on  climate.  There  may 
be  long  series  of  years  in  which  drouths,  will  prevail, 
even  in  close  proximity  to  very  extensive  forests,  and 
these  may  be  succeeded  by  seasons  in  which  an  unusual 
amount  of  rain  will  fall,  but  these  extremes  occur  in  all 
countries,  and  they  do  not  prove  that  the  average  amount 
of  moisture  during  a  longer  series  of  years  has  been  in- 
creased or  diminished  by  physical  changes  of  the  earth's 
surface,  wrought  by  the  direct  agency  of  man.  It  must 
not  be  supposed  that  a  few  acres,  more  or  less  of  forests, 
will  produce  any  appreciable  effect  on  the  climate  of  the 
surrounding  country,  but  they  may,  and  in  fact,  usually 
do  have  a  local  influence  in  preserving  humidity  as  well 
as  affording  shelter  and  protection  against  prevailing 
winds. 

FORESTS   AND   STREAMS. 

In  all  forests  there  is  more  or  less  vegetable  matter, 
made  up  of  leaves,  twigs,  old  wood,  mosses,  and  decaying 
herbaceous  plants,  all  of  which  go  to  make  up  a  sponge- 
like  mass,  covering  the  earth  and  filling  the  interstices 
between  rocks,  or  perhaps  such  has  been  washed  into 
depressions  where  the  land  is  uneven  or  much  broken  up. 
But  in  whatever  position  it  rests  it  absorbs  and  retains  a 
large  amount  of  water  that  falls  in  rains,  or  is  produced 
from  melting  snow,  until  it  slowly  sinks  into  the  soil 
below  or  is  dispersed  by  evaporation.  A  part  of  that 
which  passes  into  the  soil  is  taken  up  by  the  trees,  and 
exhaled  by  their  leaves,  thereby  adding  humidity  to  the 
surrounding  atmosphere  ;  another  part  passes  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  roots,  and  finding  subterranean  channels  is 
carried  onward  until  it  again  comes  to  the  surface  in 
springs,  or  sinks  to  some  lower  depth  and  entirely  dis- 
appears. 

That  the  vast  deposits  of  vegetable  matter  in  our  great 


16  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

forests  are  the  reservoirs  from  which  innumerable  springs 
and  brooks  are  supplied,,  is  unquestionable,  and  not  only 
are  there  hundreds  of  instances  on  record  of  springs  and 
brooks  drying  up  in  consequence  of  the  destruction  of 
adjacent  forests,  but  there  are  few  persons  who  have 
reached  middle  life,  that  cannot  call  to  mind  more  than 
one  such,  with  which  he  has  had  personal  cognizance.  If 
the  little  streams  cease  to  flow  through  the  greater  part 
of  the  year,  it  must  necessarily  effect  the  larger  ones. 
In  all  regions  where  there  is  considerable  snow  in  winter, 
it  remains  much  longer  in  the  woods  where  it  is  shaded, 
than  upon  the  bare  hills  and  mountains,  hence,  the  more 
continuous  flow  of  brooks  that  have  their  source  in 
elevated  forest  covered  regions.  If  the  trees  are  removed 
from  the  hills,  mountains,  and  elevated  regions  of  a 
country,  the  great  masses  of  vegetable  mould  which  ab- 
sorbs, retains,  and  checks  the  rapid  descent  of  water  from 
the  higher  to  the  lower  levels  disappear,  and  instead  of 
water  falling  upon  a  sponge-like  bed  it  strikes  the  bare 
earth  or  rocks  from  which  it  slides,  rushing  onward  with 
constantly  increasing  velocity — forcing  brooks  and  rivers 
to  overflow  their  banks,  often  causing  great  destruc- 
tion of  life  and  property.  In  the  rapid  movement  of 
water  from  higher  to  lower  levels,  it  removes  all  the 
lighter  and  more  fertile  parts  of  the  soil,  and  this  is 
repeated  until  the  mountains  and  hillsides  have  lost  the 
last  remnant  of  a  fertile  soil,  and  become  totally  barren. 
Such  lands  can  never  be  of  any  great  value  for  cultiva- 
tion, and  for  this  reason,  if  no  other,  they  ought  to  be 
reserved  and  kept  covered  with  forests,  as  part  of  the 
public  domain. 

If  forests  tend  to  increase  the  rainfall  of  a  country,  as 
has  been  quite  generally  claimed,  it  might  seem  paradox- 
ical to  assume  that  they  could  in  any  manner  have  the 
least  influence  in  preventing  floods,  for  the  more  rain, 
the  more  water  to  escape  and  pass  off  in  our  streams, 


INFLUENCE   OF    FORESTS    ON    CLIMATE.  17 

and  while  it  cannot  be  urged  that  the  preservation  of 
forests,  however  extensive,  will  insure  a  country  against 
the  recurrence  of  disastrous  floods,  they  certainly  do  have 
a  modifying  influence  on  the  water  that  flows  from  the 
higher  to  the  lower  levels,  and  finally  reach  the  brooks 
and  larger  streams.  Before  any  considerable  amount 
of  water  can  pass  from  forest-covered  regions,  the  great 
deposits  of  vegetable  matter  covering  the  land  must 
necessarily  become  saturated  and  then  only  will  there  be 
an  overflow,  besides  the  leaf-mould,  sticks,  brush,  logs, 
and  similar  materials,  which  are  more  or  less  abundant  in 
all  forests,  aid  in  retarding  the  flow,  even  after  the 
absorption  has  ceased — hence,  we  can  readily  understand 
how  a  large  volume  of  water  may  be  held  in  check,  and 
prevented  from  a  rapid  descent  to  the  streams  below. 
The  leaves,  twigs,  and  rough  bark  on  the  larger  branches 
and  stems  of  the  trees,  also  intercept  the  rain  falling 
upon  them,  and  thus  diminish  the  amount  of  water  that 
would  otherwise  reach  the  earth. 

TREES   FOR   SHELTER. 

Pioneers  in  heavily-wooded  regions  are  usually  anxious 
to  make  a  clearing,  and  as  every  tree  felled  not  only  in- 
creases the  area  which  he  is  to  cultivate,  but  extends  his 
view,  the  axe  is  often  kept  in  use  long  after  there  is  any 
necessity  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  land  for  cultiva- 
tion. In  a  few  years  the  settler,  who  was  at  first  so 
anxious  to  open  up  the  country,  finds  he  has  gone  a  little 
too  far  in  this  direction  for  his  own  comfort  and  that  of 
his  animals,  for  on  taking  down  the  screen  he  has  not 
only  admitted  the  cold  winds  of  winter,  but  those  of 
summer  sweep  over  his  fields,  driving  away  needed  mois- 
ture— whip  the  fruit  from  his  trees  before  it  is  ripe,  and 
otherwise  causes  loss  that  might  have  been  prevented. 
It  is  then  that  he  begins  to  feel  the  need  of  protection, 


18  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

and  to  wish  that  his  house  and  outbuildings  were  located 
by  the  side  of  some  friendly  forest  or  grove. 

But  if  the  inhabitants  of  once  thickly  wooded  regions 
feel  the  need  of  shelter,  how  much  more  must  those  who 
settle  in  the  prairie  regions,  where  there  are  tens  and  even 
hundreds  of  miles,  over  which  the  wind  sweeps  at  all 
seasons,  without  so  much  as  a  shrub  to  interfere  or  check 
it  in  its  movements.  It  is  in  these  treeless  regions  that 
forests  are  needed  for  giving  shelter  to  man  and  beast, 
and  also  to  protect  the  fields  and  orchards  of  the  hus- 
bandman. Forests  are  the  natural  remedy  for  the  im- 
perfections of  the  climate  of  the  prairie  region,  and 
while  they  may  not  do  away  with  all  the  objections  that 
might  be  urged  against  such  regions,  they  certainly  go 
far  towards  ameliorating  present  conditions.  The 
remedy  is  a  simple  one,  and  not  beyond  the  means  of  the 
poorest.  Trees  are  cheap,  and  can  be  as  re|dily  grown 
as  the  most  common  vegetable  of  the  garden,  when  one 
has  learned  how  do  it. 

FORESTS   AND   INSECTS. 

Forests  were,  without  doubt,  the  original  home  of 
some  of  our  noxious  insects,  but  they  were  also  the  home 
of  their  natural  enemies,  among  which  we  may  safely 
place  in  the  front  rank  the  insectivorous  birds.  But 
when  the  forests  are  destroyed,  the  birds  seek  a  home 
elsewhere,  or  are  destroyed  or  frightened  away  by  hunt- 
ers, and  while  the  insects  may  in  a  measure  be  disturbed, 
they  still  find  food  in  our  orchards,  gardens,  and  among 
ornamental  trees  of  various  kinds.  Give  the  birds 
shelter  and  treat  them  kindly,  and  they  would  in  many 
instances  aid  us  in  keeping  down  our  insect  pests.  It  is 
true  there  is  a  difficulty  in  distinguishing  friends  from 
foes  among  the  birds,  and  even  when  we  are  able  to  do 
this,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  drive  away  our  enemies  with- 
out at  the  same  time  frightening  our  friends. 


THE    CHARACTERISTICS   OF    TREES. 


19 


>  CHAPTER   II. 

THE   CHARACTERISTICS  OF    TREES. 

The  trees  of  the  world  are  separated  by  botanists  into 
two  grand  divisions,  known  as  exogens  or  outside  growers 
and  endogens,  or  inside  growers.  These  two  divisions 
are  also  called  dicotyledon- 
ous and  monocotyledon  ous, 
the  first  having  two  cotyle- 
dons or  seed-leaves,  as  seen 
in  the  sprouting  acorn  or 
young  maple  (fig.  1)  the 
two  lower  leaves  being  the 
cotyledons),  and  similar  tree 
seeds,  while  the  others  have 
but  one  cotyledon  or  seed- 
leaf,  as  seen  in  the  cocoa- 
nut,  date,  and  other  species 
of  palms.  As  we  have  but 
two  or  three  arborescent 
species  of  the  palm,  and  a 
yucca  or  two  that  reaches  a 
hight  of  even  small  trees, 
and  these  are  of  no  espe- 
cial value,  I  shall  have  no 
further  occasion  to  refer  to 
monocotyledonous  plants  in 
the  ensuing  pages.  All  of 
the  ligneous  or  trees  with 
firm  wood,  belong  to  the 
ext  gens,  but  in  some  in- 

stances, such  as  the  pines,  the  embryo  is  provided 
with  more  than  two  cotyledons,  and  there  are  from 
three  to  ten  seed-leaves  instead  of  two,  but  there  are 
never  less  than  two.  As  the  seedlings  grow  up  into 


1.—  SEEDLING  MAPLE. 


20  PEACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

trees,  their  stems  and  branches  increase  in  diameter  by 
the  annual  formation  of  a  new  layer  or  ring  of  wood,  de- 
posited on  the  outside  of  that  of  the  preceding  year — 
hence  the  name  of  the  outside  growers. 

The  root  at  first  is  but  a  single  descending  axis,  grow- 
ing downward  and  absorbing  nourishment  from  the  sur- 
rounding soil,  for  the  support  of  the  ascending  axis  or 
stem.  This  condition  or  form  of  root  exists  for  only  a 
period,  varying  from  a  few  hours  to  a  few  days;  for, 
from  this  central  root  or  radicle  of  seedlings,  side  or 
lateral  roots  are  emitted,  not  only  as  it  would  appear  in 
search  of  nutriment,  but  to  more  firmly  fix  the  plant  in 
the  soil.  This  central,  or  as  it  is  more  commonly  termed 
among  nurserymen  and  arboriculturists,  tap-root,  may 
continue  to  elongate  for  years,  and  penetrate  the  earth 
to  the  depth  of  several  feet,  or  it  may  cease  to  grow 
when  the  plant  is  only  a  few  weeks  or  months  old,  all 
depending  upon  the  character  of  the  soil,  or  the  habit  of 
the  tree  under  cultivation. 

The  side  or  lateral  roots,  however,  continue  to  elongate 
as  long  as  the  tree  lives,  for  it  is  the  newer  or  younger 
roots  that  are  always  the  most  active  in  absorbing  nutri- 
ment, the  more  rapid  their  development  and  multiplica- 
tion, the  more  rapid  is  the  growth  of  the  whole  tree. 

That  portion  above  ground  is  at  first  but  a  simple 
stem  bearing  only  leaves,  but  as  it  increases  in  hight  and 
age,  buds  are  formed  on  the  central  axis  and  from  these 
springs  branches,  and  this  multiplication  of  branches  and 
buds  continues  throughout  the  entire  life  of  the  tree.  The 
first  buds  formed  on  the  stem  may  or  may  not  produce 
branches,  depending  on  circumstances,  but  as  a  rule  only 
a  few  of  the  uppermost  do  so,  and  the  others  are  over- 
grown and  smothered. 

As  a  whole,  a  tree  may  be  said  to  consist  of  roots, 
stem,  branches,  buds,  leaveb,  flowers,  and  fruit,  with 
bark  surrounding  all  the  ligneous  parts.  This  bark  is  at 


THE    CHARACTERISTICS  OF   TREES.  £1 

first  very  thin,  but  subject  to  great  alterations  with  age, 
owing  to  the  distention  through  the  increasing  diameter 
of  the  stem,  as  well  as  the  formation  of  new  layers  of 
liber  or  inner  bark.  This  annual  addition  from  within 
pushes  outward  the  older  bark,  often  causing  it  to  crack 
open,  forming  deep  fissures  in  the  outer  surface,  or  to 
fall  off  in  scales. 

The  stem  of  the  tree  is  composed  of  wood  in  different 
conditions.  The  term  alburnum  is  applied  to  the  new 
or  sap-wood,  through  which  the  crude  sap  absorbed  by 
the  roots  passes  upward  to  the  leaves  where  it  is  assimi- 
lated. In  returning,  it  is  distributed  over  the  entire  sur- 
face of  the  tree,  forming  new  layers  of  wood  and  bark. 
Some  authors  have  applied  this  name  to  the  half-formed 
vegetable  matter,  lying  between  the  bark  and  the  wood 
during  the  growing  season,  but  that  is  now  called  by 
vegetable  physiologists  the  "  cambium  layer,"  to  dis- 
tinguish alburnous  or  fully  formed  young  wood.  This 
alburnum  or  sap-wood,  sooner  or  later,  is  mostly 
changed  into  heart-wood,  assuming  in  most  kinds  of  trees 
a  dark  color  as  seen  in  the  red  cedar,  black  walnut, 
beech,  and  oak,  and  although  it  is  in  fact  dead  wood, 
decay  is  prevented  through  its  protection  from  the  air, 
by  the  surrounding  layers  of  alburnum. 

Some  kinds  of  trees  have  very  thin  layers  of  alburnum, 
especially  those  of  slow  growth,  while  the  stems  of 
others  appear  to  be  all  sap-wood,  as  seen  in  the  white 
pine,  tulip  tree,  and  white-heart  hickory,  but  this  is 
more  in  appearance  than  reality,  the  difference  in  color 
between  the  old  and  new  wood  being  but  slight.  The 
change  from  soft-wood  to  heart-wood  is  not  sudden,  but 
proceeds  slowly,  the  cell  walls  gradually  becoming  thicker 
and  more  rigid  with  age,  and  the  difference  in  color  is 
due  mainly  to  chemical  changes.  The  alburnum  or  out- 
side layers  decay  when  exposed  to  the  air  far  more  rapid- 
ly than  the  heart-wood ;  consequently  it  is  less  valuable 


22  PEACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

for  posts,  rails,  shingles,  or  other  articles  used  in  outside 
work,  but  it  is  sometimes  used  foi  inside  finishing  of 
buildings  and  furniture,  giving  greater  variety.  The 
young  or  outside  layers  of  wood  are  the  toughest  and 
most  flexible,  as  the  filling  up  or  thickening  of  the  cell 
wall  of  the  heart-wood  makes  the  timber  more  firm  and 
rigid,  and  doubtless  more  durable,  but  at  the  same  time 
its  elasticity  and  toughness  is  diminished. 

That  the  inside  or  heart-wood  is  dead,  and  only  serves 
to  strengthen  the  tree  mechanically,  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  it  may  be  removed  entirely  by  decay,  and  still  the 
tree  grow  on  vigorously  for  centuries.  This  leads  me  to 
the  subject  of 

THE  MOVEMENT  OF  SAP  IK  TREES. 

All  plants  obtain  their  nourishment  in  a  liquid  or 
gaseous  form,  by  imbibition  through  the  cells  of  the 
younger  roots  or  their  fibrils.  The  fluids  and  gases  thus 
absorbed,  probably  mingling  with  other  previously  as- 
similated matter,  is  carrried  upward  from  cell  to  cell 
through  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood  until  it  reaches  the 
buds,  leaves,  and  smaller  twigs,  where  it  is  exposed  to 
the  air  and  light,  and  converted  into  organizable  matter. 
In  this  condition  a  part  goes  to  aid  in  the  prolongation 
of  the  branches,  enlargement  of  the  leaves,  and  formation 
of  the  buds,  flowers,  and  fruit,  and  other  portions  are 
gradually  spread  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  wood,  ex- 
tending downward  to  the  extremities  of  the  roots.  We 
often  speak  of  the  downward  flow  of  sap,  and  even  of  its 
circulation,  but  its  movement  in  trees  in  no  way  corre- 
sponds with  the  circulation  of  blood  in  animals,  neither 
does  it  follow  any  well-defined  channels,  for  it  will,  when 
obstructed,  move  laterally  as  well  as  lengthwise  or  with 
the  grain  of  the  wood. 

The  old  idea  that  the  sap  of  trees  descended  into  the 
roots  in  the  fall  and  remaining  there  through  the  winter, 


THE    CHAKACTERISTICS   OF    TKEES.  23 

is  an  error  with  no  foundation  whatever.  As  the  wood 
and  leaves  ripen  in  the  autumn,  the  roots  almost  cease 
to  imbibe  crude  sap,  and  for  a  while  the  entire  structure 
appears  to  part  with  moisture,  and  doubtless  does  so 
through  the  exhalations  from  the  ripening  leaves,  buds, 
and  smaller  twigs,  but  as  warm  weather  again  approaches, 
and  the  temperature  of  the  soil  increases,  the  roots  again 
commence  to  absorb  crude  sap  and  force  it  upward, 
where  it  meets  soluble  organized  matter  changing  its 
color,  taste,  and  chemical  properties. 

If  this  was  not  the  case,  we  could  not  account  for  the 
saccharine  properties  of  the  sap  of  the  maple,  or  for  the 
presence  of  various  mucilaginous  and  resinous  constit- 
uents of  the  sap  of  trees  in  early  spring,  because  we 
find  no  trace  of  such  substance  in  the  liquids  or  crude 
sap  as  absorbed  by  them  from  the  soil.  If  the  growth  of 
a  tree  continues  all  the  season  without  check,  there  will 
be  one  well  defined  ring  of  new  wood  deposited  over  the 
entire  outer  surface;  but  in  some  instances  drouths 
check  growth  in  mid-summer,  and  these  being  followed 
by  heavy  rains  and  warm  weather,  a  second  growth  often 
takes  place,  producing  a  second  deposit  of  new  wood. 
In  what  may  be  termed  cool  climates,  it  seldom  occurs 
that  a  second  deposit  is  of  sufficient  thickness  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  first,  and  as  a  rule  the  age  of  a  tree 
may  be  determined  by  the  annular  rings,  provided,  of 
course,  they  are  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  counted. 

THE   BUDS   OF   TKEES. 

For  all  practical  purposes  the  buds  of  trees  may  be 
divided  into  four  classes,  the  terminal,  axillary,  acces- 
sory, and  adventitious.  What  are  usually  termed  fruit 
buds  by  horticulturists,  may  be  placed  in  the  second 
division,  because  they  have  not  generally  a  fixed  charac- 
ter, but  are  analagous  to  a  leaf  bud,  and  while  under 


24  PRACTICAL   FOKESTKY. 

favorable  conditions  they  develop  into  flowers,  under 
others  they  merely  produce  leaves  or  their  axis  is  extend- 
ed into  a  branch.  The  terminal  buds,  which  crown  the 
apex  of  a  stem  or  the  ends  of  branches,  consist  of  un- 
developed leaves,  which  only  require  an  elongation  of  the 
stem  to  allow  for  their  full  development. 

Axillary  buds  are  those  on  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  on 
the  small  twigs  or  on  the  yearling  stems  of  seedlings, 
and  from  these  the  branches  or  lateral  shoots  are  pro- 
duced. 

Accessory  buds  are  merely  a  multiplication  of  the  axil- 
lary bud,  two,  three,  or  even  more  in  a  cluster,  but  it  is 
seldom  that  more  than  one  of  the  number  develops, 
the  others  remaining  dormant. 

Adventitious  buds  are  those  which  may  be  developed 
from  almost  any  part  of  the  stem,  and  are  in  no  way  de- 
pendent upon  any  natural  location  of  leaves,  joints,  or 
internodes.  In  some  plants,  like  the  willows,  poplars, 
hickories,  and  chestnut,  they  may  appear  from  wounds 
on  the  stems  of  large  trees  or  from  exposed  roots,  in 
fact,  the  cells  of  some  kinds  of  trees  appear  to  possess 
an  inherent  property,  which  enables  them  to  become 
buds  or  roots,  according  to  the  conditions  under  which 
they  are  placed.  Such  plants  are  usually  considered  as 
very  tenacious  of  life,  or  as  having  great  vitality,  while 
those  of  an  opposite  nature  are  far  more  difficult  to  prop- 
agate, and  require  more  care  to  cultivate.  But  this 
may  be  due  in  part,  at  least,  to  our  ignorance  in  regard  to 
what  they  require  for  their  full  development,  under  arti- 
ficial conditions. 


RAISING   TREES   FROM   SEED.  25 

CHAPTER  III. 
RAISING  TREES  FROM  SEED. 

Naturally,  seeds  drop  from  trees  directly  to  the  ground, 
or  are  scattered  by  the  winds  for  some  distance.  To 
provide  for  their  wider  distribution  many  kinds  of  seed 
have  their  membraneous  appendages  or  winged  margins. 
These  are  termed  Key-fruited.  The  maple,  elms,  birch, 
ash,  and  tulip  trees  are  familiar  examples  among  the 
deciduous  trees,  and  the  common  arbor-vitas,  pine,  and 
spruce  among  the  evergreens  or  coniferae.  The  seed  of 
oaks,  hickory,  and  nut-bearing  trees  generally,  are  not 
scattered  any  considerable  distance  from  the  parent 
stock,  except  through  the  agency  of  mice,  squirrels,  and 
other  small  animals,  who  carry  them  away  for  food,  but 
occasionally  leave  them  in  a  position  conducive  to  future 
growth.  It  might  be  supposed  that  Nature  would  make 
no  mistakes  in  placing  seeds  in  the  best  possible  position 
for  germination,  and  were  she  at  all  chary  in  regard  to 
waste,  we  might  find  it  so,  but  being  prodigal  in  all  of 
her  productions,  the  preservation  of  one  seed  in  a  thousand 
or  even  in  a  million  is  sufficient  for  her  purpose.  Or  we 
may  look  upon  this  seeming  extravagance  as  purposely 
intended  to  supply  with  food  the  hordes  of  animals  that 
are  known  to  live  on  seeds — the  perpetuation  of  the 
species  being  dependent  on  what  is  left,  after  the  animal 
creation  have  been  well  supplied.  But  we  can  readily 
see  that  a  large  portion  of  all  the  seeds  that  fall  do  not 
find  congenial  places  for  growth,  even  if  they  be  not 
interfered  with  by  animals  or  man,  for  some  drop  in 
stony  places,  others  upon  the  dead  leaves,  where  they 
dry  up  and  wither.  Seeds  of  the  large  fleshy-fruited 
trees,  as  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  or  oranges,  lemons,  and 


86  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

the  like,  are  enclosed  in  substances,  the  decay  of  which 
usually  causes  the  death  of  their  germs. 

With  these  examples  before  us,  we  can  readily  say  that 
while  Nature  "doeth  all  things  well"  for  her  own  use, 
man  can  and  has  improved  upon  her  methods  for  supply- 
ing his  own  needs  ;  therefore,  in  raising  trees  from  seed, 
we  follow  Nature's  guidance  only  so  far  as  her  ways 
serve  our  purpose.  We  do  not  scatter  acorns  and  hickory 
nuts  over  dry  leaves  in  a  forest,  and  expect  them  to 
grow  more  readily  and  better  than  when  planted  in  a 
good  artificially  prepared  soil  and  covered  a  proper  depth. 
But  with  other  kinds  we  find  shade,  which  young 
seedlings  receive  as  they  come  up  in  the  forests  essential, 
hence,  we  are  obliged  to  provide  it,  when  the  same 
kinds  are  raised  under  wholly  artificial  conditions. 
These  variations  are  mentioned  here,  because  there  are 
certain  would-be  teachers  of  arboricultnral  science,  who 
are  continually  holding  up  Nature  or  natural  methods  of 
propagating  trees  as  the  only  true  ones,  and  deprecating 
any  departure  therefrom. 

The  seed  of  all  trees  and  shrubs  grow  readily  under 
what  may  be  called  artificial  conditions,  and  we  have 
only  to  take  cognizance  of  their  distinctive  characteristic 
and  provide  for  the  same,  in  order  to  be  successful  in 
growing  them.  Seeds  that  are  small  and  enclosed  in  a 
thin  shell  or  husk,  should  not  be  kept  for  any  consider- 
able time  in  a  dry  atmosphere  before  planting,  or  buried 
deeply  in  the  soil.  The  large  and  coarser  kinds  will 
withstand  more  exposure  and  ill-usage — but  even  these 
respond  promptly  and  generally  to  good  treatment.  As 
the  space  at  my  disposal  will  not  admit  of  giving  specific 
directions  on  the  management  of  all  the  different  species 
and  varieties  of  trees  in  cultivation,  I  can  only  give 
briefly  general  rules  and  methods  for  raising  trees  and 
shrubs  from  seed. 

In  the  region  where  they  are  grown,  or  in  similar  lat- 


KAISIKG  TUBES  FROM  SEED.  2? 

itudes  and  climates,  all  kinds  of  seed  may  be  sown  so 
soon  as  ripe.  But  when  taken  from  one  locality  or 
country  to  another,  variations  in  the  time  of  sowing 
should  be  made  to  correspond  with  the  change  of  climate. 
Although  the  proper,  or  natural  time  for  planting  seeds 
would  seem  to  be  immediately  after  their  ripening,  it  is 
frequently  impracticable  to  plant  at  such  times,  and  is 
seldom  done  by  those  who  make  raising  trees  a  specialty, 
for  if  placed  in  the  soil  in  autumn,  mice,  moles,  and 
other  animals  are  very  likely  to  attack  and  make  sad  havoc 
with  them  before  the  growing  season  returns,  and  in 
hard  tenacious  soils  the  earth  will  often  become  so  firmly 
packed  over  the  seed  during  the  winter,  that  the  young 
sprouts  frequently  fail  to  break  through  in  the  spring. 
In  light  friable  soils,  and  where  there  are  no  vermin  to 
destroy  them  (which  is  rarely  the  case),  most  kinds  of 
tree  seeds  may  be  sown  in  the  fall. 

There  are,  however,  two  species  of  our  native  maples, 
Scarlet  and  Silver-leaved,  and  also  the  different  species  of 
elms,  the  seeds  of  which  mature  in  the  spring  or  early 
part  of  the  summer,  and  as  they  usually  germinate  soon 
after  falling  (at  least  those  of  the  maples  do),  they 
should  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe.  But  these  are  exceptions 
to  the  general  rule. 

The  seeds  of  a  large  proportion  of  deciduous  trees 
may  be  preserved  over  winter  by  mixing  them  with  clean, 
sharp,  moist  sand,  and  burying  in  the  ground,  covering 
only  just  enough  to  protect  them  from  vermin  and  the 
changes  of  weather.  A  dry  knoll  or  other  well  drained 
situation  should  be  selected.  Acorns,  chestnuts,  and 
and  hickory  nuts  and  seeds  of  the  later  ripening  maples, 
locusts,  three-thorned  acacia,  yellow  wood,  and  hundreds 
of  other  similar  kinds  will  keep  perfectly  in  this  way, 
and  be  found  in  excellent  condition  in  spring,  when  they 
may  be  sown  with,  or  without  the  sand  in  which  they 
have  been  stored. 


28  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

While  all  of  the  larger  nuts,  as  well  as  maples,  tulips, 
elms,  magnolias,  and  several  other  kinds,  will  not  ger- 
minate after  becoming  once  thoroughly  dry,  there  are 
other  kinds  as  the  locust,  yellow  wood,  acacias,  and 
nearly  all  of  the  coniferas  that  may  be  kept  in  a  cool, 
dry  atmosphere  a  year  or  more,  and  some  will  retain  their 
vitality  for  several  years.  There  is  also  another  class  of 
trees,  the  seeds  of  which  can  scarcely  be  forced  to  ger- 
minate until  they  have  been  in  the  ground  for  two  years, 
among  them  the  common  hawthorn  (Cratcegus),  and  the 
red  cedar  (Juniperus),  and  closely  allied  species  are 
familiar  examples. 

PREPARING  A   SEED-BED. 

For  most  of  the  deciduous  trees  the  open  field  is  a 
good  situation  for  a  seed-bed,  no  shade  being  required 
for  the  young  seedlings,  except  in  rare  instances.  The 
preparation  of  the  soil  should  be  most  thorough,  not 
only  should  it  be  plowed  deep,  but  cross-plowed  and 
pulverized  with  a  harrow,  until  in  fine  tilth  and  free 
from  all  lumps  and  stone.  If  the  land  is  not  rich  it 
should  be  made  so,  by  liberal  applications  of  very  old 
and  well  decomposed  barn-yard  manure,  or  some  other 
good  fertilizer,  but  no  fresh  stable  manure  or  other  kind 
that  will  make  the  soil  too  open  and  loose,  should  be 
used.  When  all  is  ready,  the  seed  should  be  sown  in 
drills  far  enough  apart  to  admit  of  cultivation,  with  plow 
or  cultivator.  There  are  two  methods  of  sowing,  the 
single  drill  and  in  double  or  narrow  beds.  The  first  is 
more  convenient  for  thorough  and  clean  cultivation,  but 
the  latter  is  sometimes  preferred,  where  the  space  to  be 
devoted  to  the  purpose  is  limited,  or  where  it  is  desirable 
to  raise  a  very  large  number  of  plants  on  a  given  area. 
Small  seeds  may  be  sown  with  a  seed-drill,  when  con- 
venient, or  the  single  drill  may  be  opened  with  a  plow 
or  marker  made  for  the  purpose,  or  even  opened  with  a 


RAISING   TREES   FROM   SEED.  29 

hoe  drawn  along  by  the  side  of  a  line  for  a  guide.  The 
depth  of  the  trench  must  be  varied  according  to  the  size 
and  kind  of  seed  to  be  sown,  For  maple,  ash,  locust, 
and  similar  kinds  one-half  inch  of  soil  is  sufficient  cover- 
ing, but  the  larger  nuts  should  be  covered  a  little  deeper. 
Judgment  should  be  used  in  all  cases,  and  the  depth  of 
covering  be  varied  not  only  with  the  size  of  the  seed  but 
with  the  nature  of  the  soil.  If  this  is  light  and  sandy, 
or  contains  so  much  vegetable  matter  that  it  does  not 
become  compact,  and  the  surface  hard  after  heavy  rains, 
the  seeds  may  be  covered  deeper  than  in  one  of  an  op- 
posite character. 

On  sowing  in  what  are  termed  double  trenches  or  nar- 
row beds,  a  trench  a  foot  wide  and  of  proper  depth  is 


Fig.  2.— THE   TREE   DIGGER. 

opened,  the  soil  being  thrown  upon  one  or  both  sides. 
The  seeds  are  then  scattered  on  the  bottom  of  the  trench, 
and  the  soil  drawn  back  over  them. 

The  wide  drills  should  be  three  or  four  feet  apart,  or 
at  sufficient  distance  to  admit  of  pruning  and  cultivation 
between  them,  and  to  give  room  for  workmen  to  pass 
when  hoeing  and  weeding  the  plants.  Frequent  stirring 
of  the  soil  between  the  rows  with  plow  and  cultivator  dur- 
ing the  summer  materially  increases  the  growth  of  the 
plants,  as  well  as  facilitates  the  emission  of  side  or 


30 


PEACTICAL  FOKESTRY. 


lateral  roots.  At  the  end  of  the  first  season,  or  certainly 
not  later  than  the  second,  the  plants  should  be  dug  up. 
This  may  be  done  very  rapidly  with  spades,  or  faster  and 

better  with  a  tree  digger  rep- 
resented in  fig.  2.  This  very 
handy  implement  passes  under 
the  plants,  cuts  off  the  tap-root 
if  long,  and  at  the  same  time 
leaving  them  standing  upright 
in  the  row,  from  whence  they 
can  be  readily  pulled  up  by 
men  following  the  digger,  or 
left  to  be  taken  up  when  want- 
ed. Having  used  one  of  these 
implements  for  many  years,  I 
can  speak  from  experience  of 
its  value,  especially  for  lifting 
seedlings  that  have  very  long 
and  coarse  tap-roots,  like  the 
black  walnut,  hickories,  and 
similar  kinds. 

After  the  plants  have  been 
lifted,  the  long  tap-root  should 
be  shortened  if  it  has  not  been 
cut  off  with  the  digger.  Some 
of  the  nut  trees,  like  those 
mentioned  above,  will  throw 
down  a  central  or  tap-root  to 
the  depth  of  two  to  three  feet 
the  first  season,  while  the  stem 
above  may  not  be  more  than  a 
foot  high.  Fig.  3  represents  an 
average  specimen  of  a  one-year- 
old  seedling  black  walnut.  The 
tap-root  of  such  a  plant  should  be  cat  off  at  a,  and  the 
larger  lateral  roots  going  below  this  point  either  spread 
out  or  shortened. 


Fig.  3. — SEED!  ING  BLACK 
WALNUT. 


RAISING   TREES   FROM   SEED.  31 

The  main  object  in  shortening  the  tap-root  is  to  force 
out  side  or  lateral  roots  the  following  season,  but  it  also 
renders  transplanting  less  troublesome,  as  it  would  be 
very  inconvenient  to  dig  trenches  or  holes  three  feefe 
deep  in  which  to  set  seedlings  not  more  than  one  or  two 
years  old.  These  tap-roots  are  doubtless  of  value  to 
trees  growing  thickly  in  the  natural  unbroken  soil  of  a 
forest,  and  where  there  is  little  room  for  side  or  lateral 
roots  to  grow,  without  coming  in  contact  with  those  oi 
neighboring  trees,  and  where  it  is  necessary  for  roots  to 
go  deep  to  find  moisture,  as  when  growing  on  high  and 
dry  soils,  but  it  is  seldom  that  trees  growing  sparsely  or 
in  low  moist  soils  retain  their  tap-roots  many  years,  if 
they  have  them  at  all.  Therefore  they  can  only  be  con- 
sidered necessary  appendages  under  certain  conditions, 
none  of  which  often  exist  in  cultivated  trees. 

I  am  well  aware,  that  there  are  arboriculturists  in  this 
country  who  will  not  agree  with  me  in  this,  for  some 
often  claim  that  the  central  or  tap-root  is  a  very  essential 
part  of  a  tree,  and  for  this  reason  they  advocate  plant- 
ing seeds  where  the  tree  is  to  grow  in  order  that  it  should 
be  preserved  intact.  But  with  all  due  deference  to  the 
opinion  of  these  gentlemen,  my  long  experience  with 
trees  has  shown  me  that  tap-roots  are  but  short-lived  at 
best,  except  in  rare  instances,  and  only  with  trees  grow- 
ing on  dry,  hard  soils,  where  all  the  roots  go  down  deep- 
ly in  order  to  reach  moisture.  I  have  taken  up  thous- 
ands of  trees  from  moist  soils  and  of  all  ages,  from  one 
to  twenty  or  more  years  old,  and  I  never  found  one  with 
a  tap-root  of  any  considerable  size,  and  generally  there 
was  none  at  all  on  trees  after  they  had  reached  the  age 
of  a  half  dozen  years  or  more.  I  have  also  seen  hun- 
dreds of  acres  of  our  largest  forest  trees  turned  out  by 
the  roots  by  tornadoes,  and  by  stump-pullers  in  clearing 
the  land  for  canals  and  railroads,  but  not  one  in  a  hun- 
dred hud  anything  like  a  tap-root. 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

CHAPTER  IV. 
TRANSPLANTING    SEEDLINGS. 

The  seedlings  of  forest  trees  raised  under  artificial 
Conditions  should  always  be  transplanted  while  young, 
and  generally  at  the  close  of  the  first  season,  or  when  one 
year  old.  In  some  instances  where  only  a  feehle  growth 
has  been  made,  or  the  kinds  are  of  a  dwarfish  habit,  the 
plants  may  remain  in  the  seed-bed  two  or  more  years 
before  removal,  but  as  a  rule,  the  first  transplanting 
should  be  made  earlier.  In  cold  climates,  and  in  soils 
where  the  frost  is  likely  to  lift  the  plants,  or  otherwise 
injure  them,  they  should  be  taken  up  so  soon  as  the  first 
frosts  have  killed  the  leaves,  and  heeled-in  where  they  can 
be  protected  from  cold. 

In  warm  climates  the  transplanting  may  be  direct 
from  the  seed-bed  to  the  nursery  rows,  or  to  the  grounds 
where  the  trees  are  to  grow,  but  it  is  seldom  advisable  or 
safe  to  set  out  small  one-year-old  seedlings  in  a  forest 
where  cultivation  is  not  practicable,  the  better  method 
being  to  set  in  nursery  rows  and  give  good  cultivation 
for  a  few  years  before  planting  them  where  they  are  to 
remain  permanently.  When  in  nursery  rows  they  are  in  a 
convenient  position  for  training  into  any  desirable  form, 
and  their  roots  will  be  materially  increased  in  number 
by  the  frequent  stirring  of  the  soil  in  which  they  are 
growing. 

Nursery-grown  trees,  and  those  that  have  been  frequent- 
ly transplanted  while  young,  are  re-transplanted  with  less 
labor  and  more  certainty  of  living,  than  those  that  have 
not  passed  through  these  preparatory  stages.  I  know  of 
no  tree  that  is  at  all  difficult  to  transplant,  if  it  has  had 
proper  culture  while  young.  The  hickories,  tulips,  and 
magnolias  are  generally  considered  the  most  sensitive  of 


TRANSPLANTING   SEEDLINGS.  33 

all  our  native  deciduous  trees,  but  by  beginning  when 
they  are  young,  and  subjecting  them  to  root-pruning  as 
directed,  and  repeating  the  transplanting  every  three  or 
four  years,  large  masses  of  fine  fibrous  roots  will  be  formed 
near  the  main  stem,  that  will  insure  their  successful  re- 
moval, even  when  the  trees  are  fifteen  or  twenty  years  old. 

Every  time  a  tree  is  lifted  from  the  earth  in  which  it 
is  growing,  the  ends  of  the  fibers  or  larger  roots  are 
broken  off,  or  at  least  disturbed  to  an  extent  that  pre- 
vents their  further  elongation  when  again  placed  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  but  fibers  push  from  the  sides,  and 
thus  the  number  of  roots  is  increased  within  the  radius 
occupied  by  the  longest,  or  those  extending  farthest 
from  the  main  stem.  It  is  by  this  transplanting  and 
shortening  of  the  leading  roots  that  the  arboriculturists 
are  enabled  to  produce  a  mass  of  close  compact  fibrous 
roots  that  are  easily  preserved  when  removals  are  neces- 
sary or  advisable,  and  the  life  of  the  plant  is  not  en- 
dangered by  the  operation.  For  the  reasons  given, 
nursery-grown  trees,  or  those  raised  under  artificial  con- 
ditions, are  much  better  for  planting  than  those  that 
come  up  naturally  in  forests,  but  the  latter  can  be  sub- 
jected to  the  same  preparatory  operations  and  made  val- 
uable, if  it  is  commenced  while  they  are  young,  or  of 
moderate  size.  The  treatment,  however,  to  which  forest 
seedlings  should  be  subjected  must  vary  somewhat  ac- 
cording to  the  kind  of  tree,  as  well  as  the  character  of 
the  roots,  the  latter  often  differing  greatly  in  different 
soils.  For  instance,  seedling  trees  found  growing  in  low, 
moist  soils,  seldom  have  very  long  central  or  tap-roots, 
while  on  all  dry  uplands,  the  contrary  is  the  case,  as  I 
observed  on  a  preceding  page. 

If  the  seedlings  when  taken  from  their  natural  habitats 
have  an  abundance  of  small,  fibrous  roots,  they  may  be 
treated  in  the  same  manner  as  those  from  nurseries,  the 
tops  being  pruned  to  give  the  plants  the  proper  form. 


34  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

It  is  always  best,  however,  to  prune  seedlings  from  the 
forests  a  little  more  severely  than  those  from  a  nursery,  as 
the  former  will  feel  the  change  more  on  account  of  having 
been  moved  from  a  half  shady  position  to  one  fully  exposed 
to  the  sun.  The  amount  of  stem  and  branches  to  be  left 
on  seedlings  obtained  from  the  forest,  must  always  be  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  roots ;  if 
the  latter  are  few  in  number  and  weak,  then  but  a  small 
part  of  the  stem  should  be  allowed  to  remain. 

As  an  extreme  of  what  may  be  considered  severe 
pruning  to  insure  success  with  seedling  trees  taken  from 
the  forest,  I  will  cite  my  own  experience  in  handling 
several  thousand  tulip  trees  (Liriodendron  Tulipifera). 
Desiring  to  procure  a  number  of  these  trees,  more  for 
experiment  than  anything  else,  I  sent  my  workmen  to 
the  woods  and  adjoining  fields  that  were  partly  overgrown 
with  brush,  to  get  the  required  number.  Finding  the 
seedlings  had  but  few  side  roots,  and  but  one  or  two 
long  tap-roots  reaching  down  into  the  subsoil,  the  spades 
were  thrown  aside  and  the  trees  pulled  up  with  what  few 
roots  might  adhere  to  them.  They  were  of  varying  sizes, 
from  two  to  eight  feet  high,  with  stems  from  the  size  of  a 
pencil  to  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  The  roots  were 
almost  entirely  destitute  of  fibers,  and  resembled  carrots 
more  than  the  roots  usually  found  on  trees.  All  the 
larger  trees  were  cut  down  to  one  foot,  and  the  tap-root 
shortened  to  about  the  same  length,  or  a  little  less. 
These  stumps  were  planted  in  a  light,  sandy  soil,  in 
nursery  rows,  and  given  the  usual  cultivation,  with  a 
loss  of  less  than  five  per  cent.  As  the  sprouts  started, 
all  except  the  strongest  one  nearest  the  top  were  rubbed 
off.  Some  made  a  growth  of  two  feet  or  more  the  first 
season,  and  the  next  all  would  average  three  feet  in 
hight.  The  short  stump  above  the  point  where  the 
new  sprout  started  from  the  main  stem  was  cut  off 
smooth  during  the  summer  ;  the  wound  soon  healed 


TRANSPLANTING   SEEDLINGS.  35 

over,  and  was  entirely  obliterated  in  the  next  year  or 
two.  The  third  season  the  trees  were  transplanted,  and 
the  roots  found  to  be  very  numerous  and  in  excellent 
condition.  A  few  hundred  of  these  trees  I  retained,  and 
set  them  out  in  nursery  rows  four  feet  apart  each  way, 
where  they  remained  three  years  more,  at  which  time 
they  were  ten  feet  high,  with  large  spreading,  handsome 
heads,  and  a  mass  of  roots  that  would  have  been  pro- 
nounced perfect  by  the  most  exacting  arboriculturist. 
A  number  of  these  trees  are  now  growing  in  sight  from 
my  library  window,  and  I  am  quite  certain  that  they  are 
not  only  larger,  but  more  healthy  and  beautiful  than  any 
of  their  companions  of  the  same  age  left  in  the  forest 
from  which  they  were  taken. 

During  the  removal  of  trees  from  forests  or  nursery, 
it  is  quite  important  that  the  roots  should  not  be  exposed 
to  drying  winds  or  to  the  light,  more  than  is  necessary, 
and  they  need  not  be  so  exposed  over  five  minutes  at  the 
most,  when  being  dug  up  or  set  out.  The  roots  should 
be  covered  so  soon  as  taken  from  the  ground,  and  kept 
moist  until  set  out  again,  whether  they  are  transported 
a  long  or  short  distance.  A  good  way  to  protect  the 
roots  of  trees,  is  to  coat  them  with  thin  mud,  or  puddle 
them  as  it  is  termed.  A  few  moments'  time  spent  in 
making  a  mud  hole,  into  which  the  roots  are  dipped  as 
dug,  or  soon  after,  will  often  be  the  means  of  saving 
them  and  making  a  success  of  what  might  otherwise 
prove  a  failure. 

The  preceding  remarks  relative  to  pruning  both  roots 
and  branches,  are  applicable  to  deciduous  trees  only. 
Evergreens  require  different  treatment,  and  will  be  con- 
sidered in  another  place. 


36  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

CHAPTEE  V. 

BUDDING    AND    GRAFTING. 

BUDDING. 

The  propagation  of  woody  plants  by  the  process  known 
as  budding,  consists  in  taking  from  one  tree  or  shrub,  a 
bud  and  transferring  it  to  another.  The  plant  upon 
which  the  bud  is  placed  is  called  the  stock.  The  limits 
of  this  operation  are  not  very  well  defined,  but  for  all 
practical  purposes  I  may  say  that  it  is  limited  to  the 
members  of  the  same  genus,  or  closely  allied  plants ; 
that  is,  oaks  may  be  budded  on  oaks,  chestnut  on 
chestnut,  and  generally  the  nearer  related  the  species, 
the  more  successful  the  operation.  But  like  all  other 
rules  pertaining  to  the  propagation  of  plants,  there 
are  exceptions,  and  occasionally  we  may  find  that  the 
wood  of  two  species  belonging  to  the  same  genus,  cannot 
be  made  to  unite  and  form  what  is  termed  a  union. 
There  is  always  a  preference  in  stocks  belonging  to  the 
same  genus,  and  the  propagator  seeks  the  best  for  his 
purpose.  I  may  say,  however,  that  as  a  rule,  the  weak 
and  feeble  growing  should  always  be  placed  upon  the 
strong  growing,  if  rapid  growth  and  long  life  is  the 
object  of  propagation. 

Budding  is  usually  performed  in  summer,  soon  after 
the  buds  or  a  portion  of  them  are  fully  developed  on  the 
young  wood  of  the  present  season's  growth.  The  stock 
into  which  the  buds  are  to  be  inserted  must  be  in  a  simi- 
lar condition,  although  the  stem  or  branch  at  the  point 
of  junction  may  be  more  than  one  year  old,  but  in  no 
case  must  the  bark  be  so  thick  and  rigid,  that  it  cannot 
be  readily  separated  from  the  wood  beneath,  because  the 
bud  is  to  be  inserted  under  the  bark  of  the  stock,  and 
unless  this  can  be  done  the  operation  will  fail.  We  have 


BUDDING  AND   GRAFTING. 


37 


to  depend  upon  the  assimilated  or  true  sap  to  form  a 
union  between  the  bud  and  the  stock,  the  same  as  we  do 
on  layers  and  cuttings  to  produce  roots,  for  all  the  opera- 
tions are  analogous,  only  in  budding,  the  alburnous 
matter  forms  a  union  with  the  same  material  in  the 
stock,  while  in  the  layer  and  cutting,  it  is  emitted  in  the 
form  of  roots. 

The  proper  time  for  budding  trees  must,  of  course, 
vary  with  the  latitude,  season,  and  kind  of  trees  to  be  prop- 
agated, as  some  come  forward  earlier  than  others,  but,  as 
a  rule,  it  can  be  performed  as  early 
in  the  season  as  good  plump  buds 
can  be  found  at  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  in  shoots  of  the  present 
season's  growth.  The  upper  and 
immature  ones  can,  of  course,  be 
discarded,  if  it  is  necessary  to 
commence  budding  before  all  are 
in  fit  condition  for  use.  In  fig.  4, 
«,  we  have  a  bud  which  is  to  be 
transferred  to  a  stock;  a  knife  is 
inserted  about  one  inch  below  it 
and  passed  upward,  and  brought 
out  about  a  half  inch  above,  cut- 
ting out  a  piece  of  bark  with  a 
Fig.  4.  thick  slice  of  wood  of  a  form 
UD>  shown  by  the  circular  line  in 
the  figure.  We  now  make  a  cut  across  the  stock,  cutting 
just  through  the  bark,  and  another  longitudinally  down^ 
ward,  as  shown  in  fig.  5,  then  insert  the  lower  end 
of  the  bark  containing  the  bud,  under  the  bark  of  the 
stock  at  the  point  where  the  incisons  meet,  and  press  it 
down  to  its  place.  If  the  bark  of  the  stock  is  firm,  and 
does  not  part  easily  to  admit  the  bud,  the  edges  must  be 
lifted  so  as  to  allow  the  bud  to  pass  under  it  freely.  If 
the  piece  of  bark  containing  the  bud  does  not  pass  com- 


Fig.  5. 

THE  STOCT. 


38  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

pletely  under,  then  cut  it  off  at  the  upper  end  even  with 
the  cross-cut  in  the  stock,  so  that  it  will  fit  in  smoothly. 
In  fig.  6  a  bud  is  shown,  taken  out  after  the  upper  end 
has  been  cut  off,  as  directed,  and  on  this  is  also  shown  a 
portion  of  a  leaf-stalk,  usually  left  attached  for  conven- 
ience in  handling  the  bud,  as  well  as  to  protect  it  from 
injury.  After  the  bud  is  inserted,  it  is  secured  in  place 
by  a  ligature,  which  may  be  of  bass  bark,  a  strip  of  thin 
cloth,  woollen  yarn,  or  any  similar  material  that  will  hold 
the  bud  and  bark  in  place,  until  a  union  is  formed.  The 
point  of  the  bud  and  leaf-stalk  attached  should,  of 
course,  be  left  exposed.  The  stock  into  which  a  bud  is 
inserted  should  not,  as  a  rule,  be  over  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter or  less  than  a  half  inch,  although  much 
larger  and  smaller  are  often  used.  After  the 
bud  has  firmly  united  with  the  stock — which 
will  usually  be  in  two  or  three  weeks — the 
ligature  should  be  loosened  or  removed  entirely. 
The  bud  is  not  expected  to  push  into  growth 
until  the  following  season,  at  which  time  the 
stock  above  the  bud  should  be  cut  away  and  the 
bud  allowed  to  grow  undisturbed.  If  sprouts 
appear  on  the  stock  they  must  be  removed,  in 
Fio.  6  order  that  all  the  strength  may  go  into  the  bud. 
THE5  BUD  The  horizontal  incision  in  the  stock  is  some- 
times made  below  or  at  the  bottom  of  the  per- 
pendicular one,  and  the  bud  thrust  under  the  bark,  but 
upward,  or  the  reverse  of  the  more  usual  method,  this 
permits  the  downward  flow  of  the  sap  to  reach  the  bud 
in  a  more  direct  course  than  when  the  cross-cut  is  made 
above  it.  It  is  not  a  convenient  method,  but  is  some- 
times desirable  when  the  flow  of  sap  is  rather  sluggish, 
as  it  often  is  late  in  the  season. 

When  a  bud  is  taken  from  the  shoot  in  the  usual  way, 
there  is  a  small  slice  of  wood  remaining  under  the  eye, 
which,  in  budding  some  kinds  of  plants,  it  may  be  de- 


BUDDING  AKD  GRAFTING. 


sirable  to  remove,  although  it  is  an  almost  universal 
practice  in  this  country  to  allow  this  wood  to  remain, 
and  doubtless  in  a  majority  of  cases,  it  is  best  to  do  so ; 
but  there  are  instances  where  a  more  permanent  union 
will  be  secured  if  it  is  re- 
moved. With  kinds  of  trees 
like  the  magnolias,  horse- 
chestnuts,  and  common  sweet 
chestnut,  that  have  a  rather 
thick  bark  on  the  young 
shoots,  better  success  will  be 
attained  by  the  removal  of  the 
wood  from  the  bud.  When 
this  is  to  be  done,  the  shoots 
used  must  be  in  a  condition  to 
allow  the  bark  to  peel  readily 
from  the  wood,  without  tear- 
ing or  breaking  the  fibers. 
Hold  the  branch  in  the  left 
hand  with  the  smaller  end  to- 
wards you;  insert  the  knife- 
blade  about  one  inch  below 
the  bud,  cutting  a  little  deeper 
than  you  would  if  the  wood 
were  to  be  left  in,  pass  the 
knife  under  and  above  the  bud, 
some  three-quarters  of  an  inch, 
but  not  out  to  the  surface,  but 
withdraw  the  blade,  and  cut 
across  through  the  bark  only 
about  a  half  an  inch  above 
the  bud,  then  with  finger  and  Fig.  7.— TAKING  OFF  THE  BUD. 
thumb  lift  up  the  bark,  at 

the  same  time  press  it  gently  forward,  and  you  will  re- 
move the  bark  and  bud  (fig.  7)  a,  without  injuring  it, 
leaving  the  piece  of  wood  #,  adhering  to  the  branch. 


40 


PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 


This  is  a  much  better  and  more  scientific  method  of  re- 
moving the  wood  than  to  pick  it  out  with  the  point  of  a 
knife,  or  to  remove  with  a  goose-quill  as  sometimes  rec- 
ommended. This  concave  piece  of  bark,  with  the  bud 
attached,  will  fit  the  convex  surface  of  the  stock  very 
closely,  and  on  large  stocks,  and  with  buds  from  large 
shoots,  taking  out  the  wood  is  often  advisable. 

Another  style  of  budding  called  the  annular,  and  rep- 
resented in  fig.  8  may  be  practised  in  summer  on 
small  shoots  of  the  season's  growth 
or  in  spring,  so  soon  as  the  bark 
will  peel  readily  from  stock  and 
cion.  It  consists  in  taking  a  ring 
of  bark  with  bud  attached  from  one 
tree,  and  after  a  similar  ring  is  re- 
moved from  the  stock,  the  former 
is  fitted  into  its  place.  This  ring 
of  bark  may  be  an  inch  wide  and 
fitted  to  stocks  from  the  size  shown 
up  to  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 
It  is  always  best  to  have  the  ring  of 
bark  wide  enough  to  admit  of  plac- 
ing ligatures  around  the  stock  above 
and  below  the  bud,  in  order  to  hold 
it  in  place.  When  performed  in 
spring,  it  is  best  to  use  waxed  strips 
of  cloth,  to  cover  the  wound  and  ex- 
clude the  air,  but  late  in  summer  and 
with  bark  from  shoots  of  the  present  season,  strips  of 
bark  such  as  used  for  ordinary  budding,  will  answer  for 
ligatures.  In  this  style  of  budding,  the  branch  from 
which  the  ring  of  bark  is  taken,  should  be  nearly  the 
same  size  as  that  of  the  stock  to  which  it  is  affixed. 

In  performing  these  operations  an  implement  called  a 
budding-knife  is  required,  and  they  are  made  of  various 
sizes  and  patterns,  and  are  usually  to  be  obtained  at  al- 


Fig.  8. 

ANNULAR  BUDDING. 


BUDDING  AND   GRAFTING. 


41 


most  any  seed  store.  The  imported  bud- 
ding knives  have  usually  either  a  thin, 
blunt-pointed  ivory,  or  bone  handle,  or  a 
piece  of  bone  inserted  into  a  horn  handle, 
-this  being  used  to  lift  the  bark  of  the 
stock,  to  facilitate  the  inserting  of  the 
bud  under  it.  Many  gardeners  and 
nurserymen  still  use  these  old  forms  of 
budding  knives,  but  they  are  clumsy 
affairs,  and  not  adpated  for  rapid  work. 
Any  small  pocket  knife  with  the  blade 
rounded,  and  made  thin  and  smooth, 
will  answer  fully  as  well  for  the  purpose 
as  the  most  costly  imported  ivory- 
handled  knife.  I  have  never  seen  a 
knife  that  I  liked  better  than  the  one 
shown  full  size  in  figure  9,  which  I  first 
saw  in  use  at  the  old  Linnaean  Nurseries, 
at  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  some  thirty  years 
ago.  Unfortunately,  however,  these 
knives  are  not  in  the  trade,  and  when 
wanted  have  to  be  made  to  order.  But 
by  purchasing  cheap  knives  at  the  hard- 
ware stores,  and  throwing  away  the 
blades,  and  have  new  ones  put  in,  such 
knives  do  not  cost  any  more,  or  in  fact 
quite  as  much,  as  the  rugular  trade  bud- 
el  ing-knife.  The  rounded  end  is  used 
for  lifting  the  bark  on  the  stock,  and 
far  more  convenient  than  a  knife  with 
an  ivory  handle,  which  must  be  reversed 
in  the  hand  every  time  a  bud  is  inserted, 
and  this  is  a  waste  of  valuable  time,  be- 
sides the  ivory  or  bone  handles  are  far 
more  likely  to  become  rough,  and  scratch 
the  tender  cambium  layers  than  a  piece  of  polished  steel. 


9. 

BUDDING   KNIFE. 


42  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

But  it  is  really  immaterial  what  form  of  knife  is  used, 
provided  it  has  a  keen  edge,  and  is  dexterously  handled. 

GRAFTING   DECIDUOUS   TREES. 

Grafting  is  governed  by  the  same  physiological  princi. 
pies  as  budding,  and  there  must  exist  an  affinity  be- 
tween stock  and  eion,  if  not,  a  permanent  union  is  im- 
possible. The  principal  difference  between  budding  and 
grafting,  is,  that  in  the  latter  a  larger  section  of  the 
plant  to  be  propagated  is  used,  and  it  can  be  performed 
upon  a  greater  variety  of  plants  while  they  are  in  a 
dormant  condition.  The  art  of  grafting  is  one  of  the 
most  ancient  methods  known  of  multiplying  individual 
species  and  varieties  of  plants. 

The  implements  used  for  grafting  are  :  a  small  saw 
for  cutting  off  the  heads  of  large  stocks  or  branches  of 
the  trees,  a  good  strong  knife  with  thick  back  to  make 
clefts  in  the  stock  ;  a  small  knife  to  prepare  the  cions 
with ;  a  wedge,  grafting  chisel,  and  a  small  mallet. 
There  are  also  many  other  implements  used  for  different 
modes  of  grafting,  but  they  are  really  not  essential, 
except  when  the  operator  desires  to  cut  a  cion  or  cleft  of 
some  peculiar  form.  In  addition  to  the  implements, 
bass  strings,  such  as  are  used  in  budding,  for  tying  in 
the  grafts,  or  grafting-wax,  to  cover  the  wounds,  and 
protect  them  from  air  and  water  are  necessary. 

The  primitive  compositition  used  for  covering  wounds 
and  cuts  made  in  grafting,  was  clay  and  cow  manure. 
Any  good  kind  of  clay  was  taken,  and  two  parts  of  this 
was  mixed  with  one  part  of  cow  manure,  all  well  beaten 
together  in  order  to  make  it  as  tough  as  possible.  Some- 
times a  little  finely  chopped  grass  was  added  to  give  it 
toughness.  This  composition  was  in  common  use  more 
than  two  thousand  years  ago,  and  is  still  used  by  gar- 
deners in  grafting  certain  kinds  of  plants  that  have  a 


BUDDING  AKD   G&AFT1HG.  43 

soft,  sponge-like  bark  that  might  bo  injured  by  composi- 
tions containing  oil  or  grease. 

The  composition  of  grafting  wax  is  almost  as  variable 
as  the  ideas  of  the  men  who  use  it,  and  there  are  scores 
of  recipes  for  making  it.  One  of  the  oldest,  and,  we 
think,  one  of  the  best  for  out-door  use,  is  composed  of 
four  parts  of  common  rosin,  two  parts  of  beeswax,  and 
about  one  and  a  half  parts  of  tallow  ;  all  melted  together 
over  a  moderate  fire,  and  well  stirred  before  the  mixture 
cools.  If  it  is  to  be  used  in  very  cool  weather,  add  a 
little  more  tallow,  or  if  in  warm  a  little  less.  In  Europe, 
Burgundy  pitch  is  more  generally  used  in  making  grafting 
wax  than  in  this  country.  Some  of  the  French  nursery- 
men recommend  the  following :  Melt  together  two 
pounds  twelve  ounces  of  rosin,  and  one  pound  and  eleven 
ounces  of  Burgundy  pitch.  At  the  same  time  melt  nine 
ounces  of  tallow,  pour  the  latter  into  the  former  while 
both  are  hot,  and  stir  the  mixture  thoroughly.  Then 
add  eighteen  ounces  of  red  ochre,  dropping  it  in  gradually 
and  stirring  the  mixture  at  the  same  time.  After  the 
composition  has  cooled  sufficiently,  work  it  well  with  the 
hands.  For  out-door  work  in  cool  weather  this  wax  is 
rather  hard,  but  if  carried  in  a  vessel  where  it  can  be 
occasionally  warmed  it  is  readily  applied,  and  is  quite 
durable. 

All  the  above  kinds  of  wax  may  be  spread  upon  cloth 
or  tough  paper  with  a  brush  when  warm,  and  after  it 
has  cooled  the  paper  or  cloth  may  be  cut  up  into  narrow 
strips  of  any  convenient  size.  In  what  is  called  splice  or 
whip  grafting,  these  strips  of  waxed  cloth  are  very  con- 
venient for  wrapping  about  the  parts  united.  A  French 
mastic  known  as  "  Lefort's  Liquid  Grafting  Wax "  is 
made  by  melting  one  pound  of  common  rosin  over  a 
gentle  fire  and  adding  one  ounce  of  beef  tallow,  the  latter 
to  be  well  stirred  in.  Take  it  from  the  fire,  let  it  cool 
down  a  little,  and  then  mix  in  eight  ounces  of  alcohol. 


44  PRACTICAL   FOKESTRYo 

The  alcohol  will  cool  down  the  mixture  so  rapidly  that  it 
may  be  necessary  to  put  it  on  the  fire  again.  The 
utmost  care  must  be  exercised  to  prevent  the  alcohol 
taking  fire.  This  mastic  is  highly  recommended  by  the 
nurserymen  of  France,  and  it  has  been  used  to  some 
extent  in  this  country  for  several  years.  It  is  imported 
in  tin  boxes,  and  usually  kept  on  sale  at  seed  stores. 

I  might  give  many  other  recipes  for  making  grafting 
wax  and  mastics,  but  believe  that  the  above  are  the  best, 
and  that  the  one  made  simply  of  rosin,  beeswax,  and 
tallow  is  as  good  as  any  ever  invented.  Some  nursery- 
men of  late  years  have  substituted  linseed  oil  for  tallow, 
and  while  it  may  answer  for  some  kinds  of  trees,  I  am 
inclined  to  think  it  is  injurious  to  those  with  very  thin 
bark.  I  have  known  several  instances  where  losses 
have  occurred  that  were  attributed  to  the  use  of  oil  in 
making  the  wax  in  grafting. 

In  all  the  different  modes  of  grafting,  great  care  should 
be  observed  in  having  the  external  surface  of  the  wood 
of  the  stock  and  cion,  to  be  exactly  even,  no  matter 
whether  the  external  surface  of  the  bark  is  even  or  not. 
This  allows  the  new  cells,  which  form  between  the  bark 
and  wood,  of  both  stock  and  cion  to  unite  and  form  a 
channel,  through  which  the  sap  can  readily  pass.  The 
sap  ascends  through  the  wood  of  the  stock  into  that  of 
the  cion,  causing  the  leaves  to  expand,  which,  in  their 
turn  assimilate  it,  preparatory  to  its  return  to  stock  and 
roots  below. 

The  time  for  grafting  most  kinds  of  woody  plants  in 
the  open  air  is  in  the  spring,  just  before  or  at  the  time 
the  sap  begins  to  liquify,  varying  the  time  to  suit  differ- 
ent species,  for  experience  has  demonstrated,  that  there 
are  some  which  may  be  operated  upon  much  earlier  than 
others.  The  shoots  or  young  twigs  to  be  used  for  cions, 
may  be  taken  from  the  parent  stock  in  autumn,  and  pre- 
served in  earth,  charcoal,  sawdust,  moss,  or  some  similar 


BUDDING   AND   GKAFTING. 


45 


material,  where  they  will  be  cool — not  frozen — and  just 
sufficiently  moist  to  prevent  shrivelling.  Cions  of  ripe 
wood  may  also  be  cut  at  the  time  they  are  used,  but  their 
vitality  is  often  weakened  by  the  severity  of  the  weather,, 
and  their  delicate  tissues  injured  to  such  an  extent,  that 
they  will  not  form  what  is  called  in  grafting  "  granula-" 
tion,"  (although  it  is  precisely  the  same  as  the  callus  on 
cuttings),  which  fills  up  any  small  interstices  that  may 
exist  between  the  stock  and  cion,  allowing  a  communica- 
tion between.  Wood  of  one  season's  growth  is  prefer- 
able for  cions  to  older  (except  in  rare  instances),  and  it 
should  always  be  firm  and  fully  matured,  and  selected 
from  the  most  healthy  and  vigorous  branches.  As  there 
are  many  hundreds  of  different  modes  of  grafting,  I 
shall  only  mention  a  few  of  the  most  simple,  because  the 
difference  between  the  larger  part  is  so  slight,  as  to  be 
scarcely  worthy  of  a  different  name. 

Cleft  Grafting.  — This  method  is  principally  used  upon 
large  stocks  or  on  the  branches  of  old  trees.     The  stock 

is  first  cut  off  at  the 

point  where  it  is  de- 
sirable to  insert  the 

cion;  it  is  then  split 

with  a  large  knife  or 

chisel,  being  careful 

to  divide  the  bark, 

and  at  the  same  time 

leave      the      edges 

smooth,  as  shown  in 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


NG-     fig.    10,    when    the    OLEF 

knife  is  withdrawn,  the  cleft  may  be  kept  open  by  insert- 
ing a  wedge  made  of  iron  or  hard-wood.  The  cion  (fig. 
10,  a),  should  be  two  or  three  inches  long,  bearing  at  least 
two  good  buds.  The  lower  end  is  cut  wedged-shaped  as 
shown,  in  order  that  it  shall  fit  the  stock.  In  stocks  of 
an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  two  cions,  one  on  each  side 


46 


PKACTICAL   FORESTRY. 


as  shown  in  fig.  11  may  be  inserted,  and  if  both  grow, 
one  can  be  cut  away.  In  stocks  of  less  size,  one  cion 
will  be  sufficient,  and  the  top  of  the  stock  will  be  cut  off 
with  an  upward  slope  as  shown  in  fig.  11,  a.  After  the 
cions  are  inserted,  the  entire  exposed  surface  of  the  wood 
should  be  covered  with  grafting  wax  or  waxed  cloth. 

Crown  Grafting. — This  is  but  a  mere  modification  of 
the  cleft  craft,  but  instead  of  splitting  the  stock  to  re- 
ceive the  cion,  the  latter  is  sloped  off  thinly  on  one  side 


Fig.  12.— CROWN  GRAFTING. 

and  slipped  under  the  bark,  as  is  done  in  budding,  a  slit 
having  first  been  made  in  the  bark  of  the  proper  length. 
This  form  of  grafting  is  usually  performed  a  little  later 
in  the  season  than  the  last,  in  order  that  the  bark  may 
be  separated  from  the  wood  of  the  stock.  The  cions 
used  are  cut  earlier  in  the  season,  and  kept  dormant  in 
some  cool  place  until  wanted  for  use.  Another  form,  of 
crown  grafting  is  shown  in  fig.  12,  the  cion  is  cut 
about  half-way  through  as  shown,  and  the  wood  removed, 
leaving  a  square  shoulder  at  top  and  opposite  to  a  good 
bud.  From  the  stock  d,  d,  d,  d,  the  bark  is  removed  to 
admit  the  cion,  and  one  to  four  cions  as  shown,  are 


BUDDING   AND   GRAFTING. 


fitted  to  a  stock,  and  then  all  held  in  place  by  liga- 
tures of  waxed  cloth,  and  the  top  of  the  stock  also  covered 
with  wax.  This  mode  of  grafting  is  practised  on  very 
large  stocks  such  as  are  not  suitable  for  cleft  grafting. 

Side  or  Triangular  Grafting. — This  is  a  modification 
of  cleft  or  crown  crafting,  and  instead  of  splitting  the 


Fig.  13.— TRIANGULAR  GRAFT. 


Fig.  14.— SPLICE  OB 
TONGUE  GRAFTING. 


stock,  a  triangular  incision  is  made  in  the  side  of  the 
stock,  as  shown  in  fig.  1 3,  r,  and  the  cion  cut  in  the  same 
form  and  fitted  into  the  cleft  as  shown. 

Splice  or  Tongue  Grafting. — When  the  stock  and  cior 
are  nearly  of  the  same  size,  splice  grafting  is  the  most 
convenient  and  certain  method  known.  The  stock  is  cut 
off  with  an  upward  slope,  and  a  small  cleft  or  split  is 
made  in  it,  about  midway  on  the  slope,  forming  a  tongue. 
The  cion  is  cut  in  the  same  way,  but  with  a  downward 
slope,  with  a  corresponding  tongue,  and  the  two  are  then 


48  PKACTICAL   FOKESTRY. 

neatly  fitted  together,  the  tongue  on  one  entering  that  of 
the  other,  as  shown  in  fig.  14.  Ligatures  of  waxed  cloth 
or  strong  paper  must  then  be  applied  to  hold  the  cion  in 
place.  This  is  a  convenient  and  rapid  mode  of  grafting 
small  stocks  or  roots  in  the  house  or  open  ground,  and  is 
largely  employed  in  grafting  the  apple  during  the  winter 
months,  the  grafted  plants  being  packed  away  in  sand  or 
earth,  until  the  time  arrives  for  planting  out  in  spring. 


CHAPTER   VI. 
GRAFTING    CONIFERS. 

Propagating  conifers  by  grafting  is  confined  principal- 


ly to  varieties  and  rare  species,  of  which   seed  are  not 


Fig.  15.— CION  OF  PINE. 

readily  obtainable,  or  that  are  not  readily  multiplied  by 
cuttings  or  layers.  In  this  country,  grafting  of  ever- 
greens is  usually  confined  to  plants  raised  under  glass, 


GRAFTING   CONIFERS.  49 

or  those  placed  in  frames  for  the  purpose,  where  the 
grafter  can  control  the  temperature  and  supply  moisture 
as  required,  until  a  perfect  union  between  stock  and  cion 
has  taken  place.  Grafting  conifers  in  the  open  air  may 
sometimes  be  done  quite  successfully,  especially  upon 
some  of  the  species 
of  arbor  -  vitaes, 
yews,  larch,  and 
taxodiums,  but  as 
a  rule  it  is  best  to 
use  small  stocks, 
and  have  them  pot- 
ted in  the  fall,  and 
then  keep  them  in 
a  cool  green-house 
or  frames,  and  then 
graft  as  they  com- 
mence to  grow  late 
in  winter  or  early 
spring,  the  cions 
being  either  in 
a  dormant  condi- 
tion, or  the  buds 
but  slightly  ad- 
vanced. 
The  cions  should 

Fi£.  16. — GRAFTED  PUCE. 

always  be  of  the 
previous  season's  growth,  and  a  portion  of  the  leaves  left 
attached.  The  stocks  also  must  not  be  denuded  of  their 
foliage,  and  a  convenient  method  of  grafting  is  what  may 
be  termed  a  side  graft,  the  cion  being  inserted  into  a 
cleft,  made  in  the  side  of  the  stock,  and  held  in  place 
with  the  usual  ligature  of  bass  bark  as  in  budding.  The 
plants  are  kept  in  a  somewhat  confined  atmosphere,  and 
frequently  syringed  overhead  until  the  cion  has  united, 
then  the  stock  above  it  is  cut  away, 
3 


50 


PRACTICAL   FOEESTEY. 


Evergreen  trees  that  do  not  belong  to  the  conifers, 
can  also  be  grafted  quite  successfully  in  the  same  way, 
in  fact,  usually  are  given  the  same  or  similar  treatment. 
The  cions  may  be  one  to  three  inches  long  or  even  longer 
in  some  instances,  varying  according  to  the  species  prop- 
agated. Of  course,  in  grafting  conifers  the  stock  and 
cion  must  be  of  near  allied  species,  the  pines  may 

be  worked  on  pines, 
spruce  on  spruce,  etc. 
It  is  always  advisable 
to  select  a  strong 
and  vigorous  growing 
species  as  a  stock  for 
a  weaker  one.  What 
is  called  terminal 
grafting  is  sometimes 
practised  quite  suc- 
cessfully, and  in  fig. 
15  is  shown  a  cion  of 
pine  prepared  for  in- 
serting in  a  stock, 
and  in  fig.  16,  the 
same  is  shown  in 
place,  and  fastened 
by  a  narrow  ligature. 
The  leaves  at  the 
point  where  the  cleft 
is  made  in  the  stock 
are  wholly  removed,  while  a  few  below  are  shortened  to 
allow  of  applying  the  ligature  as  well  as  inserting  the  graft. 
Another  mode  of  terminal  grafting  as  sometimes  em- 
ployed on  the  balsam  fir,  is  shown  in  fig.  17,  the  cleft 
being  made  in  the  end  of  a  shoot,  dividing  the  terminal 
buds,  and  the  cion  inserted  between  as  shown. 

The  deciduous  conifers,  like  the  larch,  taxodiums,  salis- 
buria,  etc.,  may  be  multiplied  quite  rapidly  by  grafting 


Fig.  17.— TERMINAL  GRAFT. 


CONIFERS   FROM   CUTTINGS.  51 

on  pieces  of  their  own  roots,  or  those  of  closely  allied 
species,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  other  trees  are  root- 
grafted,  and  during  the  winter  months. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
CONIFERS  FROM  CUTTINGS. 

There  are  many  species  and  varieties  of  the  coniferaa 
that  are  readily  propagated  by  cuttings.  It  is  practised 
extensively  with  species  of  which  seed  cannot  be  obtained, 
also  with  varieties  upon  whose  seed  little  dependence 
could  be  placed,  of  producing  from  them  plants  like  the 
parent  tree.  Varieties  of  evergreens  are  no  more  likely 
to  come  true  from  seed  than  varieties  of  the  pear  or 
apple;  consequently  more  direct  methods  of  propagation 
must  be  adopted.  The  arbor-vitaes,  junipers,  yews,  tor- 
reya,  cephalotoxus,  podocarpus,  cryptomerias,  and  species 
belonging  to  several  other  genera,  are  quite  readily  prop- 
agated by  either  cuttings  of  ripe  or  green  wood.  Some 
will  grow  quite  readily  without  artificial  heat,  especially 
in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  but  success  is  more 
certain  if  all  are  placed  where  the  temperature  can  at  all 
times  be  under  the  perfect  control  of  the  propagator. 
In  warm  climates,  a  mere  frame  covered  with  glazed 
sash,  or  thin  cloth,  may  answer,  but  in  cold  ones  it  is 
better  to  have  some  means  of  giving  the  cuttings  a  little 
extra  heat  during  the  winter  months.  An  ordinary  cool 
green-house  is  perhaps,  all  things  considered,  the  best 
kind  of  structure  in  which  to  propagate  evergreens  from 
cuttings,  especially  in  cold  climates.  Cuttings  are  made 
of  the  ends  of  the  smaller  branches,  and  mainly  of  the 
ripe  one-year-old  wood,  but  with  some  kinds  a  little  of 
the  two-year-old  may  be  taken  at  the  base  of  the  cutting. 


PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 


The  cuttings  should  be  of  good  size,  that  is  from  three 
to  four  inches  long,  and  the  leaves  on  the  lower  half  cut 
away,  and  the  lower  end  of  the  cuttings  made  smooth,  a 
sharp  knife  always  being  used  for  this  purpose.  Fig.  18 
shows  a  cutting  of  arbor-vitse  prepared  for  planting, 
and  fig.  19  one  of  the  Lawson  cypress  (Cupressus  Law- 
soniana).  Sand  is  usually  preferred  to  soil  in  which  to 
rear  cuttings  of  evergreens,  and  it  may  be  put  in  boxes 

of  convenient  size  for 
handling,  or  in  larger 
frames  or  on  benches 
fitted  up  for  the  pur- 
pose, but  boxes  will 
usually  be  found  most 
convenient,  as  it  enables 
the  operator  to  change 
his  cuttings  from  one 
place  to  another,  should 
it  be  found  necessary  to 
secure  a  proper  tem- 
perature. The  boxes 
used  may  be  four  or 
five  inches  deep,  and 
eighteen  inches  or  two 
feet  square,  and  when 
filled  with  moist,  sharp 
sand,  they  are  ready  for 
use.  To  make  a  channel  in  which  to  set  the  cuttings,  use 
the  edge  of  a  pane  of  window  glass,  sinking  it  to  the  proper 
depth  in  the  sand,  and  straight  across  one  side  of  the  box. 
Set  the  cuttings  in  this  close  together,  until  it  is  filled, 
press  down  the  sand  firmly  against  them,  and  then  make 
another  crease  in  the  sand,  about  two  inches  distant  from 
the  first,  and  proceed  in  this  manner  until  the  box  is 
full.  Apply  water  to  further  settle  the  sand  about  the 
cuttings,  then  place  the  boxes  in  the  shade  until  roots  are 


Fig.  18.— ARBOK-VIT.E  CUTTING. 


CONIFERS   FROM   CUTTINGS. 


53 


produced,  which  in  some  cases  will  take  six  months, 
while  in  others  they  will  appear  in  a  less  number  of 
weeks.  Our  object  in  all  such  cases  is  to  give  the  cut- 
t  in-'s  a  chance  to  throw  out  roots  before  the  top  is  forced 
into  growth,  as  will  usually  follow  placing  the  cuttings 
in  full  light  and  in  a  warm  atmosphere. 

In  all  cases  where  ripe  cuttings  are  employed  for  prop- 
agating evergreens,  time  must  be  given  for  the  cuttings 
to  become  well  furnished  with  a  callus  on  the  lower  end, 
before  they  are  forced  into 
growth,  else  they  are  certain 
to  fail.  Sometimes  the  cut- 
tings are  kept  through  win- 
ter in  a  moderately  warm 
room,  and  in  spring  placed 
in  a  hot-bed,  where  they 
will  receive  bottom  heat  to 
assist  in  the  production  of 
roots,  and  forcing  a  growth 
of  the  tops.  The  propaga- 
tor can  always  learn  how 
his  cuttings  are  progressing, 
by  taking  out  a  few  oc- 
casionally and  examining 
the  condition  of  the  callus 
at  their  base.  If  after 
they  have  been  planted  two 
months  or  more  no  cal- 
lus is  to  be  seen,  he  must  give  a  little  more  heat,  or  if 
they  are  in  a  cold  frame  in  the  open  ground,  add  a  little 
more  covering.  Small  evergreens  are  sometimes  potted 
and  kept  in  a  green-house  during  winter,  and  when  they 
have  made  a  new  growth,  this  is  taken  off  for  cuttings, 
which  grow  very  quickly  when  placed  in  a  confined  at- 
mosphere, and  a  high  temperature.  But  such  methods 
of  propagation  are  seldom  practised,  except  by  nursery- 


Fig.  19. — CUTTING  OF  CYPRESS. 


54  PEACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

men  who  have  all  the  necessary  facilities  for  the  rapid 
multiplication  of  the  different  kinds  of  tender  as  well  as 
hardy  plants. 

LAYERS. 

All  the  different  species  of  evergreens  that  can  be  prop- 
agated from  cuttings  may  also  be  layered  in  the  same 
manner  as  directed  for  deciduous  trees,  but  it  is  seldom 
practised  to  any  considerable  extent,  except  with  dwarf 
and  trailing  species.  Plants  produced  by  layer  are  usually 
rather  straggling  in  habit,  and  if  of  naturally  upright 
growing  species,  it  requires  more  pruning  and  care  to 
get  the  plants  into  good  form  than  with  those  raised 
from  cuttings.  A  mere  twisting,  coiling,  or  notching  of 
the  branch,  so  as  to  partially  separate  the  wood  and  bark 
at  the  joint  to  be  covered  by  earth,  is  usually  all  that  is 
required  to  increase  the  production  of  roots.  Several 
branches  may  be  layered  from  one  plant,  or  all  that  are 
in  a  convenient  position  to  be  bent  down  and  covered 
with  earth. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
DECIDUOUS  TREES  FROM  CUTTINGS. 

There  are  quite  a  number  of  different  species  of  trees 
that  are  usually  propagated  from  cuttings  of  the  ripe 
wood,  instead  of  from  seed,  as  it  requires  less  skill  to 
multiply  them  in  this  way  than  any  other.  Among  these 
I  may  mention  the  willows,  poplar,  buttonwood,  a  few  of 
the  maples,  some  of  the  alders,  etc.  Those  which  grow 
freely,like  the  willows  and  poplars,  require  no  special  prep- 
aration, and  the  cuttings  may  be  taken  off  in  spring  or 
fall  in  warm  climates,  and  immediately  planted  out,  and 
the  cuttings  may  be  of  almost  any  size,  from  a  few  inches 
long  to  several  feet,  and  be  made  of  one-year-old  wood, 


DECIDUOUS  TREES  FROM  CUTTINGS.        55 

or  that  which  is  older.  But  with  some  other  kinds,  like 
the  Negundo  maple,  and  the  buttonwood,  the  cuttings 
should  be  made  up  in  the  fall,  and  from  wood  of  the  cur- 
rent season's  growth,  cut  into  sections  of  from  ten  to 
fifteen  inches  in  length,  and  then  heeled-in  in  some  warm, 
moist  place,  either  in  a  cellar  or  in  the  open  ground  where 
they  will  not  freeze,  and  at  the  same  time  be  kept  sufficient- 
ly cool  to  prevent  growth.  In  spring  these  cuttings  may 
be  taken  out  and  planted  in  trenches  made  with  a  plow  or 
spade,  and  deep  enough  to  admit  of  covering  the  cuttings 
nearly  their  entire  length,  and  the  soil  should  be  pressed 
firmly  about  them,  after  which  they  should  receive  the 
same  care  as  seedlings,  in  a  similar  soil  and  climate. 

In  making  cuttings  it  is  best  to  cut  just  below  a  bud, 
and  square  across  the  wood,  for  the  base  of  the  cutting, 
but  the  upper  end  may  be  sloping,  although  it  will  make 
little  difference,  except  with  those  kinds  which  have  a 
large  pith,  or  those  that  do  not  produce  roots  very  freely. 
The  object  in  making  up  the  cuttings  some  months  before 
planting,  is  to  give  time  for  a  callus  to  form  on  the  ex- 
posed wood,  a  process  that  always  precedes  the  emission 
of  roots  from  cuttings.  It  is  really  aiming  at  the  pro- 
duction of  roots  in  advance  of  the  pushing  of  the  buds 
into  growth,  and  while  we  may  not  always  accomplish 
this,  we  can  at  least  secure  a  callus,  which  is  a  step  gained 
in  the  right  direction.  All  such  cuttings  produce  roots 
more  freely  in  a  moist  soil  than  in  a  dry  one,  and  in  dry 
climates  it  is  a  good  plan  to  cover  the  entire  surface  of 
the  cutting  bed  with  some  kind  of  mulch,  in  order  to  keep 
the  ground  moist  and  cool  during  the  summer  months. 
The  cuttings,  when  rooted,  should  be  treated  the  same  as 
trees  raised  from  seed. 

PROPAGATION    BY   LAYERING. 

Layers  are  really  nothing  more  than  a  form  of  cutting, 
the  only  difference  being  that  they  are  allowed  to  adhere 


56  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

or  remain  attached  to  the  parent  stock — drawing  suste- 
nance therefrom  until  roots  are  emitted,  after  which  they 
are  detached  and  become  individual  plants.  In  making 
layers  of  trees  or  shrubs,  we  bend  down  a  branch,  and 
cover  that  portion  with  earth  upon  which  we  wish  to 
produce  roots.  Fig.  20  shows  a  layered  branch  buried 
in  the  soil.  An  incision  is  usually  made  on  the  under 
side  of  the  branch  before  it  is  laid  down,  and  the  knife 
inserted  just  below  a  bud  if  there  is  one  convenient,  pass- 
ing into  the  wood,  and  then  an  inch  or  more  lengthwise, 
the  branch  forming  what  is  termed  a  tongue,  as  at  a. 
A  hooked  peg  may  be  employed  to  hold  the  layer  in  place, 


Fig.  20.— LATER. 

c,  or  a  stone  laid  on  it,  as  it  is  quite  important  the 
branch  should  be  held  firm  in  place.  If  the  branch  is 
large,  the  end  may  be  tied  up  to  a  stake,  as  shown  at  b. 
It  is  not  often  that  forest  trees,  except  some  ornamental 
varieties,  are  propagated  in  this  way,  but  it  is  well  enough 
to  know  how  to  do  it,  when  necessary  to  increase  the 
stock  of  some  choice  or  rare  specimen.  Layers  may  be 
made  at  almost  any  season,  but  they  will  root  sooner  if 
made  when  the  trees  are  growing  rapidly,  than  at  any 
other  time. 

Some  kinds  of  trees  will  produce  roots  when  layered 


DECIDUOUS  TUBES  FROM  CUTTINGS.         5? 

without  cutting  of  the  branch,  and  exposing  the  albur- 
num— in  fact,  all  will,  in  time,  but  the  surest  way  is  to 
cut  the  branch  as  described.  With  some  kinds,  roots 
will  be  emitted  so  slowly  that  the  layer  must  remain  at 
least  two  seasons  before  it  will  be  safe  to  sever  it  from  the 
parent  stock.  Evergreens  may  be  layered  in  the  same 
way  as  deciduous  trees,  but  the  operation  should  always 
be  performed  during  the  period  of  active  growth,  else  the 
wound  made  on  the  layer  is  likely  to  be  covered  with 
rosin,  which  may  prevent  the  emission  of  roots. 

Sometimes  a  part  of  a  tree  or  a  small  branch  will  vary 
from  the  original;  when  this  occurs  on  a  large  tree  and 
where  the  branch  cannot  be  made 
to  reach  the  ground,  we  are  com- 
pelled to  elevate  the  soil,  or  some 
similar  material  to  the  part  we  wish 
to  propagate,  unless  it  is  some  spe- 
cies which  can  be  readily  propagated 
from  cuttings,  buds,  or  grafting. 
If  we  desire  to  obtain  a  layer,  we 
have  only  to  place  a  pot  or  box  of 
soil  near  the  branch,  so  that  it  can 
be  covered  with  earth,  the  same  as 
if  near  the  ground.  After  the 
branch  is  layered,  the  soil  surround- 
ing it  must  be  kept  moist  until  Fi^  21'~A  LAYER  IN  POT' 
roots  are  produced.  Fig.  21  shows  a  branch  layered  in 
a  pot  from  which  a  piece  has  been  taken  from  one  side 
to  admit  the  branch;  this  crevasse  is  closed  with  a  piece 
of  board  or  shingle  placed  on  the  inside  of  the  pot, 
after  which  the  pot  is  filled  with  soil.  If  the  pot  is  sur- 
rounded with  cloth  or  moss,  it  will  in  a  measure  prevent 
drying,  and  less  frequent  waterings  will  be  required. 


58  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

CHAPTER  IX. 
SEEDLINGS  OF  CONIFERS. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  cone-bearing  trees  are  ever- 
greens, but  there  are  .a  few,  as  the  larch,  and  taxodiurns, 
that  are  deciduous,  casting  their  leaves  in  the  autumn 
when  fully  ripe,  or  touched  by  frost.  In  propagating 
from  seed,  all  require  essentially  the  same  treatment, 
which  is,  however,  quite  different  from  the  ordinary 
deciduous  class  already  referred  to.  While  the  seeds  of 
coniferae  are  really  no  more  delicate,  or  their  germination 
more  uncertain  than  other  kinds  of  tree  seeds,  still,  the 
seedlings  require  more  care  from  the  time  they  appear 
above  ground,  until  they  are  transplanted  to  the  field  or 
nursery  rows.  Young  seedlings  of  coniferae,  that  spring 
up  in  the  forests,  where  there  is  deeper  shade  than  that 
which  surrounds  those  of  deciduous  trees,  are  quite 
sensitive  to  light,  temperature,  conditions  of  soil,  and 
atmosphere,  as  regards  moisture.  As  a  rule,  all  seeds  of 
conifers  should  be  sown  where  the  young  plants  can  be 
protected  from  the  constant  direct  rays  of  the  sun  for 
the  first  few  weeks  of  their  existence,  and  partial  shade 
is  desirable  throughout  the  entire  first  season. 

Sometimes  stakes  are  driven  by  the  sides  of  the  beds, 
on  which  poles  are  placed  to  form  a  support  for  a  cover- 
ing of  thin  cloth,  or  of  evergreen  boughs  where  they  can 
be  obtained,  but  in  windy  locations  such  temporary 
structures  are  liable  to  be  blown  down,  destroying  the 
plants  underneath  them.  Besides  the  winds  sweep  over 
the  surface  of  the  seed-bed  dispelling  the  surface 
moistures,  which  must  be  made  good  by  liberal  and 
judicious  waterings,  or  the  seedlings  soon  perish.  Large 
numbers  of  seedlings  are  raised,  it  is  true,  under  such 
arrangements  in  favorable  situations,  but  a  better  pro- 


SEEDLINGS  Otf  COKIFERJE.  59 

tection  is  furnished  by  board  frames  and  lath  shades  as 
shown  in  figure  22.  The  frames  -may  be  made  of  inch 
boards  or  plank,  and  should  be  one  foot  high,  four  feet 
wide,  and  of  any  desirable  length.  To  make  tbe  lath 
shades,  take  ordinary  ceiling  lath  four  feet  long,  lay  them 
.parallel,  and  two  inches  or  a  little  less  apart,  and  fasten 
them  in  their  places  by  nailing  across  their  ends  two 
strips  of  boards  three  inches  wide  and  three  feet  long. 
This  size  of  shade  is  more  convenient  for  handling  than 
larger  ones,  and  being  so  light  are  not  liable  to  be  broken. 
These  shades  laid  on  the  frames  will  admit  air  and 
moisture,  and  while  admitting  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun 
to  every  part  of  the  bed  during  the  day,  they  will  not 


Fig.  22.— LA.TH  COVERED  FRAME. 

remain  long  enough  upon  any  place  to  cause  injury. 
The  constant  change  of  the  sun  and  shade  thus  secured, 
is  just  what  is  required  by  delicate  seedling  coniferse, 
and  some  few  other  kinds  of  trees,  that  will  be  mentioned 
further  on. 

Seeds  sown  in  frames  as  described  are  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  cultivator.  They  can  be  watered  when  it  is 
required,  more  or  less  shade  given  if  desirable,  besides 
being  in  a  position  to  be  protected  in  winter,  should  their 
hardiness  be  doubted.  Occasionally  it  may  be  found 
necessary  to  increase  the  temperature  of  the  seed-bed,  or 
to  protect  the  seed  from  long  continued  cold  rains. 
This  can  be  readily  done  by  substituting  for  the  lath, 
glazed  hot-bed  sash,  that  are  usually,  and  should  always 
be  found  as  the  ordinary  adjuncts  of  every  good  garden. 


60  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

The  soil  in  which  the  seeds  of  coniferae  are  sown 
should  be  of  a  light,  porous  nature,  and  if  not  naturally 
of  this  kind,  it  should  be  made  so  by  liberal  additions  of 
leaf-mould  and  sand.  If,  after  watering,  the  surface  be- 
comes hard,  and  a  firm  crust  is  formed,  it  is  not  light 
enough,  and  more  sand  or  mould  should  be  added.  Pure 
sand  will  answer  well  for  a  sed-bed,  if  a  little  liquid 
manure  be  added  occasionally  after  the  seedlings  com- 
mence to  show  their  second  set  of  leaves. 

SOWING   THE   SEEDS. 

Small  evergreen  seeds,  like  those  of  the  arbor- vitaes, 
may  be  scattered  broadcast  on  the  surface,  and  then  be 
covered  by  sifting  soil  over  them,  but  those  of  the  larger 
size  should  be  sown  in  drills  from  four  to  six  inches  apart, 
and  not  so  close  in  the  drill  that  the  growing  plants 
are  liable  to  be  crowded.  When  sown  in  drills,  the  soil 
between  them  can  be  stirred  if  necessary,  and  the  weeds 
more  readily  removed  than  when  the  seed  is  sown  broad- 
cast. 

The  time  for  sowing  will  depend  much  on  the  climate 
and  the  kind  of  seed.  Such  as  can  be  safely  kept  through 
the  winter,  should  be  sown  in  the  spring,  although  some 
of  the  more  hardy  species  may  be  sown  in  autumn,  but 
there  is  often  -danger  of  their  destruction  during  winter 
by  mice  and  other  vermin.  The  usual  course  is  to  keep 
the  seed  over  winter  in  their  cones,  as  gathered  from  the 
tree,  or  if  shelled  out,  in  paper  bags,  stored  in  a  dry, 
cool  room.  Should  they  seem  too  dry  in  spring,  their 
germination  may  be  materially  hastened  by  soaking  a 
few  hours  in  tepid  water.  After  the  water  is  drained 
off,  the  seed  may  be  mixed  with  dry  sand  or  gypsum, 
which  will  take  up  the  surplus  moisture,  and  facilitate 
the  ready  separation  of  the  seed  when  sowing.  Very  small 
seed  should  be  covered  an  eighth  of  an  inch,  the  coarser 
ones,  like  those  of  the  nut-pine,  a  half  inch,  but  not  more. 


SEEDLINGS   OF   CONIFERS. 


61 


Moisture  and  heat  are  requisites  of  germination  ;  con- 
sequently, if  the  soil  is  dry  at  the  time  of  sowing,  or  dry 
weather  follows,  water  must  be  applied  to  the  bed  from 
time  to  time  as  required,  but  extremes  in  giving  too 
much  or  too  little  must  be  carefully  avoided.  This  is 
a  nice  point,  and  can  be  determined  only  by  the  experi- 
ence, skill,  and  good  judgment  of  the  cultivator. 

The  seeds  of  most  of  our  coniferae  germinate  freely  and 
quickly,  but  the  young  seedlings,  when  in  what  is  termed 
the  first  or  seed-leaf  stage,  fig.  23, 
are  extremely  sensitive  to  any  con- 
siderable change  of  temperature  or 
hydrometical  condition  of  the  air  or 
soil,  and,  in  fact,  this  is  considered 
the  critical  period  in  the  life  of  the 
young  plant.  If  the  weather  is 
warm  and  wet,  the  soft  succulent 
stems  soon  rot,  or  damp  off,  as  it  is 
termed.  Dusting  the  surface  of  the 
bed  and  plants  with  fine  dry  sand, 
or  what  is  still  better,  burnt  and 
pulverized  clay,  will  usually  prevent 
further  loss,  unless  the  weather 
'should  continue  unfavorable  for 
many  days.  On  the  other  hand, 
water  must  not  be  withheld  in  dry 
time  for  fear  of  causing  the  plants 
to  rot,  for  wilting  caused  by  want  of  moisture  is  almost 
as  fatal  to  the  plants  as  too  much.  After  the  second,  or 
true  leaves  appear,  the  critical  period  may  be  considered 
past,  and  ordinary  care  only  will  be  required  during  the 
remainder  of  the  season.  But  it  is  well  to  apply  water  as 
needed  throughout  the  summer.  If  the  seedlings  are 
raised  in  a  cold  climate  some  slight  protection  may  be 
given  during  winter.  It  is  not  necessary  or  advisable  to 
try  to  keep  out  the  frost,  but  merely  to  spread  something 


Fig.  23.— SEEDLING  PINE. 


62  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

over  the  frames  to  prevent  the  sudden  and  alternate 
freezing  and  thawing  of  the  ground.  If  snow  comes 
early,  and  drifts  in  and  around  the  plants,  this  of  itself 
will  be  sufficient  protection  so  long  as  it  remains.  If  the 
plants  make  a  good  growth  the  first  season,  or  are  likely 
to  be  crowded  during  the  second,  they  should  be  trans- 
planted, but  if  there  is  room  for  them  to  grow  they  may 
remain  in  the  seed-bed  two  years  and  be  transplanted  in 
the  spring  of  the  third  season.  But  as  soon  as  they  are 
large  enough  to  handle  conveniently,  whether  it  be  at 
the  end  of  the  first  or  second  season's  growth,  they  should 
be  carefully  lifted  and  set  out  in  nursery  rows  as  recom- 
mended for  deciduous  trees. 

In  most  cases  planting  out  may  be  done  with  a  dibble, 
as  the  roots  of  young  seedling  conifers  are  usually  quite 
small,  but  well  furnished  with  fibers.  When  transplant- 
ing, great  care  should  be  given  to  the  protection  of  the 
roots  from  the  sun,  as  well  as  to  keep  them  moist.  The 
time  to  transplant  is  as  early  in  spring  as  the  ground  will 
permit  of  proper  preparation,  and  even  then  a  close  exam- 
ination of  the  roots  will  usually  show  that  growth  has 
commenced,  although  the  buds  give  no  indication  of  the 
movement  of  the  sap.  When  first  set  out  in  nursery  rows 
the  seedlings  should  be  set  not  more  than  six  inches  apart 
in  the  rows,  but  so  soon  as  the  branches  of  one  plant  touch 
those  of  another,  every  alternate  plant  should  be  re- 
moved, or  all  taken  up  and  replanted.  The  latter  method 
is  the  one  usually  adopted  by  nurserymen  who  desire  to 
make  low  stocky  trees,  with  an  abundance  of  fibrous 
roots,  because  every  time  the  tree  is  removed,  the  lateral 
growth  of  the  larger  roots  is  checked,  and  new  ones  grow 
from  their  sides.  But  the  value  of  the  trees  and  the  pur- 
pose for  which  they  are  raised  should  be  considered,  and 
their  treatment  in  the  nursery  be  in  accordance  with  the 
results  desired.  If  they  are  to  be  grown  for  timber,  hight 
will  be  more  essential  than  breadth  in  the  young  trees, 


SEEDLINGS   OP   CONIFER^.  63 

and  the  growth  of  their  lower  branches  be  discouraged, 
and  the  leading  shoots  preserved  instead  ;  but  if  the 
plants  are  intended  for  ornamental  purposes,  or  to  be  set 
out  as  wind-breaks,  screens,  or  in  hedge-rows,  low,  stocky 
trees  will  be  preferable,  and  the  growth  of  the  lower 
branches  should  be  encouraged.  An  occasional  cutting- 
in  of  the  terminal  shoots  of  the  young  trees,  and  trans- 
planting every  two  or  three  years — allowing  plenty  of  room 
for  each  to  spread  itself  in  all  directions — will  greatly  facil- 
itate the  production  of  fine  specimens  for  ornamentation, 
and  that  will  fully  meet  the  requirements  of  the  planter. 

The  time  at  which  to  give  the  proper  shape  or  the  form 
desired  is  when  transplanting,  and  with  the  exception 
perhaps  of  the  pines,  it  may  be  done  without  regard  to  the 
position  of  the  buds  on  the  stems.  The  young  trees  may 
also  be  pruned  at  other  times,  but  this  will  be  done 
mainly  by  pinching  off  the  young  succulent  shoots  in 
summer,  shortening  those  that  push  out  to  an  unusual 
length,  or  at  points  where,  if  left  unchecked,  would  give 
the  tree  an  unsymmetrical  form. 

In  removing  evergreens  from  the  nursery  to  forest 
plantations,  a  little  more  care  is  required  than  in  handling 
deciduous  trees,  because  the  foliage  of  the  former  is  always 
present,  through  which  evaporation  of  the  juices  of  the 
tree  takes  place  to  a  limited  extent,  even  during  what  is 
termed  the  dormant  period,  and  the  foliage  suffers  if  the 
roots  are  long  exposed  to  the  light  and  a  dry  atmosphere. 
The  holes  made  for  the  reception  of  the  roots  of  trans- 
planted trees  should  always  be  of  sufficient  size  to  admit 
of  placing  them  in  a  natural  extended  position,  and  if 
considerable  larger  it  will  be  better  than  to  have  them  in 
the  least  cramped  or  crowded,  and  as  a  rule  the  roots 
should  not  be  buried  any  deeper  than  they  were  before 
the  tree  was  transplanted.  Of  course  an  inch  or  two  of 
extra  depth  may  be  allowed  for  the  usual  settling  of  the 
recently  disturbed  soil. 


64  PRACTICAL  FORESTR5T. 

EVERGREENS   FROM  THE   FORESTS. 

Vast  numbers  of  evergreens  are  annually  transplanted 
from  the  natural  seed  beds  that  abound  in  many  parts  of 
the  country  where  and  when  the  various  species  of  conifers 
are  growing  wild.  The  source  of  supply  is  simply  inex- 
haustible, limited  only  by  the  number  of  desirable  species 
to  be  obtained.  Until  recently,  gathering  natural  seed- 
lings of  conifers  was  confined  to  some  of  the  most  common 
species  of  the  Eastern  States,  such  as  hemlocks,  arbor- 
vitaes,  spruces,  balsam  firs,  and  pines,  but  within  the 
past  few  years,  the  facilities  for  obtaining  rarer  kinds  has 
been  greatly  extended,  and  the  coniferae  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  and  the  Pacific  Coast  can  now  be  ob- 
tained very  cheaply,  and  collectors  possessing  the  requi- 
site botanical  knowledge  are  employed  to  collect  seedlings 
of  one,  two,  or  more  years  old,  and  these  are  sent  to  dif- 
ferent points,  or  wherever  there  is  a  demand  for  them,  by 
mail  or  otherwise.  When  properly  handled,  these  forest 
seedlings  will  usually  grow  and  make  good  specimens. 
To  insure  success,  the  seedlings  should  be  pulled  when 
the  ground  is  wet,  that  as  many  of  their  roots  as  possible 
may  be  retained,  and  these  in  no  case  should  be  exposed 
to  the  sun  or  wind  long  enough  to  cause  shrivelling.  If 
packed  in  soft  moss  (Sphagnum)  from  low  ground,  they 
can  be  safely  transported  in  cool  weather  to  any  distance 
not  requiring  more  than  six  or  eight  weeks  in  their 
transit.  When  such  plants  arrive  at  their  destination, 
they  should  be  unpacked  and  placed  in  a  position  Avhere 
new  growth  of  roots  can  be  secured  without  exciting  or 
forcing  a  new  growth  of  the  buds  or  branches.  This  is 
readily  done,  because  roots  will  grow  at  a  much  lower  tem- 
perature than  buds,  consequently  it  is  only  necessary  to 
heel-in  the  seecllings,  or  pot  them  separately  if  of  rare 
kinds  and  worth  the  trouble,  and  place  them  in  a  half 
ghady  place,  watering  freely  overhead  until  the  roots 


SEEDLINGS   OF   CONIFER2E.  65 

commence  growth,  then  transplant  or  admit  light  and 
heat  sufficient  to  insure  a  healthy  growth.  My  own 
practice — and  it  has  been  eminently  successful — has  been, 
in  the  case  of  rare  species,  to  procure  them  in  the  fall 
or  early  winter,  and  to  place  each  plant  in  a  flower  pot  of 
the  required  size,  and  then  plunge  them  under  the  cen- 
tral stage  of  my  green-house,  or  in  frames  where  they 
would  not  freeze. 

Seedling  evergreens  gathered  in  Oregon  in  November 
and  received  and  potted  the  last  of  December,  showed 
plenty  of  new  roots  by  the  first  of  March,  while  at  the 
same  time  very  few  gave  any  signs  of  growth  in  their 
tops,  beyond  a  slight  swelling  of  the  terminal  buds. 
Out  of  two  thousand  obtained  one  autumn,  and  treated 
as  above,  the  loss  did  not  exceed  five  per  cent.  In 
handling  seedlings  of  a  foot  or  more  in  hight,  the  same 
idea  as  expressed  above  should  be  kept  in  view,  and  it  is 
also  well  to  prune  away  or  cut  back  their  leading  branches 
before  planting  out. 

When  evergreen  seedlings  from  forests  near  by  are 
taken  up  in  the  spring,  they  should  be  set  near  together 
in  rows  or  beds,  and  then  well  shaded  until  root  growth 
has  commenced,  after  which  the  covering  may  be  removed 
entirely  or  in  part.  A  convenient  way  to  shade  such 
plants,  is  to  spread  a  thin  layer  of  hay  over  the  entire  tops 
of  the  plants,  and  as  showers  beat  down  the  hay  from 
time  to  time  during  the  spring  and  early  summer,  the 
foliage  will  be  exposed  more  and  more,  and  finally  the 
hay  will  reach  the  ground  and  form  a  mulch  for  the  plants 
during  the  rest  of  the  season.  Plants  set  near  together, 
with  rows  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  apart,  may  be  pro- 
tected in  this  manner  very  effectually  and  satisfactorily. 

Shading  may  be  done  with  cloth,  boards,  or  boughs  of 
larger  evergreens,  or  in  any  other  way  most  convenient; 
but  shade  made  in  some  way  is  usually  necessary  to  in- 
sure success  with  forest  seedlings.  Those  obtained  from 


66  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

open  fields  and  along  the  borders  of  forests  where  they 
have  been  somewhat  exposed,  to  light  and  winds,  are 
preferable  to  those  grown  in  deep  forest  shade. 

SEASON   FOE  TRANSPLANTING. 

Volumes  have  been  written  advancing  theories  relative 
to  the  proper  season  for  transplanting  evergreen  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  while  it  may  be  possible  to  remove  them  safely 
under  favorable  conditions  at  almost  any  time,  it  must  be 
apparent  to  every  student  of  vegetable  physiology,  that 
the  proper  or  best  time  is  when  the  plant  is  in  its  most 
dormant  condition.  But  in  cold  climates  this  period  is 
so  extended,  that  if  the  plants  are  transplanted  at  the 
beginning  of  it,  they  become  weakened  and  often  entirely 
deprived  of  their  natural  juices,  by  the  evaporation 
through  their  leaves  and  twigs  before  a  fresh  supply  can 
be  obtained  by  the  action  of  their  roots  upon  the  soil  in 
which  they  are  planted.  The  mere  contact  of  roots  with 
moist  soil  is  not  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  absorb 
nutriment  to  any  considerable  extent,  but  contact  through 
growth  is  necessary  to  bring  their  absorbing  functions  into 
action.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  transplanting  evergreens 
in  cold  climates  should  be  done  in  spring.  If  transplanted 
early,  or  so  soon  as  the  ground  is  warm  and  dry  enough 
to  work  readily,  there  will  usually  be  time  for  new  roots 
to  form,  through  which  sap  will  be  imbibed  to  support 
new  top  growth,  as  in  the  case  of  the  potted  seedlings 
referred  to  on  a  preceding  page.  The  principles  in  both 
cases  are  identical.  The  large  plant  as  well  as  the  small 
one  needs  time  to  become  settled  and  fixed  in  its  new 
position  before  the  growing  season  commences;  conse- 
quently early  planting  is  always  preferable,  and  if  new 
growth  of  branches  has  commenced  when  the  roots  are 
disturbed,  it  is  very  likely  to  be  checked,  even  if  the  tree 
does  not  die. 

If  for  any  cause  it  becomes  necessary  to  transplant 


FOREST  TKEES.  67 

evergreens  after  active  growth  has  commenced,  the  rapid 
evaporation  of  moisture  from  the  new  shoots  may  in  a 
measure  be  prevented  by  giving  the  tree  shade.  An  old 
cloth,  or  the  branches  of  other  trees  set  around  each  one, 
will  serve  the  purpose,  and  often  be  the  means  of  saving 
the  transplanted  trees.  Watering  overhead  is  also  very 
beneficial,  for  the  same  reason,  and  operates  to  check 
undue  loss  of  moisture  through  the  foliage  and  smaller 
branches.  Evergreens  that  have  been  so  frequently 
moved  in  the  nursery  that  their  roots  form  a  solid  ball, 
can,  of  course,  be  removed  safely  at  almost  any  season, 
but  such  trees  must  be  considered  as  exceptions.  In  all 
cool  climates  there  are  frequent  showers  during  the  spring 
months,  and  with  the  increasing  heat  of  the  sun,  and  an 
atmosphere  laden  with  moisture,  all  nature  awakes  from 
its  long  slumber  in  a  condition  to  recuperate,  after  hav- 
ing been  disturbed  or  checked  in  its  progress ;  hence  it  is 
the  safest  and  best  season  in  which  to  transplant  trees  of 
all  kinds. 


CHAPTER    X. 
PRUNING    FOREST    TREES. 

All  kinds  of  forest  trees  may  be,  and  nearly  all  should 
be  pruned  at  the  time  of  transplanting.  As  it  is  almost 
if  not  quite  impossible  to  take  up  a  tree  without  destroy- 
ing a  portion  of  the  roots,  or  at  least  disturbing  them, 
it  is  well  to  reduce  the  number  or  length  of  the  branches 
to  fully  compensate  for  any  loss  sustained  by  the  roots. 
It  is  also  better  to  prune  away  more  wood  than  is  actually 
necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  trees,  than  to  fall  short  of 
removing  enough  ;  for  a  few  buds  and  leaves,  fully  sup- 
plied with  nutriment,  are  worth  far  more  to  the  tree, 
than  a  large  number  kept  feeble  for  the  want  of  it.  I  am 


68  PRACTICAL  FOEESTRT. 

well  aware  that  there  are  men  who  object  to  pruning 
transplanted  trees,  because  they  imagine  in  their  igno- 
rance of  the  general  principles  of  vegetable  physiology, 
that  the  larger  the  number  of  buds  and  leaves,,  the  greater 
the  capacity  of  the  tree  to  assimilate  sap,  which  would 
in  a  measure  be  true,  provided  the  roots  were  in  a  condi- 
tion to  supply  the  crude  article  in  unlimited  quantities, 
but  as  they  are  not  at  such  time,  it  is  absurd  to  think 
that  the  leaves  are  to  be  sustained  by  what  they  cannot 
possibly  obtain. 

While  the  trees  are  in  nursery  rows,  they  will  require 
pruning  in  order  to  give  them  the  proper  shape  when 
wanted  for  permanent  plantations.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
prune  severely,  but  just  enough  to  give  the  growth  the 
proper  direction.  If  intended  for  timber  trees,  then  a 
tall  straight  stem  is  required,  and  when  there  is  more 
than  one  leading  shoot,  they  should  be  cut  away.  The 
lower  branches  may  be  removed  from  time  to  time,  always 
leaving  enough  to  form  a  good  head  to  the  tree,  and  in 
cutting  oil  branches,  they  should  be  severed  close,  leav- 
ing no  rough  stump  to  decay,  or  to  throw  out  sprouts. 
If  the  young  trees  are  properly  pruned  in  the  nursery, 
there  will  be  no  necessity  of  removing  large  branches 
when  they  become  old.  Some  species  will  require  but 
little  pruning,  while  others  demand  considerable,  else 
they  make  slow  progress  in  the  way  of  making  handsome 
shapely  specimens.  Pruning  should  not  be  practised 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  tree  is  weakened  by  the  opera- 
tion, but  it  should  never  be  neglected  when  anything  can 
be  gained  in  promoting  the  growth  of  any  part  of  the 
tree,  or  in  any  direction  that  will  tend  to  increase  its 
value,  or  fit  it  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  raised.  By 
cutting  off  a  portion  of  the  lower  branches,  we  allow 
more  sap  to  flow  past,  and  into  those  higher  up  on  the 
stem,  and  we  repeat  the  operation  annually,  or  as  often 
as  necessary  **»  -^^urage  an  upward  growth  if  tall  trees 


PRUHING  FOREST  TUBES.  69 

are  our  object,  instead  of  low  and  very  stocky  ones. 
Trees  growing  in  an  open  field  and  left  to  themselves,  will 
usually  have  branches  sufficient  to  shade  their  stems. 
This  appears  to  be  not  only  natural,  but  beneficial,  for 
when  the  stem  is  fuliy  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  bark  be- 
comes dry  and  hot,  and  the  flow  of  sap  is  retarded  in  its 
movements.  It  is  only,  however,  while  the  trees  are 
young  and  the  bark  thin,  that  any  particular  injury  will 
be  perceived. 

When  the  trees  are  raised  in  nurseries,  the  stems  are 
partially  shaded  ;  consequently  the  lower  branches  are 
not  required  for  shade,  but  only  to  assist  growth  until  a 
sufficient  number  of  others  have  been  produced,  and  then 
their  service  may  be  dispensed  with  without  injury  to 
the  tree. 

Trees  standing  singly  and  alone  where  they  have  room 
for  full  development,  should  have  at  least  two-thirds  of 
their  hight  occupied  with  branches,  but  where  grown  in 
forests  for  timber,  the  rule  may  be  reversed,  although  we 
may  vary  the  proportion  of  occupied  and  naked  stem,  ac- 
cording to  the  natural  habit  of  the  tree.  The  pruning 
of  forest  trees  should  not  cease  with  their  final  planting 
in  the  position  in  which  they  are  to  remain,  because  an 
occasional  lopping  off  of  a  branch  here  and  there,  removal 
of  sprouts  from  near  their  base,  or  suckers  springing 
from  roots,  may  assist  greatly  in  keeping  them  in  good 
shape,  and  prevent  the  growth  of  parts  not  desired. 
Stunted,  distorted  specimens,  may  often  be  entirely  ren- 
ovated, as  it  were,  by  judicious  pruning. 

TIME    TO    PRUNE. 

This  is  a  subject  which  has  been  frequently  discussed 
among  arboriculturists,  and  all  who  cultivate  trees  of 
any  kind,  but  all  will  agree  that  it  should  never  be  done 
at  a  time  when  the  sap  will  flow  from  the  wound,  as  this 
not  only  causes  a  loss  to  the  tree,  but  the  slowly  oozing 


70  PKACT1CAL   FORESTRY. 

sap  has  a  corrosive  action  on  both  the  exposed  wound, 
and  surrounding  bark,  often  hastening  decay.  This  is 
especially  true  with  trees  like  the  maple,  butternut,  and 
birch,  which  bleed  (as  it  is  termed),  if  wounded  at  any 
time  during  the  latter  part  of  winter  or  early  spring. 
The  oozing  sap  also  attracts  certain  insects,  especially 
those  that  infest  dying  or  dead  wood.  In  my  own  exper- 
ience I  have  never  found  any  better  time  to  prune  than  in 
summer,  as  soon  as  the  trees  are  in  full  leaf,  and  the 
trees  have  commenced  to  make  a  new  growth.  The 
wounds  made  at  this  time  will  commence  to  heal  over 
immediately,  and  where  small  branches  are  removed  on 
rapidly  growing  trees,  the  wounds  will  usually  be  entirely 
covered  with  new  wood  by  the  end  of  the  season,  and 
where  larger  branches  are  cut  off,  the  exposed  wood  will 
become  well  seasoned,  and  so  hardened  during  the  warm 
weather,  that  it  will  seldom  commence  to  decay  before  it 
is  entirely  overgrown.  The  next  best  season  is  in  the 
fall  after  the  wood  is  ripe,  for  in  cool  climates  the  ex- 
posed wood  will  become  dry,  and  hardened  before  the  sap 
commences  to  flow  in  spring. 

PRUNING    EVERGREENS. 

The  conifers  and  other  evergreens  will  submit  to  the 
knife  and  the  pruning  saw,  as  well  as  deciduous  trees, 
and  when  raised  for  timber,  will  need  pruning  as  often, 
and  in  about  the  same  manner.  When  raised  for  orna- 
mental purposes,  the  pruning  will  be  mainly  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  them  the  required  form,  although  thin- 
ning out,  and  shortening  the  branches  at  the  time  of 
transplanting,  is  as  beneficial  as  it  is  with  deciduous 
trees,  but  it  it  is  not  so  generally  practised.  Evergreens 
may  be  headed  back  or  trimmed  up  in  order  to  make 
them  grow  tall  and  slender,  or  broad  and  stocky.  With 
the  natural  conical  shaped  evergreens,  like  the  spruces 
and  balsams,  many  persons  dislike  to  cut  out  the  leading 


PRUNING   FOREST  TREES.  71 

shoots,  for  fear  of  destroying  the  natural  symmetry  of  the 
tree,  and  while  it  may  have  this  effect  for  a  short  time, 
a  new  leader  is  certain  to  come  in  and  take  the  place  of 
the  one  removed,  but  during  the  time  intervening,  the 
lateral  branches  will  spread  out  more  vigorously,  giving 
to  the  tree  a  more  stocky  appearance.  In  pruning  the 
coarser  growing  pines,  a  little  more  care  is  required  than 
with  arbor- vitae,  spruces,  and  other  closely  allied  trees, 
for  the  reason  that  buds  are  not  usually  produced  on  the 
internodes  between  the  nodes  or  joints,  and  when  a  lead- 
ing shoot,  either  the  terminal  one  on  the  main  stem,  or 
branches,  is  removed,  it  should 
be  cut  out  close  down  to  the 
junction  of  the  next  tier  of 
branches  below,  leaving  no  bar- 
ren stump  to  die  and  decay.  A 
glance  at  a  pine  tree  will  be 
enough  for  even  a  novice  in 
such  matters,  to  see  how  it 
should  be  pruned,  in  order  to 
make  it  grow  more  compact 
and  stocky,  if  such  a  change 
is  desired. 

IMPLEMENTS  USED  IN  PRUNING. 

The  common  pruning  knife 
is  the  best  implement  for 
pruning  small  trees,  but  in  re- 
moving large  branches,  a  fine-  FiS-  24-— A  HANDY  LADDER. 
tooth  saw  should  be  used  in  preference  to  an  axe.  If 
the  wounds  made  are  so  large  that  they  will  not  soon  be 
covered  with  a  new  growth,  it  is  well  to  apply  some  kind 
of  wax,  paint  or  some  other  substance,  to  exclude  water 
and  prevent  decay.  Various  compositions  are  used  for 
this  purpose,  and  on  small  trees  where  the  exposed  wood 
can  be  readily  reached,  a  little  melted  grafting-wax,  ap- 


72  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

plied  with  a  brush,  will  be  found  an  excellent  preserva- 
tive, but  on  large  trees  where  there  is  considerable  sur- 
face to  be  covered,  almost  any  good  mineral  paint  mixed 
with  linseed  oil  will  answer  every  purpose.  A  handy  and 
cheap  ladder  for  forest-tree  pruning  is  shown  in  figure  24. 


CHAPTEE  XL 
THE  BEST  TIME  TO  CUT  TIMBER. 

If  we  were  to  take  the  opinions  of  men,  practical  and 
otherwise,  as  our  guide  in  selecting  a  time  for  cutting 
timber  we  should  never  reach  a  conclusion  in  the  matter, 
for  there  is  not  a  month  in  the  twelve,  that  has  not  been 
recommended  as  the  very  best  time  for  felling  trees  in 
order  that  the  wood  should  remain  sound,  firm,  and 
durable.  There  is,  no  doubt,  some  foundation  for  this 
great  variation  in  the  opinion  of  even  those  who  have 
had  much  practical  experience  in  handling  and  working 
of  timber,  and  it  is  probably  largely  due  to  the  fact  that 
in  many  instances,  and  for  many  purposes,  no  difference 
is  observable  in  the  appearance  or  quality  of  timber 
whether  cut  in  winter  or  summer. 

Much  depends  upon  the  treatment  timber  receives 
after  it  is  cut,  whether  placed  in  a  position  to  season 
rapidly,  or  left  in  the  woods  where  seasoning  will  go  on 
slowly  ;  furthermore,  climate — the  prevalence  of  insects 
that  attack  felled  trees — the  kinds  of  timber,  and  various 
other  conditions  and  circumstances  has  much  influence 
on  the  durability  and  quality  of  wood  of  the  same  species 
of  trees.  It  is  certainly  true  that  there  is  a  great  differ- 
ence in  the  amount  of,  and  condition  of  the  moisture  in 
trees  at  different  seasons  of  the  year,  and  while  as  a  mat- 
ter of  convenience  it  will  often  be  of  more  importance 


THE  BEST  TIME  TO  CtTT  TIMBER.  ?3 

to  the  one  cutting  timber  than  any  slight  variation  in 
quality  that  may  follow,  still  there  is  no  doubt  a  choice 
in  time  for  felling  trees  for  all  purposes.  In  late  fall 
and  winter,  when  trees  are  in  a  dormant  state,  the  wood 
contains  less  liquids  than  in  spring  and  summer,  and 
this  is  without  doubt  an  advantage,  for  there  is  not  only 
less  to  be  driven  off  in  seasoning,  but  less  to  produce 
chemical  changes  which  are  often  more  or  less  injurious 
to  both  strength  and  durability. 

From  my  own  experience  and  all  the  facts  that  I  have 
been  able  to  gather  from  lumbermen  and  dealers  in 
timber,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  winter  is 
not  only  preferable  but  the  most  convenient  season  for 
cutting  timber,  whether  to  be  converted  into  sawed 
timber  or  be  used  for  posts,  rails,  railroad  ties,  or  other 
purposes  where  toughness  and  durability  are  an  object. 
But  in.  case  of  small  timber  for  posts  and  stakes  from 
which  the  bark  is  to  be  stripped,  then  we  may  delay  the 
cutting  until  the  latter  part  of  the  winter,  or  until  the 
sap  commences  to  liquify,  which  will  facilitate  the  re- 
moval of  the  bark.  All  stakes  and  posts  which  are  to  be 
set  in  the  ground  should  have  the  bark  removed,  certainly 
on  that  portion  which  is  placed  in  the  ground. 

If  we  bear  in  mind  the  fact,  that  it  is  only  the  outer 
portion  of  the  tree — the  sap  wood,  leaves,  buds,  and 
inner  layers  of  the  bark — which  are  alive  and  contain 
true  sap,  all  other  portions  being  dead,  and  only  serve 
as  a  covering,  or  like  the  heart  wood,  help  to  sustain  the 
tree  in  its  position,  we  can  readily  see  why  it  will  make 
no  material  difference  in  the  lasting  properties  of  timber 
whether  it  is  cut  in  summer  or  winter,  provided  the 
green  portion  is  soon  deprived  of  its  moisture,  so  that 
insects  will  not  find  a  lodgment  for  their  eggs  or  decay 
be  accelerated  by  its  presence. 

For  such  purposes  as  hoop  poles,  the  bark  must  be 
retained  as  it  is  generally  considered  essential,  and  in 
4 


74  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

this  case  the  young  trees  should  be  cut  at  a  season  when 
the  bark  will  adhere  the  most  firmly,  that  is  late  fall  or 
early  winter,  although  they  may  be  cut  in  summer,  be- 
cause the  hickories  usually  finish  their  growth  quite  early 
in  the  season,  but  the  wood  is  likely  to  be  more  brittle 
if  the  poles  are  cut  early  or  when  in  full  leaf  than  later. 

Coniferae  trees  from  which  it  is  desirable  to  strip  the 
bark  should  be  cut  during  the  growing  season  in  early 
summer,  and  if  rapid  seasoning  is  desired  without  re- 
moval of  bark,  the  trees  should  be  merely  felled  and 
allowed  to  remain  with  all  their  branches  attached  until 
the  leaves  fall  off. 

We  may  have  other  objects  in  view  besides  the  value 
of  the  timber  taken,  such  as  a  second  growth  to  be  pro- 
duced from  the  stumps,  when  this  is  desired  the  trees 
should  be  felled  at  a  season  most  favorable  to  the  roots. 
If  the  trees  are  cut  late  in  the  fall  or  winter,  the  roots  and 
stumps  will  throw  up  sprouts  far  more  readily  than  if 
the  trees  were  cut  in  summer  when  growing  the  most 
rapidly.  In  fact,  late  summer  is  the  proper  time  to  cut 
trees  and  shrubs  if  we  desire  to  kill  the  roots.  It  would  not 
be  possible  to  name  the  exact  time  best  for  the  purpose, 
because  not  only  do  seasons  vary  but  the  right  time  in 
New  York  State  would  be  too  late  for  Virginia  and  those 
further  South,  neither  is  the  same  time  best  in  all  years. 
I  have  seen  acres  of  willows  killed  out  completely  by  a 
single  cutting  of  their  tops,  and  the  next  season  another 
lot  was  cut  off  during  the  same  days  of  the  same  month, 
the  roots  of  which  were  but  little  injured  and  threw  up 
sprouts  in  great  abundance  the  following  season.  The 
weather  at  the  time  of  cutting  the  willows,  no  doubt, 
had  some  influence  in  producing  the  difference  in  the 
results  noted. 

In  ancient  times,  and,  in  fact,  in  modern,  many  per- 
sons have  believed  the  moon  has  some  mvLterious  influ- 
ence upon  the  growth  of  animals  and  plants  inhabiting 


IMPORTANCE  OF  A  SUPPLY  OF  WOOD.       75 

this  earth,  such  insist  that  trees  should  always  be  cut 
during  certain  phases  of  the  "  pale  orb  of  night,"  but  for 
some  reason  they  fail  to  agree  in  this  matter,  some  in- 
sisting on  the  wane,  others  the  new,  etc. ,  but  such  super- 
stitions  have  long  since  become  obsolete  among  men  who 
know  anything  of  natural  history  in  any  of  its  various 
branches. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
IMPORTANCE  OF  A  SUPPLY  OF  WOOD. 

No  one  who  is  at  all  familiar  with  forests  and  their 
products,  needs  to  be  reminded  of  the  importance  of 
having  at  hand  an  abundance  of  wood  of  various  kinds, 
or  how  much  it  contributes  to  the  general  welfare  and 
happiness  of  a  nation.  But  there  are  those  who  have 
not  paid  much  attention  to  this  subject  who  claim,  and 
no  doubt  honestly  believe  that  the  great  progress  made 
of  late  years  in  the  use  of  iron  in  place  of  wood  in  build- 
ing houses,  bridges,  piers,  ships,  and  other  structures, 
are  but  indications  of  what  is  to  follow,  and  that  in  a 
few  years  there  will  be  no  great  demand  for  wood  in  any 
form. 

The  building  of  railroads,  which  reach  almost  every 
part  of  the  country,  has  aided  in  the  distribution  of 
coal,  and  made  this  in  a  great  measure  a  more  convenient 
and  in  many  instances  a  cheaper  fuel  than  wood,  but  in 
building  these  roads  a  vast  quantity  of  wood  has  been 
used,  and  of  the  best  kinds,  not  only  for  ties,  of  which 
nearly  or  quite  three  thousand  are  put  down  per  mile, 
but  on  many  of  the  roads  wood  is  still  used  for  fuel. 
There  is  now  nearly  or  quite  one  hundred  thousand  miles 
of  railroads  in  the  United  States,  and  we  have  only  to 


76  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

multiply  this  by  three  thousand,  to  ascertain  that  three 
hundred  millions  of  ties  have  been  used  in  their  con- 
struction, leaving  out  of  account  the  thousands  of 
wooden  bridges  and  other  structures,  in  the  building  of 
which  more  or  less  wood  has  been  consumed.  The  rail- 
roads may  have  assisted  very  materially  in  checking  the 
consumption  of  wood  for  fuel,  but  they  have  probably 
more  than  balanced  the  account  in  the  amount  used  in 
their  construction,  besides  the  three  hundred  million  of 
ties  must  be  duplicated  every  ten  years,  for  the  average 
life  of  a  railroad  tie  will  scarcely  exceed  a  decade,  and 
•with  nearly  all  kinds  except  the  best  oak,  it  is  a  year  or 
two  less. 

.The  demand  for  railroad  ties  is  not  likely  to  decrease, 
but  increase,  although  as  timber  becomes  scarce  and 
prices  advance,  preserving  processes  will  doubtless  be 
employed  to  prevent  rapid  decay.  Stone,  brick,  and 
iron  will  also  come  into  more  general  use  for  buildings, 
but  the  increase  in  population  will  also  tend  to  an  increase 
in  the  demand  for  other  purposes  besides  that  of  buildings. 

It  is  only  a  little  more  than  a  century  since  coke  was 
first  employed  for  smelting  iron  ores.  The  introduction 
of  this  fuel  to  take  the  place  of  charcoal,  it  was  thought 
would  save  the  forests  of  the  world  from  destruction  by 
the  charcoal  burners,  and  while  it  has  done  much  to- 
wards making  it  possible  to  produce  sufficient  iron  to 
meet  the  great  and  constantly  increasing  demand,  it  has 
not  superseded  charcoal,  and  there  is  probably  more 
charcoal  used  to-day  than  at  the  time  coke  was  first  em- 
ployed in  a  smelting  furnace.  Charcoal  is  still  used  in 
furnaces  and  forges,  and  there  are  several  establishments 
in  this  country  that  use  annually  over  a  million  of  bushels 
each,  and  a  score  of  others  that  consume  from  twenty  to 
twenty-five  hundred  thousand  bushels. 

Notwithstanding  the  number  of  substitutes  that  are 
employed,  the  demand  and  consumption  of  wood  appears 


IMPORTANCE   OF.  A   SUPPLY   OF  WOOD.  77 

to  increase,  and  to-day  there  is  probably  more  wood  used 
in  making  boxes  of  various  kinds  than  there  was  in  the 
construction  of  buildings  of  all  kinds  in  this  country 
three-quarters  of  a  century  ago.  Furthermore,  no  kind 
or  quality  of  timber  appears  to  escape  the  unsatiate  de- 
mand of  the  artisan  of  the  period,  and  he  not  only  finds 
ready  uses  for  the  large  and  small,  the  hardest,  toughest, 
and  most  durable,  but  also  for  the  soft  and  spongy,  the 
latter  being  preferred  for  grinding  up  into  wood-pulp  for 
making  paper. 

Not  a  year  passes  during  which  scores  of  new  devices 
and  inventions  of  new  articles  of  manufacture,  are  not 
brought  forward,  that  are  made  in  part  or  wholly  of 
wood,  and  while  singly  they  may  not  call  for  a  great 
quantity,  they  do  in  the  aggregate  use  up  an  enormous 
amount.  ' 

The  invention  of  a  pleasing  toy  for  children  has  fre- 
quently caused  the  demolishing  of  hundreds  of  acres  of 
forests,  to  supply  the  manufacture  with  wood  used  in  its 
construction.  It  is  idle  to  talk  of  our  natural  forests 
furnishing  a  supply  of  wood  for  the  future  use  of  our 
people,  even  with  the  most  careful  management  and 
economy  in  preventing  waste,  there  must  soon  come  a 
time  of  great  scarcity  of  all  kinds  of  wood.  With  an 
increase  in  population,  there  must  necessarily  follow  a 
corresponding  increased  demand,  because  experience  has 
shown,  that  whenever  any  other  material  has  been  sub- 
stituted for  wood,  it  merely  releases  a  certain  amount, 
and  allows  it  to  seek  other  channels  or  markets.  No 
matter  in  what  direction  we  turn,  the  fact  meets  us,  that 
the  best  and  most  valuable  forests  of  the  United  States 
are  rapidly  disappearing,  and  the  sooner  we  commence 
as  a  nation  to  economize  in  the  use  of  wood  of  all  kinds, 
and  preserve  the  forests  now  existing,  as  well  as  com- 
mence planting  new  ones,  the  better  it  will  be  for  the 
present  as  well  as  future  generation. 


78  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  select  the  best  and  most  fertile 
land  upon  which  to  raise  trees,  for  any  that  is  rich 
enough  to  give  the  plants  a  good  start  in  life  will  answer, 
because  the  annual  dressing  of  leaves  that  the  soil  re- 
ceives will  be  sufficient  to  keep  the  trees  growing.  There 
are  doubtless  many  situations,  where  a  single  tree  would 
not  thrive,  as  on  a  prairie,  a  bleak  hillside,  or  other  ex- 
posed positions,  where  by  planting  a  number  together 
they  would  mutually  protect  each  other,  and  will  usually 
take  care  of  themselves.  We  have  millions  of  acres  of 
barren,  naked,  sandy,  rocky,  and  otherwise  unproductive 
lands,  that  might  readily  be  covered  with  valuable  forests. 
Large  plantations  of  forest  trees  have  been  established  in 
Europe,  and  there  is  no  good  reason  why  the  same  should 
not  be  done  in  America. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 
PRESERVATION  OF  FORESTS. 

In  the  first  settlement  of  our  Atlantic  Coast  there  wa3 
an  actual  necessity  for  clearing  off  the  forests,  in  order  to 
obtain  land  for  cultivation,  and  while  at  this  day  the 
greater  part  of  our  arable  lands  has  been  cleared,  there  is 
still  quite  large  areas  well  adapted  to  cultivation  and  await- 
ing the  husbandman.  But  there  are  still  larger  areas 
of  hills  and  mountains  that  are  not,  and  probably  never 
will  be  worth  clearing  for  any  agricultural  use,  and  as 
such  lands  are  to  a  large  extent  still  covered  with  forests, 
it  is  not  too  late  to  attempt  their  preservation.  These 
wood-lands  have,  it  is  true,  been  overrun  more  or  less 
and  the  best  timber  removed,  but  this  has  not  to  any 
great  extent  affected  their  value  in  the  way  of  influence 
on  the  climate  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  as  sources 
of  water  supply  to  feed  our  brooks  and  rivers. 

The  Adirondack  region  of  the  northern  part  of  the 


;TY   ] 

:QRH  PRESERVATION   OF   FORESTS.  79 

State  of  New  York  is  one  to  which  public  attention  has 
been  called  of  late,  and  while  the  importance  of  preserv- 
ing the  forests  over  this  entire  region  of  country  can 
scarcely  be  questioned,  it  is  at  the  same  time  only  one  of 
many  similar  areas  that  should  become  public  domain 
and  the  forests  covering  them  remain  inviolate  for  all 
time.  There  is  scarcely  a  brook  or  river,  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  that  does  not  flow  from  some  forest- 
covered  hill  or  mountain,  and  this  in  itself  is  enough  to 
warrant  the  withdrawing  of  all  such  land  from  market, 
whether  owned  by  the  different  States  or  the  General 
Government.  There  are  large  areas  covered  by  forests 
throughout  the  entire  Alleghany  range  of  mountain, 
from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  also  in  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  all  of  which  should  be  pre- 
served as  public  domain,  instead  of  being  disposed  of  by 
the  different  States  in  which  they  are  located  for  a  few 
cents  an  acre,  as  has  been  done  in  thousands  of  instances. 

Similar  areas  of  wood-lands,  but  less  in  extent,  may  be 
met  with  in  the  same  latitude,  until  we  reach  the  Pacific 
slope.  But  the  best  and  most  valuable  timber  in  all  of 
these  forests  is  being  removed  at  a  rapid  rate,  and  if  it 
is  to  be  preserved,  no  time  should  be  wasted  by  the  dif- 
ferent States  in  which  they  are  situated,  or  the  General 
Government,  in  taking  possession  of  them. 

Laws  may  have  to  be  enacted  looking  toward  the  con- 
trol and  general  management  of  these  forests,  and  schools 
of  forestry  established,  where  young  men  may  obtain  the 
information  required  to  fit  them  for  the  position  of 
foresters,  but  these  are  trifling  matters  in  comparison 
with  the  more  important  one  of  securing  and  establish- 
ing State  and  National  forests. 

MANAGEMENT  OF   FORESTS. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  many  persons  will  object  to  this 
proposition  of  passing  over  large  areas  of  forests  to  the 


80  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

control  of  the  States  or  General  Government,  on  account 
of  the  expense  likely  to  be  incurred  in  their  purchase  and 
management.  But  it  is  not  at  all  probable  that  these 
forests  will  become  a  burden  to  the  people;  but  on  the 
contrary,  if  properly  managed,  may  be  self-supporting, 
if  nothing  more.  With  proper  management  there  should 
be  an  income  from  the  sale  of  timber  of  various  kinds, 
for  when  a  tree  has  reached  maturity,  it  ought  to  be 
removed,  else  a  decrease  in  value  will  ensue.  Skillful 
foresters  will  not  only  remove  and  dispose  of  valuable 
timber  at  the  proper  time,  but  be  constantly  planting 
trees  in  all  available  grounds  throughout  the  forests 
under  their  care.  The  inferior  kinds  will  be  removed  to 
give  room  for  the  superior,  and  in  this  way  the  forests 
may  be  improved  and  their  intrinsic  value  enhanced  very 
materially  from  year  to  year. 

What  kinds  should  be  destroyed  as  well  as  planted, 
depends  so  much  upon  soil,  situation,  climate,  and  local 
demand,  that  no  general  rules  can  be  given  for  such 
operations,  but  must  be  left  to  the  good  judgment  of  the 
forester  himself,  or  his  counsellors.  They  will  also  be 
best  able  to  decide  whether  it  is  better  to  plant  young 
trees  or  sow  seeds,  where  a  new  growth  of  wood  is  desired. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
ESTABLISHING  NEW  FORESTS. 

In  the  great  treeless  regions  of  the  West — forests  must 
be  raised  if  any  are  ever  to  adorn  that  part  of  our  country, 
but  there  are  extensive  areas  on  which  it  will  be  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  make  trees  of  any  kind  grow  without 
irrigation,  and  to  do  this  some  heretofore  undiscovered 
source  from  which  a  supply  of  water  can  be  obtained 


ESTABLISHING    NEW   FORESTS.  81 

must  be  brought  to  light.  But  we  may  well  leave  the 
higher  and  drier  regions  west  of  the  one  hundredth 
meridian  for  future  generations  to  experiment  upon,  for 
the  present  has  enough  to  do  in  raising  forests  on  more 
congenial  soils.  There  are  limited  areas  where  both 

O 

soil  and  climate  are  so  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
trees  that  forests  can  be  started  by  merely  scattering  the 
seed  over  the  ground,  and  leaving  them  to  sprout  and 
grow  without  further  care  or  attention,  but  while  this 
system  may  answer  for  such  kinds  as  locust,  maples,  and 
elms,  and  on  soils  quite  free  from  rank  growing  grasses 
and  weeds,  other  kinds  would  fail  unless  covered  with 
earth,  or  at  least  shaded  until  they  had  produced  roots 
and  become  fixed  to  the  soil.  When  trees  are  started  in 
this  way  there  can  be  no  uniformity  in  their  distribution, 
and  while  some  will  be  crowded  others  will  have  more 
room  than  is  necessary  ;  consequently,  if  anything  like 
system  or  regularity  is  to  be  secured,  there  will  need  to 
be  more  or  less  thining  out  and  transplanting  done,  and 
this  will  cost  nearly  or  quite  as  much  as  it  would  to  have 
sown  the  seed  in  nursery  rows  and  then  transplanted  the 
seedlings  when  of  proper  size  and  age.  Sowing  forest 
tree  seeds  on  unbroken  soils  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
smaller  streams,  or  in  forests  where  the  trees  are  very 
scattering,  has  often  been  practised  with  excellent  results, 
and  is  to  be  recommended  for  those  who  cannot  afford  to 
adopt  a  more  advanced  system  of  tree  culture.  Such 
half-wild  plantations  will  also  furnish  trees  for  trans- 
planting to  other  locations  if  they  are  needed,  but  the 
usual  system  of  raising  seedlings  in  beds  or  nursery  rows, 
will,  as  a  rule,  give  the  best  and  most  satisfactory  results. 
The  first  thought  of  the  pioneer  in  a  forest  covered 
region  is  to  clear  off  the  trees — let  in  air  and  sunlight  in 
order  that  the  earth  may  be  warmed,  dried,  and  fitted 
for  cultivation  and  production  of  such  crops  as  are  re- 
quired for  the  maintenance  of  man  and  his  domesticated 


82  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

animals.  His  crops  also  need  to  be  stirred  by  gentle 
breezes  to  keep  them  in  health  and  insure  vigorous 
growth,  for  a  stagnant  atmosphere  is  no  more  to  be 
desired  than  stagnant  pools  of  water,  but  unfortunately, 
man  in  his  anxiety  to  secure  a  large  area  of  land  for 
cultivation,  allows  his  greed  of  gain  to  get  the  better  of 
his  judgment,  and  the  onslaught  on  the  forests  continues 
until  there  is  no  shade  or  protection  from  the  hot  rays  of 
the  sun  that  parch  and  dry  up  his  fields,  and  instead  of 
opening  the  way  to  gentle  life-giving  breezes,  he  has 
admitted  the  fierce  winds  and  tornadoes.  On  the  con- 
trary the  pioneers  on  the  plains  and  prairies,  need,  not 
only  protection  from  the  fierce  rays  of  the  sun  in  summer, 
but  against  the  winds  which  sweep  over  those  regions 
with  a  violence  and  frequency  only  known  to  those  who 
have  encountered  them  at  all  seasons  and  in  all  kinds  of 
weather. 

How  to  begin  in  order  to  get  trees  growing  in  such 
numbers  as  will  afford  shelter  and  protection,  is  what 
most  interests  those  who  have  resolved  to  make  them- 
selves a  home  on  the  prairie.  They  are  not,  as  a  rule, 
very  particular  as  to  the  kind  planted,  because  a  tree  of 
any  species  is  so  much  gain,  and  a  thing  to  be  admired, 
appreciated,  and  tenderly  cared  for.  Admitting  that 
every  tree  raised  is  a  gain,  and  a  step  towards  securing 
what  is  so  generally  sought  by  those  residing  in  sparsely 
wooded  regions,  it  may  be  well,  at  the  same  time,  to  take 
into  consideration  in  advance  of  planting,  not  only  the 
present,  but  also  the  future  value  of  the  kinds  to  be 
employed  in  forming  screens,  wind-breaks,  or  even  more 
extensive  plantations.  The  poplars  and  willows  have 
been  most  extensively  planted,  probably,  because  they 
could  be  easily  obtained  and  readily  propagated  by 
cuttings.  They  also  grow  rapidly  even  under  what  may 
be  termed  unfavorable  conditions,  but  the  wood  is  very 
inferior,  and  while  it  is  better  than  none,  it  does  not 


ESTABLISHING   NEW   FORESTS.  83 

answer  the  same  purpose  as  that  of  many  superior  kinds 
that  can  be  readily  produced  in  the  same  region  of 
countrv,  and  under  the  same  natural  conditions.  Some  of 
the  species  of  poplar  known  as  the  cotton-woods  have 
been  extensively  planted  in  the  States  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  while  the  trees  grow  rapidly  in  hight,  they 
do  not  spread  out  and  assume  a  sturdy,  stocky  habit, 
such  as  is  needed  to  effectually  resist  the  force  of  prevail- 
ing winds.  If  planted  thinly  and  each  tree  given 
abundant  room  with  an  occasional  cutting  back  of  the 
leading  shoots,  they  would  serve  the  purpose  better,  but 
as  I  have  seen  them  planted  in  hundreds  of  instances, 
with  no  thinning  out  or  heading  back,  the  plantation  in 
a  few  years  had  more  tile  appearance  of  a  collection  of 
hop-poles  than  anything  else,  and  usually  they  lean  over 
to  the  east,  or  south-east,  at  such  an  acute  angle  that 
there  is  no  mistaking  the  point  of  compass  from  which 
the  wind  blows  most  persistently  if  not  continuously  in 
those  regions. 

While  the  poplars  and  willows  have,  no  doubt,  served 
a  good  purpose,  and  may  still  be  employed  for  screens 
and  timber  belts  to  a  limited  extent,  they  ought  never  to 
be  recommended  for  anything  more  than  temporary 
plantations,  or  to  foster  better  kinds.  There  can  be  no 
reasonable  excuse  in  these  days  for  planting  inferior 
kinds  of  trees,  because  it  costs  really  no  more  to  raise 
the  best  from  seed — dig  up  from  the  woods,  or  procured 
from  the  nurseries — than  it  does  to  handle  or  purchase 
the  poorest.  In  all  cases  I  would  advise  planting  young 
trees  or  cuttings  in  ground  that  had  been  broken  up  at 
least  one  year  before  being  used,  and  the  planting  in  all 
cold  climates  should  be  done  in  spring.  The  more  care- 
fully the  ground  is  prepared  for  the  reception  of  the 
plants  the  better,  and  the  strongest  and  most  hardy 
should  be  placed  in  such  a  position  that  they  will  protect 
the  weaker  and  tenderer  kinds.  Each  species  of  tree,  as 


84  PKACTICAL   FOEESTEY. 

a  rule,  should  be  kept  separate  and  not  intermingled  as 
they  are  often  found  in  a  state  of  nature.  Of  course 
many  kinds  and  varieties  may  be  employed  in  forming 
belts,  groups,  or  forests,  and  still  each  be  placed  in 
separate  rows,  squares,  or  clumps,  but  this  system  may 
be  varied  in  case  some  small  and  less  vigorous  species  are 
needed  to  fill  in  among  the  larger  ones  in  order  to  give 
compactness  to  a  plantation  intended  mainly  as  a  screen 
or  wind-break. 

The  object  in  keeping  each  species  separate  is  to  avoid 
giving  any  one  an  advantage  over  its  neighbor,  which  is 
certain  to  follow  intermingling  of  different  species.  It 
may  answer  in  some  cases  to  intermingle  several  different 
species  of  the  oak,  maple,  and  similar  trees,  still,  we 
seldom  find  that  the  different  species  of  oak  or  maple,  do 
equally  well  on  the  same  kind  of  soil,  and  for  this  reason 
it  is  best  to  keep  them  separate  in  our  cultivated  planta- 
tions, in  order  that  we  may  the  more  readily  determine 
which  is  best  adapted  to  the  soil  and  climate.  Evergreen 
trees  are  superior  to  deciduous  for  screens  and  wind- 
breaks, but  more  difficult  to  raise  on  the  prairies  because 
of  the  exposure  of  their  leaves  to  drying  cold  winds  in 
winter.  But  by  selecting  those  species  that  are  indig- 
enous to  similar  soils  and  climates,  and  then  by  giving 
protection  in  winter  until  the  trees  become  well  estab- 
lished, I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  a  very  fair  variety  of 
evergreen  trees  may  be  made  to  thrive  in  almost  any 
locality  where  deciduous  trees  will  grow.  It  will  not  be 
necessary  to  obtain  trees  from  extreme  northern  latitudes 
in  order  to  find  species  that  will  succeed  in  Minnesota, 
Nebraska,  or  further  South  or  West,  because  it  is  not  so 
much  the  low  temperature  that  destroys  them,  as  it  is 
exposure  to  cold  drying  winds.  For  instance,  in  my 
grounds  I  have  three  large  American  hollies  planted 
some  fifteen  years  ago,  one  of  these  trees  is  protected  on 
the  north-west  side  by  a  small  clump  of  American  arbor- 


ESTABLISHING   NEW  FORESTS.  85 

vitaes,  and  it  has  never  been  injured  in  the  least  by  cold, 
and  is  every  winter  loaded  with  its  bright,  scarlet  berries. 
The  two  other  trees,  not  more  than  a  hundred  feet  dis- 
tant, but  unprotected,  are  frequently  badly  injured  and 
occasionally  lose  all  the  leaves  from  the  north  side.  Now 
the  injury  to  the  two  unprotected  specimens  cannot  be 
attributed  to  the  difference  in  temperature,  for  if  a  ther- 
mometer was  hung  up  in  each  they  would  not  show  a 
difference  in  temperature  of  a  single  degree  even  in  the 
coldest  weather.  It  is  the  cutting  wind  that  kills,  and 
not  the  severe  cold.  Evergreens  that  are  indigenous 
to  cold,  moist  climates,  will  not  thrive  in  cold,  dry  ones, 
neither  in  those  that  are  moist  and  warm.  Our  northern 
species,  like  the  hemlock,  white  spruce,  white  pine,  and 
arbor-vitae,  will  not  grow  in  the  Southen  States,  except 
on  some  mountain  range  where  the  temperature  is  not 
excessive  in  summer.  There  are,  however,  a  good  variety 
of  evergreens  indigenous  to  the  Southern  States,  and 
adapted  to  all  kinds  of  soil  from  the  dry  sand  hills  where 
the  long-leaved  or  yellow  pine  nourishes,  to  the  low 
swamps  filled  with  white  cedars,  evergreens,  oaks,  yews, 
and  magnolias.  But  in  seeking  evergreen  trees  for  culti- 
vation on  the  western  prairies,  it  will  be  well  to  obtain 
species  inhabiting  similar  parallels  of  latitude,  and  those 
known  to  resist  high  winds  and  long  drouths.  Such 
species  can  be  found  in  both  the  Eastern  as  well  as  the 
Western  States. 

Among  the  pines,  those  with  coarse  rigid  leaves  are 
less  liable  to  be  affected  by  strong  winds  than  the  more 
soft  and  tender-leaved.  The  common  Pitch  pine 
(P.  rigida),  and  the  Jersey  pine  (P.  inops),  as  well  as 
the  Table  Mountain  pine  (P.  pungens),  and  Red  pine 
(P.  resinosd),  are  species  well  adapted  for  planting  in 
exposed  situations.  There  are  also  several  species,  natives 
of  the  foot-hills  and  mountains,  bordering  the  great 
plains  on  the  west  that  will  eventually  prove  to  be  more 


86  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

valuable  for  planting  on  the  prairies  than  any  of  our 
Eastern  species,  and  among  them  I  would  recommend 
the  Heavy-wooded  pine  (P.  ponderosa)>  because  it  seems 
to  be  almost  indifferent  as  to  soil  and  location,  and  I 
have  seen  it  growing  luxuriantly  in  the  most  exposed 
situations  in  the  mountains,  among  rocks  where  there 
was  little  or  no  soil — in  the  hardest  clay  as  well  as  in 
loose  beds  of  gravel,  and  this  too  in  regions  where  thirty 
degrees  below  zero  in  winter  is  not  an  uncommon  tem- 
perature. I  refer  to  this  pine  as  one  likely  to  succeed 
under  the  most  adverse  conditions,  but  there  are  other 
native  species  probably  more  desirable  an  account  of 
appearance  as  well  as  quality  of  timber,  but  we  are 
now  seeking  trees  that  will  resist  winds,  drouths,  and 
give  the  pioneer  on  the  prairie  something  to  cling  to, 
after  which  the  more  beautiful  and  useful  among  trees 
may  receive  attention. 

There  are  also  several  other  species  of  pines,  spruces, 
and  a  red  cedar,  found  in  the  same  regions  along  with  the 
Heavy-wooded  pine,  all  of  which  are  worth  trying  as  they 
may  succeed  perfectly,  but  in  all  cases  I  would  advise 
obtaining  seeds  or  plants  from  the  higher  and  colder 
parts  of  the  mountain  for  planting  on  the  prairies,  be- 
cause those  from  the  warmer  and  moist  valleys  would 
suffer  more  from  the  change  than  those  from  drier  and 
more  exposed  positions.  There  are  also  several  foreign 
species  of  pines  and  other  cone-bearing  trees  that  would 
probably  succeed  as  well,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  prairies  as 
those  I  have  named,  but  of  these  I  shall  have  more  to 
say  hereafter. 

Those  who  are  about  beginning  to  establish  forests,  or 
even  limited  plantations,  should  carefully  consider  the 
adaptation  of  trees,  not  only  to  climate  but  soil,  for  some 
species  succeed  only  in  moist  or  wet  soils,  others  in  dry, 
while  a  few  may  appear  to  do  equally  well  in  both. 
Then  again  Certain  species  only  thrive  on  sand  stone  forma- 


FOREST   TREES.  87 

tions,  or  where  slate  or  granites  predominate,  and  utterly 
fail  on  limestone,  or  what  are  termed  rich  limestone  soils, 
which  some  claim  to  be  the  case  with  the  chestnut.  Some 
trees  appear  to  require  opposition  or  resistance  to  root 
growth  in  order  to  keep  them  healthy,  and  these  kinds  do 
best  in  stiff  clay  or  on  soils  filled  with  loose  rocks  and 
similar  obstructions.  We  can  usually  make  a  very  close 
guess  as  to  what  kind  of  soil  is  best  adapted  to  a  species 
if  we  know  the  character  of  that  in  which  it  is  naturally 
found  most  abundant,  and  for  this  reason  we  would  not 
select  a  clayey  soil  for  the  white  pine,  or  a  light  sandy 
one  for  the  elm,  hickory,  or  maple.  Then  again  we 
would  much  prefer  a  swamp  for  the  red  maple,  and  a 
hard,  dry  and  moderately  dry  soil  for  the  sugar  maple. 
I  throw  out  these  hints  in  order  that  those  who  may  have 
occasion  to  make  selections  from  the  trees  described  in 
the  following  pages,  will  not  overlook  whatever  I  may 
have  to  say  in  regard  to  their  native  habitats. 


CHAPTEE    XV. 
FOREST  TREES. 

I  propose  in  the  following  pages  to  mention  all  trees 
indigenous  to  the  United  States,  so  far  as  known  to 
botanists,  also  the  best  known  of  the  exotic  species  that 
have  been  introduced  and  cultivated  to  any  considerable 
extent  for  ornamental  or  other  purposes,  but  as  the 
limits  of  this  work  will  not  admit  of  a  full  botanical  de- 
scription of  all  the  species  and  varieties,  I  shall  only  refer  to 
some  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  familiar  characteristics 
of  each,  and  in  language  that  I  hope  can  be  understood 
by  those  who  are  not  accustomed  to  the  use  of  purely 
scientific  terms.  Those  who  may  desire  a  full  scientific 


88  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

description  of  the  trees  mentioned  in  these  pages,  can 
find  it  in  various  botanical  works  published  in  this 
country  and  Europe. 

Shrubs  that  seldom  reach  the  hight  of  twenty  feet  are 
omitted,  except  in  some  instances  where  they  belong  to 
a  genera  containing  trees  of  larger  growth,  and  in  such 
instances  they  will  be  mentioned  briefly.  I  have  ar- 
ranged the  list  of  trees  alphabetically  according  to  their 
generic  name,  and  while  this  is  not  in  accordance  with 
the  botanical  classification,  it  will  be  found  just  as  con- 
venient for  all  practical  purposes.  I  make  only  two 
classes,  the  first  comprises  the  deciduous  trees  and  broad- 
leaved  evergreens  which  are  principally  indigenous  to 
the  Southern  States,  and  the  second  the  conifers  or 
cone-bearing  trees,  the  greater  part  being  evergreens. 
There  are  a  few  like  the  Larches,  Taxodiums,  and  Salis- 
burias  that  are  deciduous  trees,  but  they  belong  among 
the  true  conifers. 

ACACIA  GREGGII,  Gray. 

A  small  tree,  but  sometimes  over  twenty  feet  high.  Leaves 
small,  short,  composed  of  two  or  three  pairs  of  pinnae  an  inch 
long,  and  leaflets  of  four  or  five  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate. 
Flowers  in  cylindical  spikes  an  inch  or  two  long,  succeeded  by 
curved  pods  three  or  four  inches  long.  Seed  about  a  half  inch 
long.  Branches  either  naked  or  armed  with  stout-hooked 
prickles.  Wood  firm  and  hard,  but  usually  too  small  to  be  of 
much  value.  Native  of  Texas  and  westward  to  Southern  Cal- 
ifornia. There  are  quite  a  number  of  the  species  of  the 
Acacia  that  have  been  introduced  from  tropical  countries,  and 
are  now  naturalized  in  the  Southern  States,  also  a  much  larger 
number  that  are  cultivated  as  green-house  plants. 

ACER.  — Maple. 

An  extensive  genus,  containing  some  fifty  species,  mostly  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  and  pretty  evenly  distributed  through 
the  northern  border  of  the  temperate  zone  in  America,  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Japan.  There  are  nine  or  ten  species,  natives  of  the 
United  States,  more  than  half  of  which  are  valuable  timber 


FOREST  TREES.  89 

trees.  Our  native  species  have  palmated-lobed  leaves,  with  edges 
variously  toothed  or  notched.  Flowers  small  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes or  umbel-like  corymbs. 

Acer  Sacehariunin. — Sugar  Maple,  Rock  Maple,  Hard  Maple. — 
Leaves  three  to  five-lobed,  deep  green  above,  and  paler  beneath. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow,  appearing  with  leaves  in  spring. 
Wings  of  seed  quite  broad,  seed  ripe  in  autumn.  A  well-known 
tree  of  rapid  growth,  possessing  many  valuable  qualities,  one  of 
which  is  its  sweet  sap,  from  which  large  quantities  of  sugar  are 
made  in  regions  where  the  tree  is  abundant.  The  wood  is 
hard,  close  grained,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  exten- 
sively use  for  hard-wood  floors  and  inside  finishing  of  houses, 
also,  for  cabinet  work,  especially  what  are  termed  "Bird's- 
eye"  and  Curled  Maple.  Hard  maple  makes  an  excellent  fuel, 
and  is  highly  valued  for  this  purpose.  A  rapid  growing  tree 
often  reaching  a  hight  of  eighty  to  ninety  feet,  with  a  stem 
three  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Most  common  in  the  North, 
from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  and  also  southward  to  Georgia  in  the 
mountains.  Succeeds  best  in  rather  strong,  loamy  soils,  ap- 
proaching a  stiff  clay,  and  on  stony  hill-sides  and  ridges  where 
the  soil  is  moist,  but  not  wet  and  swampy.  A  variety  of  the 
Sugar  Maple  found  in  some  of  our  Northern  woods  called  the 
Black  Maple,  has  darker  green  leaves  which  appear  a  few 
days  later  in  the  spring  than  this  species.  The  Sugar  Maple 
has  long  been  a  favorite  for  planting  in  the  streets  of  our  cities 
and  villages,  also  as  a  roadside  tree  in  the  country.  It  is  well 
worthy  of  all  the  attention  it  has  received,  and  should  be  more 
extensively  planted  wherever  forest  trees  of  any  kind  are 
needed.  It  is  so  abundant  in  the  Northern  woods  that  seedlings 
of  almost  any  convenient  size  for  transplanting  can  be  obtained 
in  unlimited  quantities,  and  at  a  mere  nominal  price  of  those 
who  make  a  business  of  gathering  them  for  sale. 

A.  dasyrarpiim. — White  Maple,  Silver  Maple. — Leaves  deeply 
five-lobed,  silvery  white  underneath  ;  pale  green  above,  lobes 
coarsely  cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  greenish  yellow  or  reddish 
without  petals,  appearing  in  early  spring,  succeeded  by  the 
corymbs  of  winged  seed,  which  are  ripe  about  the  time  the 
leaves  are  of  full  size.  The  seeds  soon  drop  off,  and  where 
they  fall  on  moist  soil  in  the  shade  they  soon  grow.  They  are 
very  delicate,  however,  and  cannot  be  kept  for  many  weeks 
after  they  are  ripe,  but  if  sown  immediatedly  and  in  good  soil 
they  will  produce  plants  two  feet  or  more  in  hight  the  first 


90  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

season.  This  is  one  of  the  most  rapid  growing  of  all  our 
maples,  and  succeeds  in  a  great  variety  of  soils,  but  is  best 
adapted  to  a  rich,  moist  one.  Its  wood  is  white,  fine  grained, 
and  rather  light  and  soft,  but  takes  a  fair  polish,  and  is  much 
used  for  purposes  where  a  very  hard  surface  is  not  required.  The 
sap  is  sweet,  and  sugar  can  be  made  from  it,  but  is  much 
inferior  to  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple.  Occasionally  a  tree  yields 
the  accidental  form  known  as  Curled  and  Bird's-eye  Maple. 
This  species  of  maple  has  been  raised  in  large  quantities  by 
Eastern  nurserymen,  and  sold  for  planting  in  streets  and  parks, 
for  its  rapid  growth  and  adaptation  to  almost  all  kinds  of  soil 
and  situation,  has  made  it  a  general  favorite  with  those  who 
desire  to  secure  shade  trees  with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  The 
tree  in  favorable  soils  often  reaches  a  hight  of  eighty  feet  or 
more,  with  stem  three  or  four  feet  in  diameter.  I  have  raised 
trees  from  seed  that  were  ten  feet  high  at  the  close  of  the  fourth 
season,  and  in  twenty-five  years,  more  than  forty  feet  high, 
with  stems  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  this  too, 
in  rather  light  and  only  moderately  rich  soil.  The  White 
Maple  is  more  abundant  west  than  east  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  although  it  is  found  sparingly  in  Northern  Ver- 
mont, and  thence  westward  to  Minnesota,  and  southward  to 
Florida.  When  planted  singly  it  forms  a  large  spreading  top, 
the  outer  branches  often  becoming  somewhat  pendulous  or 
drooping.  While  we  have  many  better  timber  trees  than  this 
species  of  maple,  still  its  rapid  growth  and  adataption  to  such  a 
great  variety  of  soils,  and  wide  range  of  climate,  gives  it  a 
value  possessed  by  no  other  species,  and  it  deserves  more  at- 
tention than  it  has  ever  received  from  those  who  are  in  haste 
to  obtain  shelter  and  good  fuel  in  a  few  years,  and  with  little 
expense.  The  branches  are  abundant  and  flexible,  a  merit  of  no 
small  moment  with  trees  to  be  employed  as  wind-breaks  in  prairie 
regions  of  country.  There  are  several  ornamental  varieties  of 
this  species  cultivated  in  nurseries,  among  which  the  following 
are  desirable  as  lawn  trees,  or  for  planting  in  parks,  and  other 
pleasure  grounds :  Crisp-leaved  (A.  dasycarpum,  var.  crispum); 
leaves  deeply  cut  and  much  curled ;  more  or  less  upright. 
Wagner's  Cut-leaved  (A.  d.  Wagnerii  laciniatum),  a  handsome 
variety  with  divided  or  cut  leaves.  Weir's  Cut-leaved  (A.  d. 
Weirii  laciniatum),  a  very  graceful  tree  usually  of  weeping  habit, 
but  in  some  specimens  the  branches  assume  a  wide,  spreading 
habit,  and  droop  but  slightly  or  not  at  all.  Varieties  of  the 


FOREST  TREES. 


91 


White  Maple  may  be  readily  propagated  by  budding  or  graft- 
ing upon  seedling  stocks  of  the  species. 

A.  rnbrnm. — Red  Maple,  Scarlet  Maple,  Swamp  Maple. — Leaves 
usually  three-lobed,  as  shown  in  fig.  25,  but  sometimes  five,  the 
middle  one  the  longest,  all  irregularly  serrate.  Flowers  crim- 
son-scarlet, and  sometimes  yellowish,  appearing  early  in  spring, 
succeeded  by  smooth  seeds  with  spreading  wings,  about  an  inch 
long.  Seeds  ripen  early,  or  by  the  time  the  leaves  have  fully 
expanded,  and  then  drop 
off  and  soon  decay,  unless 
placed  in  a  favorable  posi- 
tion for  growth.  Wood 
white,  or  slightly  tinted 
with  red,  close-grained, 
and  moderately  fine;  a 
little  heavier  than  that  of 
the  White  Maple,  and  more 
extensively  employed  for 
cabinet-making  and  vari- 
ous articles  of  wooden 
ware.  Valuable  for  fuel, 
but  not  equal  to  the  Sugar 
Maple.  This  species  also 
furnishes  Curled  and 
Bird's-eye  Maple  for  cabi- 
net work.  A  very  large 
tree,  and  common  in  near- 
ly all  swamps  in  the  East- 
ern States,  and  sparingly 
in  the  Western,  also  oc- 
casionally found  as  far 
south  as  Florida.  When 
planted  singly,  it  forms  FiS-  35-— LEAP  OF  BED  MAPLE. 

a  handsome  round-headed  tree,  not  as  open  and  spreading  as 
the  Silver  Maple,  neither  is  it  of  as  rapid  growth,  but  with  age 
it  reaches  fully  as  large  a  size.  Although  naturally  found  in 
swamps,  the  Red  Maple  will  thrive  in  moderately  dry  soilsl  and 
is  often  planted  along  roadsides,  in  preference  to  other  species, 
on  account  of  its  brilliant-colored  flowers  in  spring,  and  the 
various  colors  of  the  foliage  in  autumn.  The  coloring  of  the 
leaves  of  this  species  is  a  puzzle  to  the  scientific  naturalist, 
for  there  appears  to  be  no  accounting  for  the  many  colors,  or 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

their  distribution,  not  only  among  different  trees  growing  under 
exactly  the  same  conditions,  but  on  different  parts  of  the  same 
tree.  Sometimes  the  leaves  on  a  single  branch  will  change  to 
an  intense  crimson  or  scarlet,  while  those  on  other  branches  will 
retain  their  normal  color  until  cut  by  frosts.  Then,  again,  one 
tree  in  a  row  will  assume  the  scarlet  or  crimson  color,  and  those 
adjoining  will  show  very  little,  if  any  coloring,  except  perhaps 
a  faded  red  or  yellow ;  but  the  very  next  season  these  colors 
may  be  reversed. 

The  Red  Maple  is  not  only  a  handsome  tree,  but  well  worth 
cultivating,  both  for  ornamental  and  useful  purposes.  There 
are  several  varieties  in  cultivation,  but  not  sufficiently  distinct 
as  to  have  attracted  much  attention.  Acer  rubrum  fulgens  is  a 
dwarf  variety,  and  A.  r.  globosum  is  a  variety  with  a  globose,  or 
round  head,  while  A.  r.  pyramidalis  is  a  very  distinct  pyrami- 
dal form. 

A,  Spkatnni. — Mountain  Maple. — Leaves  slightly  three-lobed; 
coarsely  toothed  ;  downy  beneath,  with  dense,  upright  racemes 
of  flowers  appearing  very  late  in  the  spring,  succeeded  by  small 
seeds  with  narrow  wings.  It  is  only  a  small  shrub,  six  to  ten 
feet  high,  found  in  the  Northern  Border  States  and  on  some  of 
the  higher  mountains  southward. 

A.  Pennsylvanicnin. — Striped-bark  Maple,  Moose-wood,  Striped 
Dog-wood. — Leaves  large,  thin,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  but 
with  three-pointed,  serrated  lobes.  Flowers  greenish,  in  termi- 
nal racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  Seeds  with  large,  diver- 
gent wings.  A  small  tree,  with  light-green  bark,  striped  with 
darker  lines.  Sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub  or 
small  tree. 

A.  cirdnatnm. — Round-leaved,  or  Vine  Maple. — Leaves  rounded; 
seven  to  nine  lobes  ;  serrate.  Flowers  purplish,  in  small  clus- 
ters. The  wings  of  the  seed  diverging  in  a  straight  line.  A  tall 
shrub,  but  in  some  situations  reaching  a  hight  of  thirty  to  forty 
feet.  A  native  of  Northern  California,  and  northward  to 
British  Columbia.  Wood  very  hard  and  fine-grained,  but  not 
plentiful  enough  of  large  size  to  be  worthy  of  much  attention. 

A.  maeropliylluin. —  Large-leaved  Maple,  California  Maple. — 
Leaves  very  large,  deeply  five  to  seven-lobed,  with  very  coarse 
teeth.  Flowers  of  a  yellowish  color,  in  a  compact  raceme. 
Fruit  hairy,  with  large,  broad  wings.  A  very  large  tree, 
sometimes  one  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  five  feet  or  more 


FOREST  TREES.  93 

in  diameter,  but  only  on  very  favorable  situations  does  it 
grow  to  such  a  size.  Wood  very  hard,  resembling  that  of  the 
Sugar  Maple,  and  one  of  the  best  and  most  valuable  hard  woods 
found  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  sap  is  sweet,  and 
yields  a  fair  quality  of  sugar.  This  maple  occurs  in  California, 
from  Santa  Barbara,  and  northward,  to  Washington  Territory. 
It  is  a  tree  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  arboriculturists, 
East  as  well  as  in  the  West ;  but  the  seed  should  be  procured 
from  Northern  localities,  and  from  large  trees,  else  the  plants 
are  likely  to  be  tender  and  of  slow  growth  in  localities  east  of 
the  mountains. 

A.  grandldentatnm. — Mountain  Sugar  Maple. — Leaves  slightly 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath,  and  rather 
deeply  three-lobed;  lobes  acute  with  a  few  sinuous  indentations. 
Flowers  few  ;  the  petals  nodding.  Seed  smooth,  with  small, 
diverging  wings.  This  species,  although  closely  related  to  the 
Sugar  Maple,  does  not  attain  a  very  large  size,  seldom  growing 
more  than  thirty  feet  high.  It  is  found  in  Arizona,  Southern 
Utah,  and  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mountains,  near  the  head- 
waters of  the  Columbia,  principally  in  the  valleys,  and  near 
small  streams. 

A.  glabrnm. — Smooth-leaved  Mountain  Maple. — Leaves  smooth, 
two  to  four  inches  broad,  rounded,  heart-shaped  in  outline, 
with  rather  shallow  indentations,  although  occasionally  dis- 
tinctly three-lobed  ;  the  lobes  doubly  serrated,  with  acute  teeth. 
Flower  in  large  corymbs,  on  short  branchlets  ;  greenish-yellow. 
Seeds,  with  broad-spreading  wings,  ripen  late  in  fall.  Quite  a 
variable  species,  both  in  leaves,  color  of  the  branches,  and  form 
of  growth.  This  species  probably  grows  at  a  higher  elevation 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  than  any  other  native  maple.  I  have 
found  it  abundant  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  at  an  elevation 
of  ten  thousand  feet.  In  exposed  situations,  on  the  sides  of  a 
canyon,  it  was  merely  a  tall  shrub,  with  many  stems  springing 
from  the  same  root,  probably  because  frequently  killed  down 
in  winter ;  but  where  protected  by  other  trees,  it  assumes  an 
upright  form,  growing  thirty  or  more  feet  high.  Wood  quite 
hard,  and  fine-grained,  but,  as  generally  found,  it  is  too  small 
for  any  practical  use  except  for  firewood.  Common  in  the 
mountains  of  Northern  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  west  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  to  Vancouver's  Island. 

A.  »£iindo,  or  \egnndo  aeeroides — Negundo  Maple,  Box  Elder, 
Ash-leaved  Maple. — Although  our  modern  botanists  consider 


94  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

this  tree  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  separated  from  the  true 
maples,  it  is  however  so  closely  allied  to  them,  that  for  conveni- 
ence's sake  1  have  named  it  here.  Negundo  aceroides  is  the  gen- 
eric name  most  generally  employed  in  botanical  works  of  the 
present  day.  The  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  are  produced 
on  different  trees ;  consequently,  in  order  to  raise  fertile  seeds, 
both  sexes  must  be  present,  or  the  trees  not  far  distant.  Leaves, 
pinnately  three  to  five-foliate,  the  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  either 
lobed  or  toothed.  Flowers  small ;  greenish  ;  the  fertile  ones  in 
racemes  from  lateral  buds,  and  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves.  The  seeds  are  oblong,  extending  about  half  the  length 
of  the  wing,  ripening  in  late  summer  or  autumn.  Wood  mod- 
erately fine,  white,  and  makes  good  fuel  when  well  seasoned. 
A.  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high  and  two  feet  or  more  in  diameter. 
A  widely-distributed  species,  being  found  in  Vermont,  and 
westward  to  Utah,  and  southward  in  the  canyons  of  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  ;  also  in  Florida  and  Texas.  A  very  hardy  tree,  and 
has  been  planted  quite  extensively  in  Minnesota,  and  the  colder 
region  of  the  Northwest.  It  is  a  very  rapid  grower  while  young, 
but  does  not  continue  and  become  so  large  a  tree  as  some  other 
species  of  Maple  already  named.  The  California  Box  Elder 
(Negundo  Californicum)  resembles  the  Eastern  species  very 
closely,  and  was  previously  considered  to  be  identical,  but  may 
be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  and  narrower  leaflets,  which  are 
coarsely  toothed,  but  less  distinctly  lobed. 

There  is  a  species  of  the  Negundo  indigenous  to  Mexico  and 
another  to  Japan,  making  four  known  to  botanists.  Varieties 
occur  among  them  all.  but  those  in  cultivation  in  this  country 
are  of  our  native  species.  One  of  the  most  showy  of  these  is 
the  Variegated  Negundo,  the  leaves  being  distinctly  marked 
with  white,  but  the  tree  is  rather  delicate  and  often  kills  down 
in  winter,  still  an  occasional  specimen  will  escape  injury  for 
many  years.  There  is  one  specimen  at  Rye,  Westchester, 
County,  N.  Y.,  now  over  twenty  years  old,  that  has  never  been 
injured  by  the  cold  of  winter  or  burning  sun  of  summer. 

The  Crisp-leaved  Negundo  is  another  distinct  and  interesting 
cut-leaved  variety,  and  another  known  as  Violacea,  so  named 
on  account  of  the  peculiar  color  of  the  bark  on  the  young 
branches.  This  last  is  a  very  vigorous-growing  tree,  and  the 
young  shoots  rather  larger  than  those  of  the  species.  A  pistil- 
late tree  of  this  variety,  twenty  years  old,  in  my  grounds  fruits 
heavily  every  year,  but  there  bjing  no  staminate  tree  of  either 


FOREST   TREES.  95 

the  species,  or  any  of  the  various  varieties  within  several  miles 
of  it,  the  seeds  produced  are  false.  I  have  purposely  kept  this 
tree  isolated  from  the  other  sex  of  the  same  species  in  order 
to  see  if  by  chance  the  flowers  would  be  fertilized  by  some  of 
the  other  species  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  for  in  that  case  a 
hybrid  might  be  produced,  but  thus  far  nothing  of  the  kind  has 
occurred,  and  the  seeds  of  the  Negundo  have  been  uniformly 
unfertile. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES   OF   THE   MAPLE. 

There  are  no  European  or  Asiatic  species  of  the  Maple  that 
for  general  usefulness  are  superior  to  the  best  of  our  indigenous 
species.  But  there  are  a  large  number  of  species  and  varieties 
well  worthy  of  cultivation  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  a  few 
may  be  considered  as  useful  forest  trees. 

EUROPEAN"   MAPLES. 

A.  Psendo-Plataims. — Sycamore  Maple. — A  very  large  tree  with 
rather  coarse  spreading  branches  and  deeply,  five-lobed  leaves, 
rather  downy  beneath,  and  long  reddish  petioles  (leaf-stalks). 
The  seeds  are  produced  in  long,  pendulous,  spreading  racemes, 
not  in  clusters  or  corymbs  as  in  the  Sugar,  White,  and  Scarlet 
Maples.  The  Sycamore  Maple  is  a  very  vigorous  and  rapid 
grower,  even  superior  in  this  respect  to  our  Sugar  Maple,  but 
its  branches  are  coarser  and  not  so  numerous,  hence  the  trees, 
when  planted  in  streets  o^  as  single  specimens  on  lawns  or  in 
parks,  appear  to  lack  that  fullness  and  grace  of  outline  that 
are  so  characteristic  of  the  Sugar  Maple.  In  Europe,  the  tree 
grows  to  a  great  size,  sometimes  reaching  a  hundred  feet  high. 
The  wood  is  hard,  close  grained  and  valuable  for  many  pur- 
poses. Old  trees  planted  in  this  country  produce  seed  in  great 
abundance,  and  are  usually  to  be  obtained  of  dealers  very 
cheaply. 

There  are  several  very  handsome  and  desirable  varieties  of 
the  Sycamore  Maple  in  cultivation.  The  following  are  the 
most  distinct :  The  Golden-leaved  has  deep,  yellow  leaves, 
occasionally  streaked  or  mottled.  Purple-leaved,  leaves  purple 
underneath  and  dark  green  above — the  leaf -stalks  also  purple  or 
reddish,  a  handsome  and  vigorous  growing  tree.  Three-colored 
or  Tricolor,  leaves  curiously  streaked  with  red,  white  and 
green.  Silver  Striped,  leaves  striped  and  streaked  with  white, 
a  very  distinct  and  handsome  variety,  especially  in  spring  when 
the  leaves  first  expand.  Velvet-leaved,  a  curious  variety,  with, 


96  PEACTICAL  FOKESTRY. 

velvety  green  leaves,  but  of  rather  dwarfish  habit.  Worle's 
Golden-leaved,  leaves  spotted  with  yellow.  Leopold's  Striped- 
leaved,  leaves  streaked  with  green,  yellow,  and  white.  Doug- 
las's Sycamore  Maple,  leaves  quite  small,  pointed,  and  of  a 
uniform  yellowish  color. 

A.  plantanoides. — Norway  Maple. — A  large  round-headed  tree, 
resembling  in  general  appearance  the  Sugar  Maple,  but  is  a 
slower  grower,  at  least  this  has  been  my  experience  with  it, 
and  I  think  most  cultivators  of  it  will  agree  with  me  on  this 
point,  but  Mr.  F.  J.  Scott,  in  his  notes  on  this  species  in  "Su- 
burban Home  Grounds"  says  :  "This  species  has  a  more  vigor- 
ous growth  than  the  Sugar  Maple."  From  my  experience 
I  should  not  expect  a  Norway  seedling  to  reach  more  than  one- 
half  the  size  of  the  Sugar  Maple  in  the  same  number  of  years. 
The  leaves  are  larger  and  thicker  than  those  of  the  Sugar  Maple, 
but  of  the  same  rich,  green  color.  The  young  twigs  and  buds 
are  a  little  coarser,  but  the  bark  on  the  twigs,  larger  branches, 
and  stem  of  the  trees  is  very  similar  in  general  appearance  to 
that  of  the  Sugar  Maple. 

The  Norway  Maple  is  a  valuable  forest  tree,  although  it  is  of 
rather  slow  growth  while  young,  but  it  is  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  tree  planters  in  our  Northern  States.  The  trees  produce 
seeds  freely,  even  when  of  only  moderate  size,  and  can  be  ob- 
tained in  almost  unlimited  quantities  from  trees  growing  in  this 
country.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  varieties  of  the  Norway 
Maple,  among  which  the  following  are  probably  the  most  dis- 
tinct :  Cut-leaved  (dissectum),  leaves  regularly  and  deeply 
divided  into  almost  three  equal  parts,  and  of  a  clear,  glossy 
green  color.  Eagle's  Claw,  leaves  cut,  pointed  and  curled  at 
the  point  into  a  resemblence  of  an  eagle's  claw,  hence  the 
name.  Curled-leaved,  leaves  more  curled,  but  deeply  cut  like 
the  Eagle's  Claw,  but  still  distinct.  Schwerdler's  Norway 
Maple,  leaves  while  young  variegated  with  deep,  reddish  purple, 
and  sometimes  the  second  growth  in  summer  is  similarly 
marked,  a  handsome  variety.  Reitenback's  Norway  Maple,  a 
new  variety  somewhat  like  the  above,  but  may  prove  to  be  dis- 
tinct. Lorberg's  Maple,  leaves  deeply  cut  but  of  a  bright, 
reddish  color  while  young. 

A.  campestre. — English  Field  Maple. — Although  this  species  is 
very  widely  known  as  the  English  Maple,  it  is  not  confined  to 
Great  Britan,  but  is  found  well  distributed  over  Western  Europe. 
It  is  but  a  small  tree  when  full  grown,  seldom  exceeding  thirty 


FOREST  TREES.  97 

feet  in  hight ;  consequently  of  no  great  value  except  for  orna- 
mental purposes.  It  forms  a  pretty  little  tree  with  roundish- 
lobed  leaves,  twigs  and  smaller  branches  covered  with  corky 
bark.  It  is  well  adapted  to  grounds  of  limited  extent,  and  for 
planting  near  buildings,  as  its  roots  do  not  spread  to  a  great 
distance.  There  are  several  varieties  in  cultivation,  but  none 
possessing  any  special  merit,  although  they  may  be  introduced 
to  increase  the  number  of  varieties  whenever  this  is  an  object. 
There  is  one  very  pretty  variety  with  variegated  leaves,  and 
several  others  with  foliage  varying  somewhat  from  the  species. 
About  a  dozen  varieties  are  enumerated  in  European  nursery- 
men's catalogues. 

A.  Tartaricnm. — Tartarian  Maple. — A  small  tree  growing  about 
twenty  feet  high,  native  of  Tartary.  Leaves  small,  irregular 
rounded,  light  colored,  bark  very  smooth.  A  handsome,  little, 
round-headed  tree.  A  variety  of  this,  called  the  Ginnala  Maple 
(A.  T.  ginnala)  has  smaller  leaves  than  the  species,  otherwise 
very  similar. 

A.  moiispessulaniim. — Montpelier  Maple. — A  small  species,  or 
perhaps  only  a  variety  from  France.  It  is  merely  a  large  shrub 
with  small  palmate  leaves.  There  are  several  other  shrubby 
maples  in  cultivation  from  Central  and  Southern  Europe,  that 
are  by  some  authors  classed  as  species,  by  others,  only  as  varie- 
ties. Among  these  I  may  mention  Lobel's  Maple  (A.  Lobelii), 
or  the  Italian  Maple,  leaves  of  a  pea-green  color  with  rather  ob- 
tuse lobes.  This  is  considered  by  the  best  European  authorities 
as  a  variety  of  the  Norway  Maple.  The  Three-lobed  Maple 
(A  trilobatum)  is  another  species  or  variety  from  Southern 
Europe. 

JAPAN    MAPLES. 

These  Maples  are  of  comparatively  recent  introduction,  but 
they  have  been  with  us  long  enough  to  allow  of  an  opportunity 
to  test  their  merits,  and  their  adaptation  to  the  soil  and  climate 
of  this  country.  In  these  maples  we  have  an  excellent  illustra- 
tion of  the  skill  of  the  Japanese,  not  only  in  the  production, 
but  in  the  preservation  and  propagating  of  varieties  of  trees 
and  other  plants  indigenous  to  their  country. 

While  it  is  not  supposed  that  any  of  the  Japan  Maples  possess 
any  great  economic  value,  they  are  unsurpassed  for  ornament- 
al purposes.  In  fact,  their  introduction  has  been  an  agreeable 
surprise  to  the  arboriculturists  of  both  Europe  and  America,  for 
5 


98  PEACTICAL   FOEESTRY. 

they  are  distinct  from  all  other  species  and  varieties  of  the 
maple.  Just  how  many  different  species  of  maple  are  indige- 
nous to  Japan  is  not  positively  known,  some  botanists  making 
more  and  others  less.  There  are  probably  four  or  five,  and  of 
these  the  Japanese  have  many  varieties  in  cultivation,  and 
some  twenty  or  more  have  been  introduced  and  pretty  well 
tested  in  this  country,  and  have,  upon  the  whole,  proved  to  be 
hardy  and  moderately  vigorous  growers  for  small  trees  or 
shrubs  that  are  never  expected  to  reach  more  than  a  few  feet 
in  hight.  The  varieties  are  grafted  upon  seedlings  of  the  wild 
species  from  the  forests  of  Japan,  as  none  of  our  native  maples 
seem  to  answer  as  stocks. 

The  five  best  recognized  species  of  Japan  Maples  now  in  cul- 
tivation in  this  country  are  :  A.  carpinifolium,  A.  Japonicum, 
A.  Polymorphum,  A.  rufinerve,  and  A.  epimedifolium. 

There  is  also  another,  the  Colchicum-leaved  (A.  colchicum 
rnbrum),  sometimes  classed  as  a  species,  but  this  as  well  as 
several  others  described  in  nurserymen's  catalogues  are  not 
assigned  to  their  proper  places  as  species.  They  are  all  pretty 
little  trees,  with  leaves  of  various  forms  and  colors,  but  the 
Polymorphum  furnishes  the  greatest  and  most  unique  varieties 
of  all.  They  have  leaves  of  various  shades  of  color,  from  pure 
green  to  the  richest  rose  and  crimson,  and  the  foliage  of  some 
are  so  finely  cut  that  it  appears  more  like  the  feathers  of  some 
gaudy-colored  bird  than  that  of  leaves  of  a  hardy  tree  or  shrub. 
Some  of  the  varieties  have  leaves  handsomely  variegated  with 
white,  green,  and  yellow,  and  these  colors  are  retained  nearly 
the  entire  season.  Words,  however  skilfully  applied  in  a  de- 
scription of  these  pretty  little  trees,  would  scarcely  convey  a  cor- 
rect idea  of  their  peculiar  beauty,  for  they  must  be  seen  to  be 
fully  appreciated.  Acer  rufinerve  is  a  carious  species,  with 
leaves  resembling  those  of  the  grape,  but  streaked  with  white. 

^SCULUS.  — Horse-  Chestnuts. 

The  Horse-Chesnuts  have  little  to  recommend  them,  except 
for  ornamental  purposes,  as  their  wood  is  of  a  poor  quality, 
although  it  is  employed  to  a  limited  extent  for  making  certain 
household  utensils.  They  produce  large,  chestnut-like  seeds, 
enclosed  in.  leathery  pods,  which  at  maturity  split  open  into 
three  valves  or  divisions.  There  are  from  one  to  three  nuts  in 
each  pod,  varying  in  number  with  the  different  species.  All 
the  different  species  and  varieties  are  ornamental,  and  worthy 


FOREST  TREES.  99 

of  cultivation  for  this  purpose.  I  will  remark  here  that  some 
botanists  place  all  the  species  of  horse-chestnuts  with  smooth 
fruits  under  the  generic  name  of  Pavia,  and  the  rough  under 
j?Esculus ;  but  as  some  have  fruit  intermediate  between  the  two, 
I  have  followed  the  most  common  arrangement,  placing  all 
under  one  generic  name.  The  following  are  native  species  : 

Kscnius  California. — California  Horse-Chestnut. — Leaves  com- 
posed of  five  slender-stalked  leaflets.  Flowers  white,  or  tinged 
with  rose,  borne  in  long,  raceme-like  panicles.  Fruit  large, 
with  a  few  rough  points  on  the  pod,  enclosing  the  smooth  nuts. 
A  small  tree  or  small  shrub,  varying  greatly  in  size,  according 
to  locality  and  soil.  Wood  soft,  and  of  no  value.  Indigenous 
to  California. 

JE.  parviflora. — Dwarf  Buckeye. — Leaves  composed  of  from 
five  to  seven  leaflets  ;  soft,  downy  underneath.  Flowers  white, 
in  a  long,  erect  raceme,  appearing  late  in  spring,  or  in  the  North 
about  mid-summer.  Fruit  smooth.  Seeds  small.  Native  of  the 
Southern  States,  but  extensively  cultivated  in  the  Northern 
States  as  an  ornamental  shrub. 

J2.  glabra. — Fetid,  or  Ohio  Buckeye. — Leaflets  five  ;  quite 
smooth.  Flowers  yellow,  or  yellowish  white,  in  rather  short 
panicles.  Fruit  prickly  and  rough.  Only  a  moderate-sized, 
tall,  slender  tree,  common  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  Virginia, 
Tennessee,  Ohio,  and  Missouri.  Wood  rather  soft  and  of  but 
little  value. 

JJM  flava. — Yellow,  or  Sweet  Buckeye. — Leaves  with  five  to 
seven  smooth  leaflets.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  short,  compact 
raceme.  Fruit  large,  smooth,  or  with  a  rough,  leathery  surface, 
the  pods  often  assuming  a  bright-yellow  color  when  mature  in 
the  fall.  Native  of  Indiana,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  Northern  Alabama  and  Georgia,  and  westward  to 
the  Indian  Territory.  This  is  quite  a  variable  species  ;  some- 
times only  a  large  shrub,  while  in  favorable  soils  it  grows  to  a 
large  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with  stem  two  or  more  feet 
in  diameter.  When  planted  singly,  and  when  the  branches  are 
not  crowded,  it  forms  a  globular  head  of  handsome  proportions. 
Wood  light,  soft,  and  not  inclined  to  split,  and  used  for  troughs, 
bread  trays,  wooden  bowls,  shuttles,  where  a  light,  rather  tough 
wood  will  answer.  There  is  a  native  variety  of  this  species, 
known  as  the  Purple  Buckeye,  that  has  both  calyx  and  petals 
tinged  with  purple, 


100  PBACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

JEt  Pa  via. — Red  Buckeye. — Very  similar  to  the  last,  and  by 
some  considered  only  a  variety,  but  by  others  as  a  distinct  spe- 
cies. It  is  a  shrub,  or  at  best  only  a  small  tree,  with  bright-red 
flowers.  A  very  showy  and  handsome  plant.  Natural  varieties 
of  all  the  above-named  species  occur  in  the  forests  where  these 
trees  abound,  and  quite  a  number  have  been  secured  and  are 
now  propagated  for  sale  by  our  nurserymen.  In  addition  to 
these  natural  varieties,  others  are  constantly  occurring  among 
seedlings  raised  under  artificial  conditions.  For  Spanish  Buck- 
eye, see  Unganadia. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES  AND   VARIETIES. 

J8t  Hippocastannm. — European  Horse-Chestnut. — This  tree  is 
supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  Asia,  although  its  native 
country  is  not  positively  known.  It  has  been  cultivated  for 
many  centuries  in  Southern  Europe,  and  for  more  than  three 
hundred  years  in  Great  Britain,  and  is  everywhere  much  admired 
as  an  ornamental  tree.  Each  leaf  is  composed  of  seven  leaflets, 
and  these  are  of  the  purest  green  color,  but  not  glossy  or  shining. 
The  flowers  are  large,  white,  spotted  with  purple,  produced  in 
large,  compact  spikes,  making  a  splendid  appearance  among  the 
rich,  green  leaves.  A  grand  ornamental  tree,  hardy  in  nearly 
all  of  our  Northern  States,  and  thriving  in  a  great  variety  of 
soils,  but  succeeds  best  in  a  rather  compact  loam  or  clay.  In 
light,  sandy  soils  it  often  fails  for  want  of  moisture  at  the  root. 
The  ' '  Double  White  Flowering  "  is  a  superb  variety,  bearing  long 
panicles  of  very  double  flowers.  The  trees  commence  blooming 
when  quite  young,  and  seldom  fail  to  produce  flowers  in  great 
abundance.  The  •  'Cut-leaved  Horse-Chestnut "  is  another  variety 
with  deeply-cut  foliage.  "  Memminger's  Horse-Chestnut "  has 
its  foliage  sprinkled  and  spotted  with  white.  In  another  variety 
the  leaves  are  spotted  with  green.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
additional  varieties  mentioned  in  the  catalogues  of  European 
nurserymen,  but  those  named  above  are  the  best. 

JEt  rubicunda. — Red-Flowering  Horse-Chestnut. — The  origin  of 
this  tree  is  unknown,  but  it  is  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between 
the  White  Flowering  and  some  species  of  the  Red  Buckeye. 
Leaves  of  five  to  seven  leaflets.  Flowers  of  a  bright,  rosy-red 
color,  in  large  panicles.  One  of  the  handsomest  and  most  showy 
trees  in  cultivation.  This  tree  grows  to  a  hight  of  thirty  feet, 
or  more,  with  a  close,  compact  form.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties, varying  in  habits  of  growth,  color  of  the  flower,  or  form  of 


FOREST  TREES.  101 

foliage ;   but   none  are  superior  as  an  ornamental  tree  to  the 
original  or  parent  stock. 

AILANTUS,    OR  AILANTO. 

"Tree  of  Heaven"  is  a  free  translation  of  the  Chinese  name 
Ailanto,  but  Ailantus  glandulosa  is  the  generally  recognized 
scientific  name  of  a  large  tree  of  the  Quassia  family,  native  of 
China,  and  introduced  into  English  gardens  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  century,  and  since  distributed  over  Europe  and  the  greater 
part  of  America.  It  is  a  large,  spreading  tree,  with  coarse, 
blunt,  stiff  branches,  clothed  in  summer  with  long,  unequally 
pinnate  leaves — not  unlike  in  form  those  of  our  common  Stag- 
horn  Sumach.  The  stem  is  usually  very  straight ;  bark  smooth, 
of  a  light,  grayish  color.  This  tree  was  introduced  into  the 
United  States  early  in  the  present  century,  and  attracted  con- 
siderable attention  as  an  ornamental  tree.  Owing  to  its  re- 
markably rapid  growth,  its  somewhat  unique  appearance,  and 
the  rapidity  with  which  it  could  be  propagated,  nurserymen 
were  encouraged  to  extol  it  very  highly  and  urge  it  upon  their 
customers,  far  and  wide.  For  a  number  of  years  it  was  in  great 
demand,  and  the  "Tree  of  Heaven"  became  very  popular  as  a 
street  tree  in  all  of  the  larger  cities  and  villages,  besides  being 
extensively  planted  in  public  and  private  parks  and  gardens. 
But  so  soon  as  the  trees  reached  a  bearing  age,  it  was  discovered 
that  the  flowers  emitted  a  most  sickening  and  disagreeable 
odor,  and  this  called  forth  as  loud  and  widespread  denuncia- 
tions, as  had  formerly  been  bestowed  in  high  praise  of  this  tree. 
Thousands  were  cut  down,  but  where  the  roots  were  not  dug 
up  entire,  the  pieces  left  in  the  ground  sprouted,  and  in  many 
instances  produced  a  forest  of  trees,  where  previously  there  had 
been  but  one.  This  sprouting  appears  to  be  a  natural  charac- 
teristic of  the  tree,  and  when  the  roots  are  disturbed,  broken,  or 
otherwise  injured  in  working  the  soil,  the  habit  is  intensified 
many  fold.  From  whence  came  the  disagreeable  odor,  or  from 
which  sex  of  the  flowers,  has  been  a  subject  that  has  provoked 
much  discussion  ;  but  it  is  usually  credited  to  the  staminate 
flowers  borne  on  trees  distinct  and  separate  from  those  pro- 
ducing pistillate,  and  this  has  led  some  nurserymen  to  seek  this 
sex  from  which  to  propagate  a  stock  of  odorless  plants.  But 
while  this  is  a  step  in  the  right  direction,  it  is  not  likely  to  be 
successful,  except  in  the  hands  of  very  close  and  accurate  ob- 
servers ;  for,  in  fact,  there  are  three  kinds  of  Ailantus  flowers, 


102  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

instead  of  two,  as  usually  claimed.  The  flowers  of  this  tree  are, 
to  use  a  scientific-term,  "  polygamous,"  i.  e.,  having  some  per- 
fect and  some  imperfect  on  the  same,  or  on  different  individual 
trees.  They  are  small,  of  a  greenish  color,  produced  in  terminal, 
much- branched  panicles,  with  five  short  sepals  and  five  petals, 
and  ten  stamens  in  the  sterile  flower,  and  either  none,  or  few, 
in  the  fertile.  These  three  varieties  of  flowers  may  be  found  on 
different  or  separate  trees.  Those  having  stamens  and  pistils 
and  those  with  stamens  only,  are  highly  odorous.  The  first  pro- 
duces seed  ;  the  second  are  barren.  The  third  kind  of  flowers 
produce  pistils  only,  and  are  inodorous,  but,  like  the  first,  are 
succeeded  by  fruit.  From  the  above  it  may  be  seen  that  we  have 
two  odorous  varieties  of  the  Ailantus,  one  barren,  and  the  other 
productive.  But  the  third  variety,  while  it  produces  fruit  when 
growing  in  the  neighborhood  of  either  of  the  other  two,  is  en- 
tirely inodorous,  consequently  is  the  only  one  to  be  propagated 
when  the  odor  of  the  Ailantus'  flowers  are  an  objection.  As  the 
Ailantus  is  readily  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  roots,  made  in 
the  fall,  and  packed  away  in  moss  or  clean  sand  during  the  win- 
ter, it  will  not  be  at  all  difficult  to  raise  any  number  of  inodor- 
ous trees.  The  pieces  of  roots  should  be  kept  moist  and  in  a 
temperature  where  they  will  not  freeze,  but  not  warm  enough 
to  excite  growth.  Placing  in  boxes,  and  intermixed  with  sand 
and  then  buried  in  some  dry  place  in  the  field  or  garden,  is 
usually  a  safe  way  to  preserve  them  until  wanted  for  planting 
in  spring.  Only  the  smaller  roots,  or  those  of  a  half  inch  to 
an  inch  in  diameter  need  be  used  for  cuttings,  and  these  may 
be  taken  from  the  extremity  of  large  trees  of  the  right  sort, 
without  destroying  the  parent  stock.  The  severed  roots  will 
produce  new  ones  from  their  ends  the  following  season,  and 
these  may  be  again  removed,  if  required.  Thus  one  tree  may 
furnish  cuttings  for  many  years  in  succession,  only  care  should 
be  exercised  in  not  drawing  so  strongly  on  the  parent  stock  as 
to  kill  it. 

In  raising  trees  for  a  large  forest,  it  would  probably  be  better 
to  resort  to  seedlings,  instead  of  cuttings.  The  seeds  grow 
freely  when  sown  in  the  fall,  or  they  may  be  kept  over  until 
spring,  by  storing  in  some  moderately  cool  place.  The  Ailantus 
will  thrive  in  poor  light  soils,  where  many  other  trees  would 
fail,  as  the  roots  penetrate  the  earth  very  deeply,  and  spread  a 
great  distance,  in  search  of  nourishment.  The  wood  is  fine- 
grained, yellowish-white,  excellent  for  cabinet-work  and  inside 


FOREST  TREES.  103 

finish,  and  it  also  makes  excellent  fuel.  In  our  more  Northern 
States,  say  above  latitude  forty  degrees,  the  young  trees  are  often 
killed  back  in  "winter,  owing  to  their  vigorous  and  succulent 
growth.  The  leaves  of  the  Ailantus  furnish  food  for  the  Bombyx 
Cynthia,  a  species  of  silkworm.  In  Japan  a  cloth  is  made  from 
the  silk  produced  by  worms  fed  on  the  leaves  of  this  tree,  which 
is  not  so  fine  in  texture  as  that  made  by  the  common  silk- 
worm, but  is  much  more  durable.  A  few  attempts  have  been 
made  to  introduce  this  culture  in  this  country.  No  doubt  it 
could  be  made  successful,  but  at  the  present  price  of  labor  its 
profit  wouldbe  problematical. 

As  an  ornamental  tree,  the  Ailantus  is  certainly  worthy  of  a 
place  in  a  collection  of  trees ;  but  I  do  not  think  it  worthy  of 
much  attention  for  other  purposes,  because  we  have  many  supe- 
rior native  species  that  do  not  possess  the  objectionable  proper- 
ties of  the  Ailantus.  When  that  tree  once  becomes  established, 
it  is  very  difficult  to  dislodge  in  any  other  way  than  to  clear  the 
land,  and  then  cultivate  it  almost  constantly  for  several  years 
in  succession. 

It  has  been  urged  in  favor  of  this  tree,  that  it  will  grow  in  the 
most  barren  soils,  and  where  few  other  trees  will  thrive,  and 
while  in  a  measure  this  may  be  true,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
we  can  not  only  get  along  without  the  Ailantus,  but  it  has  been 
more  of  a  nuisance  than  an  acquisition  to  our  list  of  valuable 
deciduous  trees. 

ALNUS. — Alder. 

The  Alders,  natives  of  North  America,  are  principally  shrubs, 
or  trees  of  moderate  size,  although  of  some  species,  specimens 
reaching  a  hight  of  seventy  or  eighty  feet  are  occasionally  met 
with  in  favorable  locations.  The  flowers  are  very  minute, 
monoecious,  produced  in  catkin?,  the  fertile  ones  oval,  and 
composed  of  thick,  woody  persistent  scales,  enclosing  small, 
nut-like  seeds,  either  winged  or  wingless.  The  Alders  thrive 
best  in  damp  soils  along  the  borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  and 
some  of  them  are  valuable  for  planting  in  such  situations.  The 
timber  is  almost  inperishable  in  water,  and  when  large  enough, 
may  be  employed  for  all  kinds  of  cabinet  work,  it  is  largly  em- 
ployed for  making  charcoal  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gun- 
powder. The  bark  is  employed  in  dyeing  and  tanning. 

Alnns  ineana.—  Speckled  Alder,  Hoary  Alder,  Black  Alder. — 
Leaves  broadly-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  serrate  and  sometimes 


104  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

coarsely  toothed,  white  and  downy  beneath.  Generally  a  low 
shrub,  but  occasionally  a  small  tree  twenty  or  thirty  feet  high. 
Native  of  Northern  Europe,  Newfoundland,  New  England,  and 
westward  nearly  across  the  continent.  Wood  very  hard  and 
heavy,  and  makes  excellent  fuel  and  charcoal,  but  does  not 
grow  large  enough  to  be  worthy  of  much  attention.  A  variety 
oi  this  species  (A.  incana  var.  virescens)  is  more  or  less  abun- 
dant among  the  mountains  of  Oregon  and  southward  to  New- 
Mexico. 

A.  Yiridis,— Green  or  Mountain  Alder.— This,  like  the  other 
older  and  long-known  species  has  many  synonyms  in  botanical 
works.  Leaves  roundish  oval  or  oval,  somewhat  viscid  or 
sticky.  Seeds  with  a  broad  wing.  A  small  shrub,  native  of 
Europe  and  North  America,  found  very  far  to  the  north  on 
this  continent  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  North 
Carolina. 

A.  serrnlata. — Smooth  Alder. — Leaves  obovate-acute  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  very  fine  teeth,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  twenty  feet  high.  Seeds  ovate 
and  wingless.  Common  from  New  England  southward  to 
Florida.  This  species  is  also  known  as  (A.  glutinosa)  in  some 
botanical  works  and  catalogues. 

A.  Maritima. — Sea-side  Alder. — Closely  allied  to  the  above,  if 
not  identical,  but  some  authors  have  claimed  that  it  is  really  a 
distinct  species,  although  leaves  and  fruit  are  as  in  A.  ser- 
rulata.  Common  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  and  in  Del- 
aware. A  variety  of  this,  known  as  (A.  maritima  var.  argutd), 
is  a  native  of  Japan. 

A.  oblongifolia. — Oblong-leaved  Alder. — Leaves  thick,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  smooth  above  and  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  two 
to  four  inches  long.  Seeds  broadly-ovate,  wings  very  narrow. 
A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  and  in  some  instances  sixty  to 
eighty  feet,  with  a  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  excellent 
and  hard,  taking  a  good  polish.  New  Mexico,  west  to  Santa 
Barbara,  Cal.  One  of  the  largest  species  of  Alders  known. 

A.  rliombifolia. — White  Alder  of  California  and  Oregon. — 
Leaves  smaller  than  the  last,  or  from  two  to  three  inches  long, 
rounded  or  pointed  at  the  summit,  and  wedge  shape  at  the 
base,  smooth  above  and  thinly  pubescent  beneath.  Seeds 
broadly  ovate  with  thickened  margin.  Oregon  to  Southern 


FOREST  TREES.  105 

California.  A  tree  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  but  some- 
times more. 

A.  rnbra.— Red  Alder.— Leaves  thick,  rusty  pubescent  beneath, 
four  to  eight  inches  long,  coarsely  toothed.  Seeds  obovate, 
surrounded  by  a  narrow,  membraneous  wing.  The  branches 
are  rather  stout  and  coarse,  with  bark  of  dark  brown,  dotted 
with  white.  A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  from  Sitka  to  Southern  California,  and  common  on  the 
hills  about  Oakland,  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco.  This  is 
the  Alnus  Oregona  of  Nuttall's  "North  American  Sylva,"  and 
also  of  catalogues. 

Of  foreign  species  of  the  Alder  there  are  more  varieties  than 
species  in  cultivation,  but  there  are  none  which  grow  to  a 
larger  size,  or  are  of  more  value  as  forest  trees  than  those  found 
indigenous  to  North  America,  in  fact,  the  Alders  of  both  conti- 
nents seem  to  be  very  closely  allied  and  probably  all  spring 
from  the  same  original  stock.  Some  very  handsome  varieties 
are  cultivated  in  nurseries,  especially  those  with  finely  cut 
leaves.  These  are  propagated  by  grafting,  although  all  the 
species  and  varieties  of  the  Alder  may  be  readily  propagated  by 
cuttings  planted  in  low,  moist  soils.  The  seeds  also  germinate 
readily,  and  may  be  gathered  and  treated  the  same  as  those  of 
the  maple,  and  similar  forest  trees. 

AMELANCHIER. — June-Berry,  Service- Berry,  Shadbush. 

Of  this  genus  we  have  only  one  indigenous  species  that  grows 
large  enough  to  be  classed  among  trees.  The  flowers  are  small, 
pure  white,  produced  in  long  racemes,  and  in  such  great 
abundance  in  early  spring  that  the  trees  become  conspicuous 
and  attractive  objects  scattered  along  the  banks  of  thousands 
of  the  small  streams  and  rivers  throughout  the  country,  for 
this  species,  or  some  of  its  varieties  inhabit  almost  every  square 
mile  of  forest  from  Hudson's  Bay  in  the  north,  southward  to 
Florida,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific,  and  even  growing  at  an 
altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Amelanehier  Canadensis. — Eastern  Shadbush. — Leaves  simple, 
sharply  serrate.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  small, berry-like,  roundish, 
purple  when  ripe,  sweet  or  sprightly,  sub-acid,  edible.  A  small 
tree,  but  sometimes  fifty  feet  high,  with  stem  a  foot  or  more 
in  diameter,  wood  hard,  very  heavy,  and  resembling  that  of  the 
apple  tree.  This  is  an  exceeding  variable  species,  and  it  runs 
into  many  forms  or  varieties,  to  which  distinct  names  have 


106  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY . 

been  given  in  botanical  works,  and  nurserymen's  catalogues.  The 
best  known  of  these  are :  Var.  Botryapium,  leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, sometimes  heart-shaped,  (fig.  26).  Flowers  larger  than 
the  above  and  more  showy.  Var.  oblongifolia,  leaves  oblong, 
while  downy  when  young,  racemes  and  petioles  shorter  than 
those  of  the  last.  Var.  rotundifolia,  leaves  broader  and  more 
oval,  sometimes  nearly  round,  and  the  racemes  of  flowers  short. 
Var.  oligocarpa  (var.  pumild)  of  catalogues,  leaves  smooth, 


Fig.  26. — DWARF  JUNE-BERRY. 

narrow  oblong,  racemes  of  only  three  or  four  flowers.  A  very 
dwarf  shrub,  seldom  more  than  three  or  four  feet  high.  Fruit 
quite  large  and  usually  more  abundant  than  on  the  taller  grow- 
ing varieties. 

A.  alnilolia. — Alder-leaved  Shadbush. — Leaves  broadly-ovate 
or  rounded,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base. 
Racemes  of  flowers  short.  A  low  shrub,  perhaps  only  a  variety 
of  A.  Canadensis,  found  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
northward  to  British  Columbia. 

AMYRIS. — Torch  Wood. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  Tropical  America,  with  opposite  com- 
pound leaves,  mostly  of  a  single  pair,  or  trifoliate,  pinnate. 


FOREST  TREES.  107 

Only  one  species  reaching  as  far  north  as  the  United  States, 
and  this  only  in  Southern  Flordia. 

Amyris  sylvatica. — (A.  Floridana,  Nutt.)  Florida  Torch-wood. — 
Leaves  small  with  divided  ovate  pinnae.  Flowers  with  four 
white  petals.  Fruit  purple,  containing  one  seed  or  nut. 
Wood  yellowish-white,  close-grained  and  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish,  and  the  wood  is  also  fragrant,  having  a  balsamic  odor. 
A  small  tree  of  no  value  except  for  cultivation  in  tropical 
climates. 

Andromeda-arborea. — See  Oxydendron. 

ARALI A.  — A  ngelica  Tree. 

There  are  several  indigenous  species  of  plants  belonging  to 
this  genus,  but  only  one  with  a  woody  stem,  the  others  are 
herbaceous  plants. 

Aralia  spinosa. — Hercules'  Club. — Leaves  very  large,  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  bipinnatedly  compound.  Flowers 
minute,  white,  in  very  large  panicles,  succeeded  by  small, 
berry-like,  black  fruit.  The  stem  and  branches  are  very 
prickly,  especially  while  young.  A  well-known  shrub  or  small 
tree,  often  cultivated  in  gardens  on  account  of  the  tropical 
appearance  of  its  immense  compound  leaves.  Not  quite  hardy 
in  the  more  Northern  States,  the  stems  are  often  killed  down 
in  winter,  but  the  roots  usually  survive,  and  throw  up  vigorous 
shoots  in  the  spring.  Native  of  Southern  Pennsylvania,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas.  In 
Southern  swamps  it  sometimes  reaches  a  hight  of  fifty  feet, 
with  a  stem  a  foot  in  diameter.  A  tree  desirable  only  as  a 
curiosity  or  for  ornament.  The  roots  if  disturbed  throw  up 
suckers  in  great  numbers.  Readily  propagated  from  seeds  or 
cuttings  of  the  roots. 

There  are  several  Asiatic  species  and  varieties,  several  of 
which  are  now  quite  common  in  gardens.  The  Aralia  chi- 
nensis,  also  known  as  A.  canescens,  A.  elata,  also  Dimorphan- 
thus  elatus,  Miguel,  or  D.  manschuricus,  Maximowicz,  is  as 
hardy  as  our  indigenous  species,  and  the  flowers  are  in  larger 
panicles.  A  Japanese  species,  Aralia  Japonica  of  Thunberg,  and 
Fatsia  Japonica  of  Decaisne  and  Planchon,  has  yielded  several 
handsome  varieties  with  variegated  foilage,  but  these  are  of 
more  interest  as  ornamental  shrubs,  than  as  useful  trees. 


108  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

ARBUTUS  TREE. — Madrono. 

A  genus  of  trees  or  shurbs  containing  but  five  species,  prin- 
cipally belonging  to  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World, 
the  most  familiar  of  these  is  the  Strawberry-tree  (A  Unedo)  of 
which  there  are  several  varieties.  There  are  also  two  or  three 
species  found  in  Mexico,  and  one  or  two  Asiatic  species,  but 
the  one  of  the  most  interest  to  the  arboriculturists  is  the 
Madrono,  found  on  the  west  coast,  or 

Arbntns  Menzeiesii. — Menzies'  Arbutus. — Its  synonyms  are  A. 
laurifola,  Lindley.  A.  procera,  Douglass.  A.  Texana,  Buckley. 
Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrulate,  pale  beneath, 
bright  green  above.  Flowers  white,  in  dense  racemes.  Fruit  a 
berry,  dry,  orange  colored  with  a  rough  surface,  not  edible. 
A  splendid,  large  tree,  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  high,  with 
a  stem  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter  in  Northern  California, 
but  smaller  southward.  Wood  white,  very  hard,  but  brittle. 
A  tree  is  mentioned  in  Geological  Survey  of  California,  Botany, 
Vol.  I.,  found  in  Marin  County,  measured  twenty-three 
feet  in  circumference  at  the  smallest  part  of  the  stem  below 
the  branches,  and  some  of  the  branches  were  three  feet  in 
diameter.  South  of  San  Francisco  Bay  it  is  usually  a  small, 
spreading  tree  or  shrub.  From  Puget  Sound  southward  to 
Arizona,  and  eastward  to  Texas,  As  this  tree  appears  to  thrive 
best  in  cool  climates — at  least  it  grows  larger  in  Northern  Cali- 
fornia than  anywhere  south — it  may  prove  of  value  as  an  orna- 
mental tree  in  our  Atlantic  States. 

ARCTOSTAPH  YLOS.  — Manzanita. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  leaves  of  a  leathery  tex- 
ture, nearly  entire  or  with  fine  irregular  teeth.  Flowers  white, 
or  rose-colored  in  terminal  racemes,  succeeded  by  small,  plum 
like  fruits,  containing  five  to  ten  separate  or  separable  long 
seed-like  stones.  In  propagating  these  plants,  the  seed  should 
not  be  permitted  to  get  thoroughly  dry.  The  fruit  may  be 
placed  in  heaps  or  in  masses,  until  the  pulp  becomes  softened, 
then  the  seed  washed  out  and  either  sown  immediately,  or  put 
away  in  moist  earth  or  sand,  until  the  time  arrives  for  sowing 
in  spring  or  fall. 

The  following  seven  species  are  only  shrubs  :  A.  Andersonii, 
six  to  ten  feet  high.  Fruit  reddish,  Santa  Cruz,  Cal.  A.  tomen- 
tosa,  two  to  six  feet.  Fruit  red,  smooth.  Used  for  making  a 
cooling  sub-acid  drink.  From  Puget  Sound  to  Southern  Califor- 


FOREST  TEEES.  109 

nia  on  dry  hills.  A.  nummularia.  Erect,  but  only  one  or  two 
feet  high.  Very  leaf  y,  like  the  Dwarf  -box.  A.  Uva-  Ursi  (Bear- 
berry).  Trailing  leaves,  thick  and  evergreen.  This  is  the  Kin- 
nikinick  of  the  Western  Indians,  and  is  found  on  rocky,  bare 
hills  throughout  the  northern  part  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America.  A.  pumila,  is  a  closely  allied  species  to  the  last,  but 
stems  erect.  California.  A.  Alpina,  dwarf,  tufted.  Fruit 
black.  Alpine  region  of  Europe,  and  North  America.  A.  poli- 
folia.  erect,  five  to  eight  feet  high.  Fruit  dark  purple,  minutely 
warty.  Southern  California. 

Arctostaphylos  tricolor,  Gray. — An  erect  shrub,  three  to  four  feet 
high.  Flowers  rose-color.  Fruit  small,  the  size  of  a  pea,  yellow, 
turning  to  red,  and  from  one  to  five  seeds  in  each.  California' 
San  Diego,  and  near  Monterey. 

A.  pungens. — California  Manzanita. — Leaves  with  a  long  stem, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  oval.  Flowers  crowded  in  a  short  raceme. 
Fruit  reddish.  A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  but  on 
the  mountains  only  a  small  shrub.  Wood  very  hard,  heavy, 
and  the  color  of  mahogany.  Excellent  for  the  finer  kinds  of 
cabinet  work.  Southern  Utah,  Arizona,  California,  and  Mexico. 

A.  glanca. — Leaves  very  stiff,  oblong,  slightly  heart-shaped. 
Fruit  red,  large,  smooth,  nut  enclosed  in  a  thin  pulp.  This  is 
known  in  California  as  the  Great-berried  Manzanita,  as  the  fruit 
is  sometimes  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  small 
tree  twenty  feet  high,  with  stem  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter. 

ARDISIA. 

A  genus  containing  many  species  of  handsome  evergreen 
shrubs,  or  small  trees,  native  of  tropical  countries,  valued  for 
their  handsome  foliage,  small  but  showy  flowers,  and  pretty 
berries,  which  are  usually  very  persistent,  remaining  a  long 
time  attached  to  the  plant.  One  species  in  the  United  States. 

Ardisia  Pickeringia. — Leaves  smooth,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  en- 
tire two  inches  long,  narrowed  at  base,  into  a  short  petiole,  pale 
beneath.  Flowers  small,  in  short  terminal  racemes.  A  large 
shrub  or  small  tree,  twenty  tD  thirty  feet  high.  Southern 
Florida,  west  to  Mexico,  also  in  the  West  Indies.  Ardisia  Japon- 
ica  is  quite  a  favorite  for  green-house  culture,  on  account  of 
its  bright  and  persistent  berries.  All  the  species  easily  multi- 
plied f  rom  seed  or  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots. 


110 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY 


ASIMIKA. — Papaw,  Custard  Apple. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  leaves.  Fruit  large,  in 
clusters,  pulpy,  containing  several  large  flattish  seeds.  The 
Papaw  is  an  edible  fruit,  and  those  who  become  accustomed 
to  its  use  consider  it  excellent  and  well  worth  cultivating.  The 
species  are : 

Asimina  triloba.— Leaves  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  covered  with 
a  rusty  pubescence,  and  the  young  branches  are  slightly  covered 
with  the  same,  but  become  smooth  with  age.  The  leaves  are 

quite  large,  sometimes 
nearly  a  foot  long,  and 
half  as  wide  on  young 
vigorous  specimens. 
Flowers  are  of  a  pecu- 
liar form,  as  shown  in 
fig.  27.  The  outer 
petals  round  ovate, 
greenish  -  yellow  at 
first,  but  changing  to 
dark  purple.  Fruit 
banana-shaped  or  ob- 
long, three  to  four 
inches  long,  consist- 
ing of  a  sweetish 
pulp,  containing  sev- 
eral large  flattish  bony 
seeds.  A  very  hand- 
some small  tree,  some- 
times thirty  or  more 
feet  in  hight.  Wood 
rather  light  and  spongy ;  not  valuable.  The  fruit  might  be 
greatly  improved  by  cultivation,  and  new  varieties  produced  as 
•with  other  similar  native  fruits.  Found  sparingly  in  Western 
New  York,  more  abundant  westward  to  Iowa  and  southward 
to  Florida.  Readily  propagated  from  seed  or  suckers,  which 
usually  spring  up  more  or  less  abundantly  from  the  roots. 

A.  parYiflora. — Small-flowered  Papaw. — A  small  shrub  South, 
in  dry  soils.  Leaves  smaller  and  thicker  than  the  last,  and 
flower  only  a  half  inch  broad.  Fruit  small,  oblong,  or  pear- 
shaped. 

A,  graudi flora, — Large-flowered  Papaw, — Also  a  small  shrub. 


Fig.  27. — FLOWERS  OF  PAPAW, 


FOREST  TREES.  Ill 

South,  with  leaves  only  two  to  three  inches  long.  Flowers 
with  outer  petals  two  inches  long  and  yellowish-white.  Fruit 
small,  often  containing  only  one  seed. 

A.  pyguifca. — Dwarf  Papaw. — A  small  shrub.  Georgia  and 
Florida.  Flowers  small,  appearing  late  in  the  spring  or  sum- 
mer from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season. 

The  Custard  Apple  of  the  West  Indies  (Anona  glabra),  may 
be  mentioned  here,  as  it  is  occasionally  found  in  southern 
Florida,  where  it  may  have  been  introduced  by  the  Indians,  or 
escaped  from  some  of  the  islands  and  washed  ashore  or  seeds 
dropped  by  birds.  It  is  a  small  tree,  and  only  of  value  in  a 
tropical  climate. 

AVICENNIA. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  long  creeping  roots, 
forming  dense  and  almost  impenetrable  thickets  in  saline 
marshes  along  the  sea-shore  in  tropical  or  semi-tropical  climates. 
Two  species  are  found  in  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  to  west- 
ward. Only  one  of  these,  "  The  White  Mangrove  "  (A.  nitida, 
Jacq.,  H.  dblongifolia,  Nutt.),  reaches  a  hight  of  twenty  feet,  and 
this  one  very  seldom  ;  consequently  the  genus  is  of  no  especial 
interest  except  to  the  botanist  or  residents  of  tropical  countries. 

BETULA.  — Bircli. 

A  widely  distributed  genus,  containing  many  large-growing, 
useful  and  ornamental  species  of  trees,  the  bark  and  wood  of 
some  highly  aromatic.  The  twigs  and  younger  branches  are 
generally  rather  slender  and  very  flexible,  giving  to  the  trees  a 
very  graceful  habit,  a  characteristic  of  the  entire  genus, 
whether  trees  or  shrubs.  They  thrive  in  a  great  variety  of 
soil,  but  succeed  best  in  one  that  is  moist.  The  flowers  are 
monoecious,  that  is,  the  sexes  are  produced  separately,  pistils  in 
one  and  stamens  in  another,  but  both  in  scaly  catkins  on  the 
same  tree.  Seeds  small,  nut-like,  surrounded  by  a  wing.  They 
are  propagated  by  seeds,  which  ripen  in  autumn,  budding  and 
grafting,  and  in  the  dwarf  species  by  layers.  Our  indigenous 
species  are  as  follows  : 

Bctnla  alba. — Var.  populifolia. — White  Birch,  Gray  Birch. — 
Our  native  White  Birch  is  now  considered  by  botanists  as  only 
a  variety  <rf  the  European  B.  alba,  hence  the  use  of  two  botani- 
cal names  as  above.  Leaves  small,  somewhat  triangular  and 
tapering,  very  smooth  and  glossy.  Stem  with  chalky  white 


112  PEACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

paper-like  bark,  readily  peeling  horizontally  in  thin  sheets. 
Wood  very  white,  firm,  close-grained,  easily  polished ;  exten- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-pegs,  and  other 
similar  purposes.  In  Eussia  the  oil  from  White  Birch  is  said  to 
be  used  to  give  to  Russia  leather  the  peculiar  aromatic  and 
lasting  qualities,  and  when  dissolved  in  alcohol  is  said  to  be  ex- 
cellent for  preserving  and  water-proofing  various  fabrics.  A 
small,  rather  slender  tree  thirty  or  more  feet  high,  growing  in 
poor,  sandy,  and  gravelly  soil,  also  in  cold,  moist  soils  near 
ponds,  swamps,  and  along  the  banks  of  streams.  Common  al- 
most anywhere  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canadas,  and  also 
along  the  mountains  southward. 

B.  papyracea. — Paper  or  Canoe  Birch. — Closely  allied  to  the 
White  Birch,  but  a  much  larger  tree.  Leaves  ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  dark-green  on  the  upper  side.  The  bark  papery  and 
readily  separated  into  large  sheets  impervious  to  water,  hence 
its  extensive  use  by  the  Indians  for  making  tents,  baskets, 
canoes,  and  various  domestic  utensils.  Wood  white,  compact, 
hard,  making  excellent  fuel,  and  is  also  used  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  White  Birch.  Extensively  exported  from  the  New 
England  States  and  Canada.  Common  throughout  British 
America,  the  Northern  States,  and  westward  to  Dakota. 

B.  lenta. — Black  Birch,  Sweet  Birch,  Mahogany  Birch,  Cherry 
Birch. — Leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
finely  and  doubly  serrate.  Bark  dark-brown,  close,  not  peeling 
readily  ;  very  aromatic.  Wood  of  a  reddish  color,  fine  grained, 
compact,  excellent  for  cabinet  work  and  fuel.  A  large  tree 
fifty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  stem  two  feet  in  diameter. 
Throughout  the  Northern  States  and  Canadas,  in  moist  soils, 
and  southward  to  Georgia  in  the  mountains.  A  valuable  tree 
for  planting  in  moist  soils  in  cold  climates. 

B.  lutea. — Yellow  Birch,  Gray  Birch. — Leaves  of  a  dull  green 
color,  oblong-ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped.  Bark  less  aromatic, 
and  of  a  grayish  color,  separating  in  very  thin  layers.  Wood 
similar  to  that  of  the  Black  Birch,  but  can  be  obtained  of  a 
larger  size,  for  the  Yellow  Birch  is  said  to  be  the  largest  decid- 
uous tree  found  north  of  the  Great  Lakes,  growing  seventy  to 
eighty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter. 
From  Newfoundland  to  Dakota,  Manitoba,  and  southward  in 
the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  A  valuable  forest  tree,  and 
worthy  of  extensive  cultivation  in  the  Northern  States. 


FOREST  TREES.  113 

B.  nijjra. — Black  Birch,  River  Birch,  Red  Birch. —  Leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  whitish  beneath,  and  the  small  twigs  of  a 
rusty  color.  A  small  slender  tree  along  the  banks  of  streams, 
from  New  England  southward  to  Floriia,  and  westward  to 
Texas.  More  abundant  South  than  in  the  North. 

B.  occidental!*. — Western  Birch. — Leaves  thin,  broadly-ovate, 
acute,  abrupt,  or  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base,  one  to  one-and- 
a-half  inches  long.  Wings  of  seed  very  broad.  Described  by 
Watson  in  Botany  of  California  as  a  small  tree,  ten  to  twenty 
feet  high,  in  the  eastern  canyons  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  an  alti- 
tude of  from  four  thousand  five  hundred  to  ten  thousand  feet. 
Extensively  employed  for  fuel  and  fencing.  Found  in  Washing- 
ton Territory  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  B.  glandulosa,  is  a  low  shrub,  in- 
habiting the  same  region  as  the  last  and  farther  north. 

There  are  also  several  cultivated  varieties  of  our  native  species 
of  Birch,  the  best  known  of  which  are  the  Cut-leaved  (lacinia- 
tum),  and  the  Weeping  (pendula\  these  are  propagated  by 
grafting  or  budding  on  stocks  of  the  more  common  kinds.  Of 
foreign  species  there  are  quite  a  large  number,  but  there  are 
none  among  them  in  any  way  superior  to  our  native  species  as 
forest  trees. 

BOURRERIA     HAVANEtfSIS,    Miei'S. 

A  small  tree  found  on  the  Florida  Keys  and  in  the  West 
Indies.  It  is  one  of  those  unfortunate  plants  that  has  more 
names  than  merits.  It  is  the  Ehretia  Havanensis  of  Willde- 
now,  and  is  described  in  Chapman's  Flora  of  the  Southern 
States  under  the  name  of  Ehretia  Bourreria,  p.  .329.  This 
species  may  be  found  in  botanical  works  under  some  seven 
or  eight  different  names,  and  a  variety  (var.  radvld),  has  five. 
It  is  of  no  special  interest  further  than  adding  one  to  the  num- 
ber of  trees  and  shrubs  indigenous  to  the  United  States. 

BUMELIA,  Swartz. — Iromvood,  Buckthorn. 

Spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  very  hard  wood-  Leaves 
deciduous.  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish- white  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Fruit  an  ovoid  one-seeded  berry,  and  edible. 

P.iiiii'lia  triat,  Willd. — Leaves  broadly-lanceolate  or  spatu- 
late,  one  to  three  inches  long.  Flowers  in  clusters.  A  small 
tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  with  divergent  branches. 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  in  sandy  soils. 


I  II  PKAC'IK'Af,    I  OKI,. 'IKY. 

B.  laniiKliiosi,  IVro.  —  Leaven  ohlon^-ohovate.  Flowenj  in. 
dUHterH  of  Mix  to  eighteen.  A  tree  nomel  linen  forty  feef,  hi;di, 
and  not  HO  Hpiny  as  Home  of  tli«  perie  ,.  Missouri  a-id  south- 
w;inl  to  Tex,-,,  ;UM|  eai.luard  to  I  loiida.  A  variety  of  (hi.  i '/;. 
iii<i<-r<><-<ir  i»i.  Null,.),  ha,  leaven  i-  h  ,  lhanan  inch  IOHK.  Find, 
edihle,  uiid  quit  '•  l;u  ;-'  . 

It.  ly<'lol<I<">,    (i;t<Ttn.      Leaves   (jnil,.-    Mnoolli,   ohovut 
two  !,<>  liv<-  inrJu-H  J"ii;',  oil, en  vvlii|j.,li   nndcrnci'itJi  whc 
A  low    ,\n\\\>.  l>ii!    loiiictiincH   ;»    IM-I-    I. \vcnly  l,o  l.liicly  jci-t.  ln/li. 
lllinoiM  ti,  T.-xr.  i,  :ind  ••;r.t\v:ii  d  !o  Mot  id;.. 

|{.    ninc;i';i.    Swart/,.      l,<;r.<.,    ijuiic    variable    in    foi'in  :     very 
\»\\\>  lain-eol;i!.i-  or    hi'oadly  ol*oval,<-  ;   an  inch    to  a/i    in-  h  ;m<l  .1 
li:df  Ion;'.,  MTV  thirk  and  lleHliy.      A  Hinall  I  (•<•<•  Iv/cnty  to  Iliiily 
feet    liij-d'.    I'"1'   more   eonunonly   only    a    low  nhml).      Moiid.i, 
VvV,!   ludi.  ,  and  Mexieo. 

l:i  i:    l.i:  \        II  r  /    I  ml  in.   I',  in  It. 

Trof)ie;i,l  Amefiean  trei'H,  yielding  a  ti-;uis|»areni  rie« -n  io,m, 
readily  dir,:iolved  in  alcohol  and  occ;l;.iona.lly  u  .«  d  a  a  vanii.sli. 
Only  one  Hpecien  found  in  tin-  Unil.i  .md  tin  ,  i  .  |.h<- 

i;iu-i-;i  ^iiiiirnifci;).  .la.c(|nin.  L'-avc;!  nnerjually  pinnate,  tlnee 
l,o  five  |ea,ll«-|;.  l''lo\\cr,  small  in  a.villary  raceni"-;;.  I'rijjl  ;i. 
drupe  I  he  .  ,i/e  of  a,  ;  .mail  ha/j  I  nu  I.  Seed  a  .small  wliite  mil ,  each 
eonlamin;'  one  l;eine|.  f|'he  Spa.nii.li  name  i!;  /l/////r/V/o  or 
Ma:, IK- 'I  i..,-.  A  lai-j-e  tree  m  Southern  Florida  and  in  the  We  t 
Indie:;.  Wood  Hoft  and  l>ritl  le. 

CALYI'Tl:  \      I  in    ,,    Suai-l/.      . 

A  KI-MIIH  of  :-.ni;dl  evergreen  i  I'ees  indi^enoiiM  to  the  We  ,| 
Indie  and  I'.ra/il.  l''lou'er:>  very  miniile  Iml  niuin-roii:  ,  u.inally 
in  axillarx  mn  l.i.  n-  ITI;-  raceme  ,.  We  h:iv« 

species : 

Calyplra  ill  lies  (lirvlrariilla. —  Forked  ( 'al\  -ptra.nl  In  M.  I, 
o\a(e  or  ovate  lanceolale,  rather  liluid  pointed.  ;,i,iooth  aho\'.- 
hut  piiheMcent  heneath.  Mowers  whitish,  niinule.  |',en\  di  v, 
round;  one  or  I  wo  ,ee<|,-,|.  \\'o«»d  very  hard,  and  in  .Jamaie.-j, 
(JOB  idere.l  ;m  excellent  timher.  hut  I  he  tree  do.  M  i  Kit  ;TOW  lo  a 
lar^e  Hi/e,  and  the  Htem  is  seldom  moi'e  than  a  foot  in  diameter, 
found  at  Key  West,  Florida,  and  in  the  We;.|,  Indies. 

c\i;i-i\i,,     ni,i"  Beech,  \\'«in-  AVw//. 

Tall  hiuh  or  small  tree,  widely  di  .1  riliuted  in  North  America, 
only  one  indigenous  specie  . 


FOREST  TREES.  U5 

rarpinns  Americana  of  Michx.  ;  or  C.  raroliniana  of  Walt. — 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  very  smooth  and 
thin,  resembling  those  of  the  Common  Beech  (Fagus).  Sterile 
flowers  in  rather  dense  catkins,  and  fertile  ones  in  little 
slender,  loose  catkins,  with  a  pair  of  three-lobed  bractlets,  one 
on  each  side  of  the  small  nut-like  seed,  which  ripens  late  in  the 
autumn.  Shrubs  and  trees,  from  twenty  to  forty  feet  high, 
often  a  number  of  stems  springing  from  the  same  root.  Com- 
mon in  swamps,  and  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  Nova 
Scotia,  westward  through  the  Canadas  and  Northern  States, 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Georgia,  and  in  the 
rich  woods  of  Florida.  Bark  smooth  and  of  a  grayish  color, 
stem  often  deeply  furrowed.  Wood  very  white,  hard,  close- 
grained  and  exceedingly  tough.  Extensively  used  by  the  early 
settlers  of  our  Northern  States  for  making  brooms,  as  the  wood 
•  tough  that  it  is  easily  divided  into  very  thin  and  narrow 
strips  for  the  brush  of  the  home-made  broom.  A  blue-beech 
withe  will  last  almost  as  long  as  iron  wire,  and  an  ox-gad  made 
of  a  blue-beech  sprout  is  nearly  equal  to  a  leather  one.  There 
may  be  many  of  my  readers  who  have  seen  an  armful  of  the 
same  kind  of  implements  of  torture,  brought  into  the  country 
school-house  and  placed  near  the  fire  or  drawn  through  the  hot 
ashes  on  the  hearth,  to  take  the  frost  out  and  increase  their 
flexibility  and  toughness  of  the  rods,  which  were  once  con- 
sidored  very  important  aids  in  preserving  the  discipline  of  a 
district  school.  There  is  one  European  and  an  oriental  species 
of  Carpinus,  but  neither  are  of  any  special  value  as  timber 
trees.  For  another  tree  closely  allied  to  the  Carpinus  botanic- 
ally,  but  otherwise  very  distinct,  see  Ostrya  Virginica. 

c  AR  YA  .  — Hickory. 

The  hickories  are  a  very  important  genus  of  North  American 
trees,  supplying  almost  every  branch  of  mechanics  with  very 
tough  timber,  and  for  fuel  it  has  no  superior.  They  are  princi- 
pally trees  of  large  size,  with  alternate,  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
which  usually  assume  a  golden  hue  in  autumn.  The  flowers 
are  monoecious,  the  fertile  ones  very  minute,  opening  at  the 
apex  of  the  embryo  nut,  and  the  sterile  or  male  ones  in  long, 
pendulous  catkins.  Seed,  a  nut  enclosed  in  a  thick  or  thin, 
four-valved  epicarp  or  husk.  All  are  readily  propagated  from 
the  nuts,  which  should  be  stripped  from  their  outer  husk  soon 
after  they  fall,  and  then  buried  in  heaps,  mixed  with  sand  or 


16 


PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 


soil,  and  left  exposed  to  frosts  during  the  winter,  to  be  sown  in 
drills  in  spring,  or  they  may  be  planted  in  rows  at  the  time  of 
gathering.  When  planted  in  seed-beds  composed  of  rather 
light  or  sandy  soil,  the  seedlings  will  produce  a  greater  number 
of  small,  lateral  roots  than  when  the  nuts  are  planted  in  heavy 
clay.  The  seedlings  may  be  transplanted  when  one  or  two 
years  old,  and  a  portion  of  the  tap  root  removed  as  directed  in 
a  previous  chapter.  When  treated  in  this  way,  all  the  hickories 
are  as  readily  and  safely  transplanted,  as  the  chestnut  and 
similar  forest  trees.  Propagation  by  budding  and  grafting  has 
not  been  very  extensively  or  successfully  practiced  by  our 
nurserymen.  By  securing  good,  thrifty  seedling  stocks,  and 
then  grow  them  in  pots  for  a  year,  or  until  they  are  well 


Fig.  28— THICK  SHELL-BARK 
HICKORY. 


.  29.  — CROSS   SECTION   OF   THICK 
SHELL-BARK  HICKORY. 


established,  a  fair  degree  of  success  may  be  obtained  in  grafting 
the  hickory  in  propagating  houses  or  in  frames.  In  warm 
climates  the  propagation  of  nut-bearing  trees  of  all  kinds  ap- 
pears to  be  attended  with  far  greater  success  than  in  cold 
ones.  Loudon  in  referring  to  the  subject  in  Vol.  III.,  Arbore- 
tum and  Fridicetum,  p.  1431,  says  :  "Much  has  been  written 
on  the  subject  by  French  authors,  from  which  it  appears  that 
in  the  north  of  France,  and  in  cold  countries  generally,  the 
walnut  does  not  bud  and  graft  easily  by  any  mode  ;  but  that  in 
the  south  of  France,  and  north  of  Italy,  it  may  be  budded  or 
grafted  by  different  modes  with  success."  fhe  same  may  be 


FOREST  TREES.  117 

said  to  be  true  in  this  country,  and  while  both  the  hickories 
and  the  walnuts  are  not  readily  propagated  by  budding  or 
grafting  in  the  nursery  at  the  North,  they  are  in  the  South, 
as  many  correspondents  have  assured  me.  Varieties  may, 
however,  be  multiplied,  by  exposing  a  portion  of  the  roots  of 
the  large  trees  to  the  air  and  light,  and  from  the  exposed  parts 
sprouts  will  appear,  and  when  these  are  two  or  three  feet  high 
may  be  taken  up  and  transplanted  with  a  section  of  the  parent 
root  attached. 

Carya  alba,  Nutt. — Shell-bark  or  Shag-bark  Hickory. — Leaflets 
five  to  seven,  usually  five,  lanceolate  oblong,  the  upper  three 
much  the  largest.  Fruit  flat  or  depressed  at  top,  nut  white, 
roundish,  or  slightly  four-angled,  with  a  sharp  point  at  the  apex. 
Thin  shelled,  and  kernel  sweet  and  excellent.  Nuts  highly 
prized,  and  always  in  demand.  Wood  heavy,  tough,  and  elastic, 
highly  valued  by  the  manufacturers  of  agricultural  implements, 
carriages,  etc.,  etc.  A  large  tree,  often  eighty  feet  high,  and 
stem  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  Bark  shaggy  or  scaly. 
This  is  not  only  a  noble  and  valuable  forest  tree,  but  a  superb 
ornamental  tree,  which  deserves  far  more  attention  than  has 
ever  been  given  it.  More  or  less  abundant  in  all  of  our  North- 
ern States  and  the  Canadas,  and  westward  to  Nebraska.  Also  oc- 
casionally found  as  far  south  as  the  northern  part  of  Georgia. 

C.  sntlata,  Nutt.— Western  Shell-bark  and  Thick  Shell-bark 
Hickory. — Leaflets  seven  to  nine,  obovate-oblong,  slightly 
downy  beneath.  Fruit  very  large,  oval,  somewhat  four-angled 
above.  Nut  oblong,  dull  white  or  yellowish,  with  a  point  on  both 
ends,  as  shown  in  figure  28,  which  is  of  the  exact  and  an  aver- 
age size  of  some  nuts  of  this  species  I  received  from  Ohio.  The 
shell  is  also  very  thick,  as  shown  in  a  cross  section  of  the  same 
nut,  figure  29.  The  kernel,  although  small  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  nut,  is  sweet-tasted  and  good.  A  large  tree,  with 
a  rough  bark  somewhat  scaly.  Wood  heavy,  tough,  and  excel- 
lent, but  the  heart-wood  is  more  like  that  of  the  next  species 
than  that  of  the  last.  A  more  common  tree  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies  than  east  of  them,  but  was  formerly  quite  abundant  in 
Western  New  York  and  southward  through  Pennsylvania  to 
North  Carolina. 

( .  loiiioiitosa,  Nutt.— Mocker-nut, White-heart  Hickory. -Leaflets 
seven  to  nine,  mostly  seven,  large,  oblong-ovate,  sharp  pointed, 
lower  surface  downy  when  young.  Fruit  large,  round,  usually 
with  very  thick,  hard  husk.  An  exceedingly  variable  species. 


118  PEACTICAL  FOKESTRY. 

Kernels  sometimes  sweet  and  good,  then  again  scarcely  eatable. 
The  "King  nut,"  known  in  the  Genesee  Valley,  N.  Y.,  is  said 
to  belong  to  this  species,  although  its  shell  is  quite  thin,  and 
the  kernel  large  and  excellent.  The  wood  of  this  species  is  as 
variable  in  quality  as  the  nuts  ar^e,  and  while,  as  a  rule,  it  is 
very  white,  heavy,  and  only  moderately  tough,  I  have  cut  trees 
that  gave  the  straighest  grained,  and  toughest  hickory  wood 
I  ever  handled.  A  very  tall  but  slender  tree,  with  a  rough, 
deeply-furrowed  bark  on  old  trees,  but  does  not  split  off  in 
strips,  as  in  the  last  two  species.  More  common  on  high,  dry 
ridges,  than  in  low  lands,  plentiful  in  the  sandstone  regions  of 
New  Jersey  and  southward  to  Florida.  Also  in  New  England, 
Canada,  and  westward. 

C.  olivseforinis. — Pecan-nut.  -  -Leaflets  thirteen  to  fifteen,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed.  Fruit  cylindical  oblong,  nut  olive 
shaped,  yellowish-brown,  shell  very 
thin,  kernel  sweet  and  delicious.  The 
nuts  are  usually  a  little  over  an  inch 
long,  and  quite  regular  in  form  ;  but  an 
occasional  tree  will  produce  much  larger 
nuts  or  of  the  size  shown  in  figure  30, 
which  was  made  from  a  fair  average 
number  of  these  nuts  received  from  a 
correspondent  in  Louisiana. 

The  Pecan-nut  tree  grows  to  a  large 
size  in  the  bottom  lands  along  the  rivers 
in  the  South  and  West.     Wood  similar 
to  that  of  the  Shell-bark  Hickory,  and 
very  valuable.     Southern  Illinois  is  its 
Fig.  30.— PECAN  NUT.       northern  limits  in  its  wild  state,  but  it 
has  been  cultivated  in  more  northern  localities  with  rather  in- 
different success. 

C.  pordiia,  Nutt. — Pig-nut,  Brown  Hickory. — Leaflets  five  to 
seven,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth.  Fruit  ovate,  oblong,  or  pear- 
shaped,  quite  variable  in  size  and  form.  Husk  thin,  opening  at 
the  top,  often  remaining  on  the  thick  shelled  nut  all  winter. 
Kernel  usually  bitter,  but  sometimes  pleasant  flavored.  A 
large  tree,  with  smooth  bark,  common  in  the  same  regions  as 
the  White-heart  Hickory,  and  the  wood  very  similar. 

C.  ainara,  Nutt. — Bitter-nut,  Swamp  Hickory. — Leaflets  seven 
to  eleven,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  slightly  downy  when 
young.  Buds  on  the  small,  slender  twigs,  yellowish  in  winter, 


FOREST  TREES.  119 

resembling  those  of  the  butternut.  Fruit  globular,  husk  very 
thin,  nut  yellowish,  thin  shelled.  Kernel  intensely  bitter. 
Wood  rather  soft,  white,  but  often  quite  tough.  A  small,  slen- 
der tree  of  a  graceful  habit  when  allowed  room  for  full  develop- 
ment of  its  branches.  Common  in  low,  moist  ground,  from 
Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas. 

C.  aqnatica,  Nutt. — Water  Hickory. — Leaflets  nine  to  eleven, 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  smooth.  Fruit  roundish,  four  ribbed, 
husk  thin,  nut  flattish,  four  angled  with  thin  shell,  and  kernel 
very  bitter.  A  small  tree  with  rough,  somewhat  furrowed 
bark.  Wood  similar  to  the  last,  and  I  may  add  a  closely  allied 
species,  and  perhaps  only  a  southern  variety  of  it.  From  North 
Carolina  south  and  westward. 

C.  myristleaformis.— Nutmeg  Hickory.— Leaflets  five,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smooth,  the  terminal  ones  sessile.  Fruit  oval, 
rough  ;  nut  of  same  form,  pointed,  shell  hard,  furrowed,  re- 
sembling the  nutmeg,  hence  its  name.  A  small  tree  in  the 
swamps  and  low  grounds.  South  from  South  Carolina,  west- 
ward to  Louisiana.  *Carya  microcarpa  of  Nuttall,  is  now  con- 


Fig.  31.— HALES'  PAPER-SHELL         Fig.  33. — CROSS  SECTION  OF  HALES' 

HICKOKT.  PAPER-SHELL  HICKORY. 

sidered  by  some  of  our  highest  botanical  authorities  to  be  only 
a  variety  of  the  Shell-bark  Hickory  (Carya  alba). 

There  are  hundreds  of  quite  distinct  varieties  of  the  hickories 
to  be  found  in  our  forests,  and  some  of  them  are  well  worthy 
of  preservation  and  propagation.  But  in  our  northern  climate, 
budding  and  grafting  the  hickory  is  seldom  successful,  although 
several  of  my  correspondents  assure  me  that  they  find  little 
more  difficulty  in  grafting  hickories  than  they  do  the  apple  or 


120  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

pear,  and  in  the  open  grounds  and  upon  stocks  of  large  size. 
The  difference  is  probably  due  to  climate,  for  we  certainly  have 
as  skillful  propagators  in  our  northern  nurseries  as  there  are  to 
be  found  anywhere,  but  for  some  reason  few  have  been  success- 
ful in  propagating  the  hickory  by  any  of  the  "well-known 
methods  of  budding  or  grafting,  either  under  glass  or  in  the 
open  air.  The  cion  will  often  unite  and  grow  slowly  for  a 
season  or  two,  and  then  die,  the  union  appearing  to  be  an  im- 
perfect one.  One  of  the  most  distinct  and  valuable  varieties 
that  has  ever  been  brought  to  my  notice  is  the  "Hales'  Paper 
Shell  Hickory  Nut."  I  first  became  acquainted  with  this  variety 
some  fifteen  years  ago,  and  the  next  season  described  it  under 
the  above  name.  It  is  a  variety  of  the  common  Shell-bark 
Hickory,  and  the  tree  is  now  growing  with  several  others  of 
the  same  species,  near  the  Saddle  River,  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
Henry  Hales,  about  two  miles  east  of  Ridgewood,  Bergen  Co. , 
N.  J.  The  tree  is  a  large  one,  and  produces  a  fair  crop  of  nuts 
annually.  This  handsome  variety  is  well  represented  in  the 
accompanying  illustration,  figure  31,  showing  a  side  view, 
natural  size,  and  figure  32  a  cross  section,  showing  thickness 
of  the  kernel,  and  the  extreme  thinness  of  the  shell.  The 
general  appearance  of  this  nut  is  quite  similar  to  some  of  the 
varieties  of  the  English  walnut,  the  surface  being  broken  up 
into  small  depressions,  instead  of  angles  and  corrugations 
as  usually  seen  in  the  large  varieties  of  the  shell-barks.  Of  all 
who  have  attempted  to  propagate  this  fine,  and  I  think  I  may 
say  unique  variety,  by  budding  and  grafting,  Mr.  J.  R. 
Trumpy,  of  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  is  the  only  one 
who  has  thus  far  been  successful,  he  having 
succeeded  in  making  a  little  less  than  one  hun- 
dred live. 

If  the  space  at  my  disposal  would  admit  of 
it,  I  should  be  pleased  to  refer  to  several  other 
varieties  that  I  have  obtained  from  various 
parts  of  the  country,  but  as  it  will  not,  I  must 
be  satisfied  with  referring  to  one  which  in  the 
wa^  °^  a  ^ rea^  °^  nature  can  scarcely  be  excel- 
led. This  variety  comes  from  Connecticut, 
where  a  very  large  tree  of  the  Shell-bark  Hickory  annually  pro- 
duces a  good  crop  of  excellent  nuts  of  the  form  and  size  shown 
in  figure  33,  one  lobe  or  side  of  each  nut  fails  to  fill  out,  the 
nuts  otherwise  being  perfect. 


FOREST  TREES.  121 

CASTANOPSIS. — California     .Chestnut     or    Chinquapin, 
Golden-leaved  Chestnut. 

A  curious  genus  of  trees  found  in  Eastern  Asia  and  adjacent 
islands.  Botanically,  the  genus  is  intermediate  between  the 
true  chestnuts  and  oaks,  represented  in  this  country  by  one 
species  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

(ji'tanopsis  ehrysophylla,  A.  DC. — California  Chestnut,  Chinqua- 
pin.— Leaves  evergreen,  thick  and  leathery,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, two  to  four  inches  long,  pointed,  with  short  petiole,  green 
above,  and  densely  scurfy  beneath.  Fruit  with  stout  spines, 
one  half  to  an  inch  long  ;  nut  usually  solitary,  somewhat  tri- 
angular, and  shell  firm  and  hard.  A  small  tree  from  thirty  to 
forty  feet  high,  but  in  some  situations  only  a  small,  low  shrub. 
From  Oregon  to  Monterey,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  an  alti- 
tude of  six  thousand  feet,  will  probably  thrive  in  some  of  the 
Middle,  and  all  of  the  Southern  States. 

CASTANE  A. — Chestnut. 

A  well-known  genus  containing  a  limited  number  of  species, 
of  which  there  are  many  varieties.  The  staminate  (male) 
flowers  are  yellow,  and  produced  in  long,  pendulous  catkins, 
and  the  pistillate  in  a  bell-shaped  involucre,  which,  as  it  en- 
larges, becomes  a  globose,  prickly  fruit,  enclosing  one  to  three 
ovoid,  brown  nuts.  In  figure  34  is  shown  a  bunch  of  chest- 
nut flowers,  the  long  catkins  being  the  staminate,  and  above 
these  on  a  branching  flower  stem  is  shown  four  of  the  small 
embryo  burs  or  fruit,  the  fertile  flowers  being  situated  on  their 
apex.  On  this  flower  stem,  and  above  the  embryo  fruit  there 
are  also  staminate  flowers  only  partly  developed,  while  those 
below  are  in  full  bloom.  If  the  female  flowers  open  too  late, 
<  >r  fail  to  be  fertilized  by  the  staminates  in  the  large  catkins, 
they  are  very  certain  to  be  by  the  later  ones  situated  above 
them  on  the  fruiting  branches  as  shown.  The  species  are  as 
follows : 

Castanea  Tesca. — European  Chestnut. — Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
lale,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides.  Nuts 
large,  two  to  three  in  each  burr.  The  texture  of  the  nuts  are 
rather  coarse,  with  very  little  sweetness,  and  to  make  them 
more  palatable  they  are  either  roasted  or  boiled.  .  The  Euro- 
pean Chestnut  has  not  as  yet  been  veiy  extensively  planted  in 
this  country,  as  it  is  not,  as  a  rule,  quite  as  hardy  a  tree  as  the 
6 


(122) 


Fig.  34.— CHESTNUT  FLOWJBB8. 


FOREST  TREES. 

native  Chestnut,  still  by  careful  selections  from  the  most  hardy 
seedlings,  and  the  propagation  of  these,  we  could  no  doubt 
secure  very  valuable  varieties  well  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of 
country.  Several  such  promising  varieties  are  now  being  prop- 
agated and  promise  to  be  acquisitions  to  our  list  of  nut- 
bearing  trees.  One  of  the  best  and  most  promising  of  these 
varieties  with  which  I  am  acquainted  is  call  Numbo,  and  was 
selected  from  a  large  number  of  seedlings  raised  by  Mr.  Moon, 
of  the  Morrivsille  Nursery,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  some 
thirty  years  ago.  The  original  tree  is  now  about  forty  feet 
high,  and  produces  a  large  crop  of  nuts  every  year.  This  vari- 
ety is  now  being  disseminated,  and  if  successful  others  will  no 
doubt  follow.  The  European  varieties  appear  to  succeed  better 
when  worked  on  our  native  stocks  than  on  their  own  roots. 

C.  vesca  (var.  Americana). — American  Sweet  Chestnut. — 
Leaves  more  acute  at  the  base,  and  not  usually  as  large  or  as 
thick.  Nuts  smaller,  more  delicate,  shell  thinner,  and  kernel 
much  finer  grain,  and  sweeter  than  the  European.  The  nuts 
are  in  great  demand  in  the  fall  and  early  winter,  but  are  so 
delicate  that  they  soon  wither  up  if  kept  in  a  dry  place,  and 
become  mouldly  if  kept  in  a  moist  and  warm  one,but  those  who 
may  wish  to  extend  the  season  for  these  nuts,  may  readily  do 
so  by  mixing  them  with  clean,  moist  sand,  which  if  buried  in 
Borne  dry  place  in  the  open  ground,  where  they  will  be  kept 
cool,  and  neither  too  dry  or  too  wet,  may  be  preserved  in  good 
condition  a  long  time.  If  put  in  small  boxes  a  supply  of  fresh 
chestnuts  may  be  kept  up  from  fall  to  late  in  spring.  I  have 
practised  this  method  of  preserving  chestnuts  for  many  years, 
and  have  never  failed  to  carry  them  through  the  winter  in  a 
sound  condition,  and  in  spring  they  were  in  good  order  for 
eating  or  planting.  It  is  not  necessary  to  bury  the  boxes  con- 
taining the  nuts  below  the  reach  of  frost,  but  merely  so  deep 
that  they  will  not  be  effected  by  every  change  in  the  weather. 
The  wormy  and  imperfect  nuts  will  of  course  decay,  and  it  is 
a  good  plan  to  keep  the  nuts  for  a  few  weeks  after  gathering, 
and  then  carefully  select  the  good  ones  before  putting  away  in 
sand.  The  chestnut  is  one  of  our  most  valuable  forest  trees, 
growing  to  an  immense  size  in  favorable  situations.  The  wood 
is  rather  coarse-grained,  only  moderately  touirh,  but  strong  and 
durable.  It  is  of  a  light-yellowish  or  brown  color,  and  is  much 
used  for  fence  rails,  posts,  stakes,  railway  ties,  also  for  beams, 
joists,  and  other  parts  of  buildings,  although  it  is  very  liable  to 


124  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

warp  when  seasoning,  and  for  this  reason  is  objectional  for 
either  hewn  or  sawed  timber,  to  be  used  in  the  frames  of 
buildings.  It  is  extensively  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
furniture,  and  inside  finishing  of  dwellings  and  other  buildings, 
but  must  be  very  thoroughly  seasoned  before  used.  It  makes 
very  poor  fuel,  not  worth  half  as  much  as  hickory,  as  it  burns 
3low,  snaps  disagreeably,  and  throws  out  little  heat.  The 
wood  of  old  trees  is  quite  durable  when  used  for  railway  ties 
and  fence  posts,  but  the  young  trees  of  from  six  to  twelve 
inches  in  diameter  will  seldom  last  more  than  eight  or  ten 
years,  unless  charred  or  coated  with  coal  tar,  or  some  similar 
wood  preservative.  I  have  used  many  hundred  of  chestnut 
fence  posts  of  from  five  to  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  must  say 
that  this  rapid  decay,  even  in  very  dry  soils,  has  somewhat  sur- 
prised me,  inasmuch  as  the  chestnut  is  so  frequently  recom- 
mended for  such  purposes  on  account  of  its  great  durability. 
This  tree,  however,  is  well  worthy  of  extended  cultivation 
wherever  the  climate  and  soil  will  admit  of  it,  for  it  is  of  ex- 
ceedingly rapid  growth  and  may  be  transplanted  as  success- 
fully as  almost  any  of  our  cultivated  fruit  or  forest  trees.  It 
is  said  to  avoid  limestone  regions,  and  stiff,  clayey  soils,  but 
is  at  home  on  slaty  or  granite  ridges,  and  in  sandy  soils, 
whether  high  or  low.  On  the  red  sandstone  ridges  of  New 
Jersey  and  southward,  the  Chestnut  trees  are  abundant,  and 
reach  a  large  size.  The  nuts  are  quite  variable  in  size  and 
form,  and  there  are  occasional  natural  varieties  that  are  almost 
equal  in  size  to  the  European  chestnut.  These  should  be 
selected  in  preference  to  the  smaller  ones,  by  those  who  desire 
to  raise  trees  for  producing  nuts. 

The  Chestnut  is  found  in  Southern  Maine,  west  to  Michigan, 
and  southwest  to  Arkansas.  Also  in  all  of  the  Eastern  States 
and  south  to  Florida. 

C.  pnmila. — Dwarf  Chestnut,  Chinquapin. — Lance-oblong 
leaves,  downy  beneath.  Nuts  small,  round,  solitary,  or  only  one 
in  each  burr,  very  sweet  and  fine  grained.  A  handsome  little 
tree,  with  a  roundish  head,  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  growing 
on  sandy  ridges,  from  Pennsylvania  and  Southern  Ohio,  south- 
ward to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Hardy  in  Northern  New  Jersey, 
and  about  New  York  City  where  an  occasional  tree  planted  a 
half  century  ago  is  seen.  By  grafting  the  Chinquapin  on  stocks 
of  the  common  Chestnut,  the  growth  will  be  greatly  improved, 
and  the  trees  will  come  into  bearing  much  earlier  than  when 


FOREST  TREES.  12* 

raised  from  seed.     Wood  very  similar  to  the  common  Chest- 
nut, but  the  small  branches  and  twigs  are  tougher. 

The  Chinese  and  Japanese  Chestnuts  are  probably  varieties  of 
the  European  species  (C.  vescd),  and  the  one  recently  introduced 
under  the  name  of  Castanea  Japonica  is  a  handsome  little  tree, 
coming  into  bearing  when  quite  young,  is  very  prolific,  and 
the  nuts  are  quite  large.  The  tree,  so  far  as  it  has  been  tested, 
appears  to  be  as  hardy  as  the  common  Chestnut.  Only  a  few 
specimens  have  as  yet  fruited  in  this  country,  consequently,  I 
can  say  little  more  of  it  than  that  it  promises  to  be  an  acquisition. 
There  are  also  quite  a  number  of  ornamental  varieties  in  culti- 
vation, one  of  the  best  known  of  these  is  the  Cut-leaved  (var. 
laciniata),  a  handsome  tree  with  the  margin  of  the  leaves  finely 
cut  or  divided. 

CATALPA. — Indian  Bean  Tree. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  large,  simple  leaves,  branches  rather 
coarse  and  stiff.  Flowers  bell-shaped,  appearing  late  in  spring. 
Seed  flat  with  fringed  wings,  produced  in  long,  slender  pods. 
All  the  species  readily  propagated  by  seeds,  layers  and  cuttings 
of  the  ripe  wood. 

Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walt. — Common  Catalpa. — Leaves  large, 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  downy  beneath.  Flowers  tubular,  bell- 
shaped,  somewhat  five-lobed,  an  inch  long,  white,  flecked  on  the 
inside  with  yellow  and  purple  ;  appearing  late  in  spring  in  large, 
open,  terminal  panicles  as  shown  in  figure  35.  Seed-pods  very 
long,  a  foot  or  more.  Seeds  flat  with  narrow  or  broad  fringed 
wings.  A  small  or  large  tree,  according  to  soil  and  location, 
with  very  coarse,  stubby,  cane-like  shoots  and  branches,  usually 
a  round-headed  tree  when  given  room,  but  when  growing  in 
forests  the  Catalpa  assumes  an  erect  and  sturdy  habit,  growing 
to  a  hight  of  sixty  or  more  feet,  with  stem  two  to  four  feet  in 
diameter.  Wood  light,  only  about  one  half  the  weight  of 
common  hickory,  but  close-grained  and  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish,  very  durable  and  valuable  for  fence  posts,  railroad  ties, 
and  all  similar  purposes.  A  rapid  growing  tree,  especially 
when  young.  As  a  shade  tree  it  has  been  extensively  planted 
in  our  Eastern  States,  and  on  dry,  well-drained  soils  it  is  quite 
hardy  in  localities  where  the  temperature  of  winter  does  not 
go  more  than  twenty  degrees  below  zero,  although  I  have 
known  it  to  withstand  twenty-seven  degrees  below  in  my 
neighborhood  without  injury,  even  when  many  of  the  native 


126 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


Fig.  85.— CATALPA  FLOWERS,  (one-third  natural  size.) 


FOREST  TREES.  127 

red  cedars  suffered  severely,  and  thousands  were  killed.  Seeds 
and  plants  of  the  Catalpa  tree  of  our  Eastern  States  were  sent 
to  Europe  very  early  (1726),  and  Loudon  in  1838  refers  to  a  large 
number  of  specimens  growing  in  Great  Britian  and  various 
countries  of  Europe,  giving  their  size  at  that  time,  but  the 
variation  in  this  respect  is  fully  as  great  as  seen  here  in  its 
native  country.  One  tree  planted  at  Fulham  Palace  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years,  was  only  twenty-five  feet  high,  while  an- 
other growing  in  sandy  loam  at  Kenwood,  forty  years  planted, 
was  40  feet  high  with  a  stem  nearly  eighteen  inches  in  diameter, 
while  another  at  Croome,  in  Worcestershire,  of  the  same  age  was 
sixty  feet  high.  In  France  there  are  many  trees  of  much  larger 
size,  and  one  at  the  time  named,  in  the  Botanical  Garden  of 
Avranches,  twenty-nine  years  planted,  had  reached  a  hight  of 
eighty-nine  feet,  with  a  stem  twenty  inches  in  diameter.  I 
refer  to  these  trees  not  as  unusually  large,  but  merely  because 
most  American  authors  refer  to  the  Catalpa  as  a  small  tree, 
and  Humphry  Marshall  in  "The  American  Grove,"  1785, 
p.  21,  says  the  Catalpa  tree  "  rises  to  the  hight  of  about  twelve 
to  fifteen  feet,"  or  about  the  size  of  a  good  three-year-old 
specimen.  The  young  plants  usually  make  a  late  growth  in 
the  fall,  especially  if  planted  in  a  rich,  moist  soil,  and  the  soft, 
unripened  wood  will  be  frequently  killed,  even  in  localities 
where  the  trees  after  becoming  well  established  will  seldom 
or  never  be  injured  by  cold.  A  handsome  ornamental  tree, 
but  the  branches  are  liable  to  be  broken  out  or  split  off  from 
the  main  stems  when  the  trees  are  planted  in  exposed  situa- 
tions. 

Frank  J.  Scott,  in  his  superb  work  "Suburban  Home 
Grounds,"  in  speaking  of  the  Catalpa  very  truthfully  says  : 
"Though  planted  largely  in  the  Northern  States,  and  consid- 
ered hardy,  its  beauty  would  be  more  uniform,  and  we  should 
oftener  see  fine  specimens  if,  when  first  planted,  it  were  regarded 
as  half  hardy,  and  cared  for  accordingly."  This  tree  is  a  native 
of  Virginia,  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Louisiana. 
The  Catalpa  is  also  found  wild  in  Southern  Indiana,  Kentucky, 
Illinois,  and  Missouri,  where  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  it  grows 
to  a  larger  size  than  in  the  South  and  Eastern  States,  but 
recently  it  has  been  claimed  that  the  Catalpas  found  in  these 
Western  States  are  of  a  different  variety  or  species,  and  the 
late  Dr.  J.  H.  Warder,  of  Ohio,  gave  to  this  western  form  the 
name  of  Catalpa  speciosa.  The  late  E.  E.  Barney,  of  Dayton, 


128  PKACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

Ohio,  collected  many  interesting  facts  in  relation  to  the  value 
of  the  Western  Catalpa,  which  were  given  to  the  public  in  a 
pamphlet  published  in  1879.  The  question  as  to  whether  the 
Catalpa  as  found  growing  in  the  Western  States  is  a  distinct 
species  from  the  one  found  in  our  Eastern  and  Southern,  is  one 
that  can  well  be  left  to  scientists  to  decide.  My  first  acquain- 
tance with  the  Catalpa  was  in  Illinois,  some  thirty  odd  years 
ago,  and  I  have  since  seen  it  in  all  its  perfection  in  Kentucky 
and  Missouri,  and  in  those  States  it  is  certainly  a  grand  forest 
tree,  and  is  no  doubt  well  worthy  of  extended  cultivation 
where  it  will  thrive  as  well  as  in  its  native  forests.  The  prin- 
cipal points  of  difference  claimed  for  their  so-called  Western 
Catalpa,  is  a  more  erect  habit  of  growth,  larger  flowers,  which 
appear  from  one  to  three  weeks  earlier  in  the  spring.  Seeds 
also  larger  and  with  broader  wings,  and  lastly  the  trees  are 
more  hardy  than  the  species,  or  the  older  and  better  known 
Eastern  Catalpa. 

C.  Ksempferi. — Japan  Catalpa. — A  small  tree  resembling  our 
native  Catalpa,  with  ovate,  heart-shaped  leaves,  abruptly 
pointed,  sometimes  three-lobed.  Flowers  smaller  than  the 
American,  spotted  with  purple.  Pods  and  seeds  smaller  than 
our  Catalpa,  and  fully  as  hardy. 

C.  Bnngei. — A  species  from  Northern  China,  growing  four  or 
five  feet  high,  with  handsome,  dark-green  leaves.  Cluster  of 
flowers  are  said  to  be  a  foot  long.  I  have  had  this  species 
gro wing  in  my  grounds  for  many  years,  but  it  has  never 
bloomed,  although  it  is  apparently  quite  hardy. 

C.  bignonioides,  (var.  aured). — This  is  a  handsome,  golden-leaved 
variety  of  our  native  Catalpa,  and  a  handsome  ornamental 
tree,  which  with  me  has  never  been  injured  by  the  frosts  of 
winter. 

CEAKOTHUS,  Linn. 

A  genus  of  some  twenty -five  indigenous  species,  all  except 
two  are  low  shrubs  of  no  special  value  except  for  ornamental 
purposes,  although  one  of  the  species  (C.  Americanus),  indige- 
nous to  the  Atlantic  States  has  figured  somewhat  conspicuously 
in  our  domestic  history  under  the  name  of  New  Jersey  Tea,  as 
the  leaves  were  in  early  times  used  as  a  substitute  for  genuine 
tea.  All  handsome  little  shrubs  or  trees  with  small,  white  or 
blue  flowers,  in  long,  branching  clusters.  Four  species  are 
found  in  the  Eastern  States,  the  others  belong  to  the  Rocky 


FOREST  TREES.  129 

Mountain  regions,  and  west  to  the  Pacific.  Among  the  latter 
there  are  two  which  may  be  placed  in  the  list  as  trees. 

Ceonothns  spinosos,  Nutt. — Red- wood. — Leaves  thick,  rather 
rough  on  surface,  entire,  oblong,  on  slender  stalks.  Small  twigs 
somewhat  spiny.  Flowers  blue  and  very  fragrant.  Fruit  a 
small  drupe  coated  with  rosin.  A  small  tree,  sometimes  thirty 
feet  high  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Southern  California,  where  it 
is  known  as  "  Red- wood,"  from  the  color  of  the  wood. 

C.  tin  rsifloms,  Esch. — California  Lilac  — Leaves  thick,  ob- 
long, smooth,  and  shiny  above,  somewhat  downy  beneath. 
Flowers  bright  blue  in  large,  showy,  compound  racemes,  re- 
sembling very  much  the  flowers  of  the  common  lilac  of  our 
gardens.  A  tall  shrub,  sometimes  reaching  a  hight  of  twenty 
feet  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  County, 
Cal. 

CELTIS.  — Hackberry,  Nettle-tree. 

A  genus  of  the  Nettle  Family,  clossely  allied  to  the  Elm,  but 
fruit  a  small  berry -like  drupe,  containing  only  one  seed.  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous,  one-petioled,  singly  or  only  a  few  in  a 
cluster  of  a  greenish  color.  We  have  some  four  or  five  species, 
and  several  natural  or  local  varieties. 

Celtis  brevipcs,  Watson. — Leaves  slightly  pubescent,  obliquely, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Fruit  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long,  black.  A  small  tree  twenty  or  thirty 
feet  high,  and  stem  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  Wood  soft, 
tough,  but  of  little  value.  South-eastern  Arizona. 

C.  Mississippiensis,  Bosc. — Southern  Nettle  Tree. — Young  leaves 
and  twigs  silky ;  leaves  t«fo  inches  long,  long-ovate,  pointed, 
sharply  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  ;  soon  becoming 
rusty  beneath.  Fruit  dark  purple,  of  the  size  shown  in  figure 
36,  with  sweet  pulp,  greedily  eaten  by  several  species  of  birds. 
A  very  large  tree  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  Kentucky 
southward,  differing  very  slightly  from  the  next. 

C.  oeddentalis. — American  Hackberry,  Nettle-tree,  Sugar-berry, 
False  Elm,  etc.,  etc. — Very  similar  to  the  last,  and  by  some  au- 
thors considered  a  distinct  species,  and  by  others  only  a  north- 
ern variety.  Wood  soft,  but  difficult  to  split.  A  small  tree  in 
Vermont,  and  sparingly  westward  to  Nebraska  and  southward, 
also  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  in  New  Jersey,  Long  Island  and 
southward  to  Florida.  A  rather  pretty  tree,  seldom  infested  by 


130 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


FOREST   TREES.  131 

insects,  and  the  sweet  fruit  attracts  birds  in  autumn.     Leaves 
hang  on  late,  but  all  drop  at  once  when  cut  by  frost. 

(>lt*s  Tula,  Gillies — var.  pattida,  Planch. — A  Mexican  species, 
found  in  a  few  localities  within  the  United  States,  Southern 
Florida  (Garber),  in  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and  westward 
through  Southern  New  Mexico  (Botany,  Mexican  Boundary  Sur- 
vey.) A  tree  sometimes  twenty  feet  high,  Celtis  reticulata  of 
Torrey.  may  prove  to  be  a  distinct  species,  but  the  genus  is  a 
difficult  one,  and  the  species  not  readily  denned,  as  they  are 
quite  variable  ;  and  there  are  many  varieties.  There  are  also 
two  or  more  species  and  several  varieties  found  in  China  and 
Japan. 

CERCIS,  Linn. — Red- Bud,  Judas-Tree. 

A  genus  of  four  species,  one  in  Europe,  one  in  Asia,  one  in 
the  Atlantic  States,  and  one  in  California,  and  eastward.  Small 
trees,  with  smooth,  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  pea-shaped  flow- 
ers, appearing  early  in  spring,  before  the  leaves.  Seeds  in 
small,  pea-shaped  pods. 

('mis  fanadonsis. — Red-Bud. — Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped, 
dark  green,  smooth,  and  glossy.  Flowers  reddish-purple,  in 
sessile  clusters,  nearly  covering  the  smaller  branches  in  spring, 
before  the  leaves  appear.  A  very  handsome  little  tree,  with 
smooth  bark.  In  favorable  situations  it  grows  to  twenty  or 
thirty  feet  high.  Wood  hard  and  compact,  resembling  that  of 
the  apple  tree,  in  New  York,  southward  to  Florida,  and  west- 
ward to  Wyoming,  in  rich  soils. 

C.  occidentalis.— Western,  or  California  Red-Bud.  —  Leaves 
smaller  than  those  of  the  Eastern  species,  and  only  about  two 
inches  broad  ;  round  heart-shape.  Flowers  rose  color,  and  seed 
pods  about  two  inches  long,  sharp-pointed  at  both  ends.  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico,  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

(.  siliqnastrnm.— European  Judas-Tree.— Leaves  somewhat 
kidney-shaped.  Flowers  larger  than  in  our  native  species,  but 
seldom  produced  in  such  abundance  ;  a  little  darker  in  color. 
There  are  varieties  with  white  flowers,  and  one  with  pale  rose- 
colored  flowers.  A  tree  growing  twenty  feet  high,  a  native  of 
Southern  Europe.  Only  occasionally  hardy  in  our  more  North- 
ern States,  and  the  flower  buds,  which  in  all  the  species  are 
formed  in  the  autumn,  are  frequently  killed  by  the  severe  cold 
of  winter. 


132  PEACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

C.  Japonica. — Japan  Judas-Tree. — Leaves  largest  of  all, 
broadly  heart-shape,  dark  rich  green,  smooth.  Flowers  larger 
than  those  of  our  indigenous  species,  and  produced  in.  great 
abundance,  even  from  spurs  on  the  old  stems  and  branches.  A 
low,  much-branched  shrub,  six  to  ten  feet  high.  Seed  occa- 
sionally ripening  in  this  country,  but  flower  buds  often  killed  in 
severe  winters  at  the  North.  When  this  shrub  was  first  intro- 
duced into  Europe,  or  the  United  States,  I  have  been  unable  to 
ascertain,  but  it  must  have  found  its  way  to  America  at  a  much 
earlier  date  than  is  usually  given  by  our  nurserymen,  for  in 
1856,  there  was  a  large  plant,  eight  feet  high,  and  with  many 
stems  in  the  old  Prince  nursery,  at  Flushing,  N.  Y.  This  plant 
could  not  have  been  less  than  ten  years  old  at  that  time,  which 
would  carry  the  date  of  introduction  back  to  1846,  or  nearly 
forty  years  ago.  I  obtained  layered  plants  from  this  old  stock 
in  1858,  and  have  had  it  in  my  garden  ever  since.  Layers  of 
the  smaller  branches  root  very  readily,  and  usually  the  first 
season  they  are  put  down.  All  the  species  may  be  propagated 
in  the  same  manner,  or  from  seeds,  where  they  can  be  obtained. 

Cerasus. — (Cherry). — See  Prunus. 

CHILOPSIS,  Don. — Desert   Willow. 

A  genus  represented  by  only  one  species  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  closely  allied  to  the  Catalpa-tree,  and  our  common  Trumpet 
Creeper  (Tecoma  radicans).  A  large  order  in  the  tropics,  but 
has  few  representatives  in  the  temperate  zone. 

Chilopsis  saligna,  Don.— Texas  Flowering  Willow,  Desert  Willow. 
— Leaves  long,  narrow,  or  linear-lanceolate,  four  to  six  inches 
long,  opposite  in  whorls  or  irregularly  alternate,  entire  and 
slightly  sticky  when  old.  Flowers  funnel-form,  one  to  two 
inches  long,  white  and  purplish,  in  short,  terminal  racemes. 
A  small  but  handsome  tree,  twenty  feet  high.  In  Southern 
Texas,  in  Mexico,  and  Southern  California.  Probably  not  hardy 
anywhere  in  our  Northern  States,  but  a  valuable  ornamental 
shrub  or  tree  for  the  South.  P.  J.  Berckmans,  of  the  Fruit- 
land  Nurseries,  Augusta,  Ga.,  writes  me  that  it  grows  freely 
from  cuttings,  making  plants  five  or  six  feet  high  the  first 
season. 

CHION'ANTHUS. —  White  Fringe  Tree. 

A  genus  closely  related  to  the  common  ash  (Fraxinus).  Only 
gne  species,  and  this  muchadmired  for  its  long,  loose  panicles  of 


FOREST  TREES.  133 

anow-white  flowers,  resembling  cut  paper.    Appearing  late  in 
spring. 

Chionantlms  Virginica.— White  Fringe.— Leaves  entire,  oval  or 
obovate,  three  to  five  inches  long,  the  lower  surface  sometimes 
rather  downy.  The  long,  slender  petals  of  the  flower  an  inch 
long.  Fruit,  a  single-seeded  drupe,  purple,  with  bloom.  There 
is  a  variety  of  the  White  Fringe  Tree,  formerly  known  in  nur- 
series as  C.  var.  angustifolia.  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  and 
flowers  usually  larger  and  more  abundant.  Of  late  years  this 
variety  appears  to  be  scarce  in  nurseries,  and  is  seldom  mentioned 
in  catalogues.  I  do  not  now  call  to  mind  but  one  specimen  of 
this  variety,  and  this  is  or  was  a  few  years  ago  growing  in  the 
grounds  of  Mr.  Charles  Downing,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  There  may 
be  others  scattered  about  the  country,  and  it  is  well  worthy  of 
preservation.  The  White  Fringe  is  a  large  shrub,  growing 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  the  South.  It  may  be  budded  or 
grafted  upon  the  ash,  and  when  worked  on  such  stocks,  grow 
faster  and  make  better  shaped  trees  than  when  growing  on 
their  own  roots.  Native  of  Southern  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and 
thence  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

CHRYSOPHYLLUM,  Linn. — Star  Apple. 

Handsome  trees  of  tropical  regions,  usually  with  leaves  bright 
green  above,  and  of  a  bright  golden  or  coffee-color  beneath. 
Fruit  fleshy,  and  of  most  species  edible.  Two  specie^  are  found 
within  the  United  States,  on  the  southern  border,  viz. :  C.  mi- 
crophyllum,  DC.,  in  Southern  Florida,  where  it  has  probably 
been  introduced  from  the  West  Indies,  C.  Oliviforme,  Lam.,  in 
same  localities,  fruit  black  when  ripe,  scarcely  edible.  Both 
small  trees  of  no  value  outside  of  the  tropical  climates. 

CLADRASTTS,   Raf. — Yellow  Wood. 

Trees  with  white,  pea-shaped  flowers  in  long  drooping 
racemes,  succeeded  by  small,  flat  pods,  containing  a  number  of 
small,  brown  seeds.  Only  one  indigenous  species. 

Cladrastis  tinctorla,  (Virgilia  lutea  of  Michaux). — Leaflets  seven 
to  eleven,  oval  or  ovate,  three  to  four  inches  long.  Flowers 
white,  fragrant,  an  inch  long,  in  large,  drooping  panicles,  late 
in  spring.  Bark  smooth,  of  a  grayish-color.  One  of  our  clean- 
est and  most  beautiful  forest  trees,  usually  with  an  open,  rather 
wide  spreading  head.  Wood  light  yellow,  very  firm  and  hard, 
makes  excellent  fuel,  and  is  desk-able  for  all  kinds  of  mechani- 


134  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

cal  pui  poses,  where  a  fine,  hard  wood  is  required.  The  roots 
are  almost  as  tough  and  strong  as  a  hempen  rope,  and  it 
requires  a  sharp  spade  to  cut  them  in  transplanting.  I  am 
reminded  of  this  characteristic  of  the  roots,  from  the  fact  that 
about  twenty-five  years  ago  I  sent  to  Kentucky,  where  this 
tree  is  most  abundant,  and  secured  two  pounds  of  the  seed, 
from  which  I  raised  several  thousand  trees.  After  transplant- 
ing them  once  or  twice,  and  they  had  reached  a  hight  of 
three  or  four  feet,  I  offered  them  free  to  my  neighbors,  any  one 
who  would  accept  and  take  up  few  or  many  ;  but  as  very 
few  persons  were  acquainted  with  the  trees,  I  only  succeeded  in 
distributing  a  small  number,  and  the  remainder  were  dug  up 
and  burned.  One  of  this  lot  is  now  growing  on  my  lawn,  and  it 
is  a  noble  specimen,  and  not  excelled  by  any  tree  in  my  grounds. 
When  planted  in  a  forest,  it  will  grow  tall  and  straight.  It 
deserves  to  be  far  better  known  and  more  extensively  cultivated 
than  it  has  been.  Native  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  but  not 
abundant. 

C.  amnrensis,  Bentham  and  Hooker.  —  This  is  an  Oriental  spe- 
cies, which  has  been  introduced  into  this  country,  and  is  a  free 
grower  and  quite  hardy. 


,  Banks.  —  Buckwheat  Tree. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  the  Mylocarpum,  of  Willdenow.  Only 
one  species,  the 

Cliftonia  lignstrina>-Buckwheat  Tree.  —  Leaves  evergreen,  oblong, 
smooth,  and  somewhat  glaucous.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  in 
racemes  two  to  four  inches  long,  appearing  in  March  and  April. 
A  tree  sometimes  twenty  feet  high,  along  the  borders  of 
streams  in  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Florida.  Propagated  from 
seed,  layers,  or  green  cuttings,  in  a  propagating  house. 

CLUSIA.  —  Balsam  Tree. 

A  genus  of  tropical  trees  or  shrubs  with  resinous  yellow 
juice  and  rough  evergreen  opposite  leaves.  Fruit  of  some  of 
the  species  edible,  only  one  native  of  the  United  States. 

Clnsia  flava,  Linn.  —  Balsam  Tree.  —  Leaves  with  short  stalks 
obovate,  finely  veined.  Flowers  polygamous,  single,  or  in  threes, 
on  short  axillary  or  terminal  peduncles,  yellow.  Fruit  pear- 
shaped,  containing  about  a  dozen  seeds,  imbedded  in  a  soft 
pulp.  A  small  tree  about  thirty  feet  high  in  Southern  Florida, 
and  the  West  Indies. 


FOREST  TREES.  135 

COCCOLOBA,  Jacq. — Pigeon  Berry. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  principally  large  evergreen 
trees,  a  few  only  large  shrubs,  mainly  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  but  a  few  extending  into  South  America.  All  have 
greenish  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.  Over 
twenty  species  are  described  in  botanical  works,  two  are  found 
in  Southern  Florida. 

Corcoloba  Floridana,  Meisner. — Pigeon  Plum. — Leaves  smooth, 
elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end  ;  two  to  three  inches  long.  Flowers 
in  slender  racemes,  either  terminal  or  on  short  lateral  branches. 
Fruit  a  rather  pleasant  flavored  berry.  A  tree  about  forty  feet 
high,  with  hard,  firm  wood.  In  rocky  situations  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  at  Key  West  in  Florida. 

C.  unifera,  Jacq. — Sea-side  Grape. — Leaves  smooth,  with 
short  stem  ;  roundish  heart-shaped.  Flowers  in  terminal  erect 
racemes,  sometimes  a  foot  long.  Bark  on  branches  smooth, 
but  on  the  stems  becomes  rough  and  furrowed.  Fruit  in 
long  clusters,  the  size  of  large  cherries,  but  pear-shaped,  pur- 
ple when  ripe,  with  thin  pulp  of  a  sub-acid  taste.  Often  referred 
to  by  travellers  and  residents  of  Florida  as  an  excellent  dessert 
fruit.  A  large  tree,  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  and  stem  two  or 
more  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  heavy  and  hard,  violet-colored, 
highly  valued  for  cabinet  work.  An  astringent  extract  of  the 
wood  known  under  the  name  of  Kino,  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
medicine.  Southern  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  In  the 
Bahamas  it  is  called  the  Mangrove  Grape  Tree. 

CONDALTA,  Cavan. — Bluewood,  Logwood. 

A  genus  of  three  species,  one  in  South  America,  and  two  in 
the  United  States.  Small  evergreen  shrubs,  but  one,  the  Con- 
dalia  obovata,  sometimes  a  small  tree  in  Eastern  Texas  and 
westward  to  Arizona.  Closely  allied  and  resembles  the  com- 
mon Buckthorn,  Rhamnus  Caroliniana.  Wood  heavy,  but  too 
small  to  be  of  much  value. 

CONOCARPUS,  Linn. 

A  small  genus  of  evergreen  tropical  shrubs,  the  bark  of  some 
of  the  species  being  employed  in  tanning.  The  fruit  resembles 
a  pine  cone  in  form.  We  have  one  native  species. 

Couocarpns  eret-ta,  Jacq. — Button  Tree. — Leaves  smooth,  oblong 
or  lanceolate-pointed.  Flowers  on  short,  spreading  pedicels. 


136  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

Fruit  in  an  ovoid  imbricated  cone.     A  small  tree  fiom  Tampa, 
Florida,  southward  to  Brazil,  in  sandy  soils. 

CORDIA,  Linn,  Plumier. 

Sub-tropical  or  tropical  trees,  and  shrubs  of  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  and  other  warm  climates.  Highly  valued  as  orna- 
mental trees.  The  greater  portion  of  the  species  are  American. 
Two  of  the  four  found  in  the  United  States  reach  a  hight  of 
twenty  or  more  feet. 

Cordia  Borissieri,  A.  DC.  Leaves  oval,  or  oblong-ovate,  soft, 
•woolly,  but  becoming  smooth  or  rugose  when  old.  Flowers 
white,  with  yellow  center  ;  five-lobed,  and  rather  downy  on 
outside.  Two  to  four  one-celled  hard  seeds,  enclosed  in  a 
small,  pulpy  fruit.  A  small  tree,  twenty  feet  high,  along  the 
southern  border  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  westward. 

C.  Sebestena,  Linn.  —  Eough-leaved  Cordia.  —  Leaves  large, 
four  to  eight  inches  long,  ovate-oblong,  rough  to  the  touch. 
Flowers  are  deep  yellow-orange,  in  large,  terminal  corymbose 
racemes.  Fruit  is  a  round,  or  pear-shaped  drupe,  containing  a 
deeply  furrowed  nut.  A  handsome,  ornamental  tree  in  South 
Florida,  and  the  West  Indies.  The  botanist,  Catesby,  states 
that  the  wood  of  this  species  is  of  a  dark  brown,  approaching  to 
black  ;  very  heavy,  and  containing  a  gum,  in  smell  and  appear- 
ance resembling  that  of  Aloes.  In  the  Bahama  Islands  is  called 
Lignum  Aloes  (Nuttall's  North  American  Sylva,  Vol.  II.  p.  146.) 

CORKUS,  Tour. — Dogwood. 

A  large  genus,  principally  shrubs  and  small  trees,  a  few  per- 
ennial herbs,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ;  one  in  South 
America.  Fifteen  of  the  twenty-five  species,  known  to  botan- 
ists, are  indigenous  to  the  United  States,  but  only  two  reach 
the  hight  of  twenty  feet  or  more.  Flowers  perfect,  small,  in 
compact  clusters  or  heads,  usually  quite  inconspicuous,  but  in 
some  species  they  are  enclosed  at  first  in  a  corolla-like  involucre, 
which,  upon  expanding,  is  very  showy.  This  flower-like  envelop 
is  usually  referred  to  as  the  flower  of  the  common  Dogwood  of 
this  country. 

Cornus  florida,  Linn. — Flowering  Dogwood. — Leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  smooth  on  both  sides.  Flowers  small,  greenish-white, 
enclosed  in  a  large  four-leaved,  white  involucre,  sometimes 
tinged  with  red.  Fruit  an  oval,  bright  red  drupe,  with  an 
agreeable  tasted  pulp,  much  sought  by  several  species  of  birds. 


FOREST  TREES.  137 

The  flowers  appear  in  spring,  before  the  leaves,  making  this 
tree  one  of  the  most  strikingly  beautiful  to  be  found  in  our 
forests.  If  it  was  not  so  common,  it  would  be  more  highly 
prized  and  more  extensively  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  than 
any  tree  ever  introduced  from  abroad.  Wood  very  hard  and 
close-grained,  and  on  tliis  account  often  called  American  box- 
wood ;  valuable  for  the  handles  of  small  mechanical  imple- 
ments. A  tree  sometimes  forty  feet  high,  with  broad,  roundish 
head,  and  a  stem  nearly  or  quite  one  foot  in  diameter.  Common 
on  high,  dry  ground,  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
Texas.  A  handsome  weeping  variety  of  this  species  which  has 
been  named  C.  florida  pendula,  was  found  near  Warren,  Balti- 
more County,  Md.,  by  Dr.  W.  S.  Thompson,  who  sold  it  to 
Thos.  Meehan,  of  the  Germantown  Nurseries,  who,  after  propa- 
gating it  for  a  few  years,  sold  the  entire  stock  to  a  gentleman 
in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  from  whom  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Pratt  Brothers,  of  the  same  city.  This  is  a  beautiful  weeping 
tree,  with  flowers  of  the  same  size  and  color  as  the  species. 

C.  Bfnttalli,  Audubon. — Nuttall's  Dogwood. — Leaves  more  or 
less  pubescent  obovate,  three  to  five  inches  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends  ;  involucre  of  from  four  to  six  oblong  bracts,  some- 
times three  inches  long,  yellowish  or  pure  white,  often  tinged 
with  red.  Flowers  numerous  in  large  heads.  Fruit  a  little  lar- 
ger than  in  the  last,  of  a  bright  crimson  color.  This  species 
resembles  the  eastern  dogwood  very  closely,  and  may  be  only 
a  western  variety.  A  small  tree  in  some  localities,  in  others 
fifty  to  seventy  feet  high.  Wood  same  as  that  of  C.  florida.  On 
the  Pacific  Coast,  from  Monterey,  Cal.,  northward  to  the  Fra- 
ser  River.  Four  other  species  are  found  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  on  the  Pacific  Slope,  viz. :  C.  sessilis,  Torr.  C. 
California,  Meyer.  C.  pubescens,  Nutt.  C.  glabrata,  Benth.,  and 
C.  Torreyi,  Watson,  all  shrubs,  from  five  to  fifteen  feet  high.  Of 
the  Eastern  sptcies  of  the  Cornus,  there  are  about  a  half  dozen 
different  species,  all  low  shrubs,  except  one,  and  this  is  a  small 
herbaceous  plant.  Of  European  species,  none  grow  large 
enough  to  be  classed  as  trees,  and  only  one  or  two  are  cultivated 
for  ornament  or  other  uses.  The  Cornelian  Cherry,  Cornus  mas- 
cula,  is  a  large  shrub,  bearing  yellow  flowers  in  spring,  succeeded 
by  handsome  oblong  fruit,  of  a  bright  red  color,  edible,  and 
sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  olives. 

The  Turks  value  the  fruit  highly  for  flavoring  sherbet,  and 
it  is  considered  useful  in  dysentery.  There  is  a  variety  with 


138         PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

bright  yellow  fruit,  of  the  same  size  and  flavor  as  the  red. 
Both  grow  and  fruit  freely  in  our  Northern  States.  Another 
variety  has  variegated  leaves.  The  above  and  many  other 
varieties  and  species  are  cultivated  in  nurseries,  descriptions  of 
which  can  be  found  in  nurserymen's  catalogues. 

CRATzEGUS. — Hawthorn. 

A  genus  of  small  trees  or  shrubs,  about  a  dozen  species  indi- 
genous to  the  United  States,  all  bearing  small,  white  flowers  in 
spring  and  early  summer.  Wood  hard,  resembling  that  of  the 
common  apple  tree,  but  seldom  large  enough  to  be  serviceable, 
except  for  handles  for  small  tools  and  similar  purposes.  The 
early  settlers  in  our  Eastern  States  thought  they  had  found  in 
our  native  hawthorns  a  plant  equal,  or  superior  to  the  English 
hawthorn  for  hedges,  and  while  they  are  in  every  respect 
equal  if  not  superior  to  the  exotic  species  for  such  purposes, 
they  have  so  many  insect  enemies  in  this  country,  that  hedges 
made  of  them  are  liable  to  be  destroyed  before  or  soon  after 
reaching  a  useful  size.  The  common  apple  tree  borers  attack 
the  hawthorns,  and  when  set  in  close  hedges  the  destruction  of 
these  insects,  hidden  as  they  are,  in  the  stems  and  branches,  is 
impracticable,  if  not  entirely  impossible.  For  this  reason,  and 
this  only,  the  hawthorns  are  not  to  be  recommended  for  hedges, 
especially  in  our  Northern  States,  where  several  different  species 
of  what  are  commonly  termed  apple-tree  borers  abound.  The 
hawthorns  are  mostly  thorny,  with  simple  or  lobed  leaves.  A 
few  of  the  species  are  evergreens.  Seeds  of  the  hawthorns  are 
very  hard,  and  do  not  usually  germinate  until  the  second  sea- 
son after  planting.  The  best  way  to  manage  these  seeds  is  to 
mix  them  in  sand  or  soil,  after  the  pulp  is  removed,  and  then 
bury  them  on  the  north  side  of  some  building,  or  in  a  shady 
place,  and  leave  them  undisturbed  until  the  opening  of  the 
second  year  after  gathering,  then  take  out  and  sow  in  drills. 
The  seed  should  not  be  allowed  to  get  very  dry  before  being  put 
into  the  sand. 

Cratsegus  sestivalis,  Torr.  and  Gray.— Summer  Hawthorn.— Leaves 
spatulate  or  wedge-obovate,  somewhat  rough,  crenate  above 
the  middle.  Flowers  solitary,  or  only  three  to  five  in  a  cluster. 
Fruit  large,  round,  red,  of  a  mild  acid  flavor.  Ripe  in  summer. 
A  small  tree,  but  sometimes  more  than  thirty  feet  high.  From 
Virginia  southward  in  the  pine-barrens,  and  along  the  margin 
of  streams  and  ponds. 


FOREST  TBEES.  159 

0.  apiiColla,  Michx. — Parsley-leaved  Thorn. — Leaves  and  young 
branches  white,  pubescent  or  downy,  when  young  ;  leaves 
small,  divided  into  five  to  seven  lobes,  sharply  toothed.  Fruit 
round,  red  when  ripe,  and  edible.  A  small  tree  in  moist  soils, 
from  Virginia  southward. 

('.  arborescens,  Elliott. — Tall  Hawthorn. — Leaves  smooth,  thin, 
oval  or  elliptical,  sharp  at  both  ends,  and  finely  serrate.  Flow- 
ers abundant  in  large  clusters.  Fruit  ovoid,  red.  Branches 
with  a  few  large  stout  thorns.  Small  tree,  sometimes  thirty  feet 
high.  Georgia,  Florida,  and  west  to  Texas. 

€.  berberifolia,  Torr.  and  Gray. — Barberry-leaved  Hawthorn. — 
A  doubtful  species,  about  which  little  is  known,  although 
mentioned  in  several  botanical  works.  Said  to  be  found  in 
Louisiana,  and  grows  thirty  feet  high. 

C.  coccinea,  L. — Scarlet-fruited  Thorn. — Leaves  bright  green, 
smooth,  thin,  roundish-ovate,  deeply  cut  or  lobed,  on  slender 
petioles.  Flowers  large,  in  large  clusters.  Fruit  small,  round, 
or  pear-shaped,  bright  red,  scarcely  eatable.  A  variable  species 
of  which  several  varieties  are  mentioned  in  botanical  works.  A 
small  tree,  seldom  over  twenty  feet  high.  Common  in  Canada 
and  nearly  all  of  our  Northern  States,  and  southward  to  Florida. 

C.  cordata,  Ait. — Washington  Thorn. — Leaves  large,  thin, 
bright  green,  broadly  heart-shaped,  sometimes  almost  triangu- 
lar, often  three  to  five-cleft  or  lobed.  Thorns  numerous,  but 
slender.  Fruit  small,  round,  not  larger  than  a  good-sized  pea, 
red.  A  small  tree,  formerly  highly  recommended  for  hedges. 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

0.  Crns-galli,  L. — Cock-spur  Thorn. — Leaves  smooth,  thick, 
oblong-ovate,  finely  serrate  above  the  middle,  narrowed  at  the 
base  into  a  slender  petiole.  Flowers  large  and  numerous. 
Fruit  large,  bright  red.  Thorns  numerous,  and  very  long  and 
sharp.  There  are  many  natural  or  wild  varieties.  A  tree  fifteen 
to  twenty-five  feet  high,  in  both  Northern  and  Southern  States, 
and  westward  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

C.  Donglassii,  Lindley.— Douglass  Thorn.— Leaves  broadly- 
ovate,  usually  somewhat  lobed  or  cut  above,  and  rather  finely 
serrate,  one  to  three  inches  long,  with  short  stem.  Flowers 
large  and  numerous.  Fruit  a  half  inch  in  diameter,  dark  pur- 
ple, sweet  and  edible.  A  small  tree  in  California,  and  north- 
ward to  Puget  Sound,  along  streams. 

C.  flava,  Ait.— Yellow  or  Summer  Hawthorn.— Leaves  thick, 


140  PRACTICAL  FOEESTB5T. 

wedge-obovate  serrate,  and  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle, 
tapering  into  a  short  petiole.  Flowers  in  small  clusters  or  soli- 
tary. Fruit  quite  large,  round,  or  pear-shaped,  yellow  or  green- 
ish yellow,  sometimes  tinged  or  spotted  with  red,  and  pleasant 
flavored.  A  tree  twenty  feet  high,  from  Virginia,  south  and 
west. 

C.  rivnlaris,  Nutt. — River  Hawthorn. — Leaves  ovate,  or  oblong- 
ovate,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short,  slender  petiole,  irregu- 
lar serrate,  but  rarely  divided  or  lobed.  Flowers  small,  few  in 
a  cluster.  Fruit  small,  black,  and  of  insipid  taste.  A  small 
tree,  seldom  twenty  feet  high.  California  and  northward,  and 
east  to  Montana. 

C.  spathnlata,  Michx. — Spatula-leaved  Thorn. — Leaves  small, 
spatulate  or  broadest  above,  narrowing  at  the  base,  those  on  the 
young,  downy  branches,  somewhat  cut  or  lobed.  Flowers  in 
large  clusters.  Fruit  very  small,  red.  A  small  tree,  scarcely 
twenty  feet  high.  Virginia  and  southward. 

C.  subvillosa,  Schrader. — Soft-leaved  Thorn. — Leaves  round- 
ish, soft,  downy,  not  tapering,  but  often  heart-shaped  and 
double-toothed.  Flowers  large  and  abundant.  Fruit  about  a 
half  inch  in  diameter,  dull  red  and  of  an  insipid  flavor.  West- 
ern States  and  South.  A  small  tree. 

C.  tomentosa,  L. — Black  or  Pear  Hawthorn. — Leaves  soft, 
downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth  with  age,  three  to  five 
inches  long,  oval  or  obovate,  and  but  slightly  lobed.  Flowers 
large,  often  an  inch  broad.  Fruit  very  large,  nearly  or  quite 
an  inch  long,  red  or  orange  yellow,  very  variable  in  flavor, 
sometimes  sweet,  and  that  of  other  trees  sprightly  sub-acid.  I 
have  eaten  varieties  of  this  fruit  in  Western  New  York,  also  in 
Wisconsin,  and  other  localities  in  the  West  that  were  really 
delicious.  There  are  many  and  widely  variable  natural  varie- 
ties. A  shrub  or  tree  of  thirty  feet  high.  Vermont,  westward 
to  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  southward  to  Georgia. 

C.  parvifolia,  Ait. — Small-leaved  Thorn. — Leaves  only  about 
an  inch  long,  obovate-serrate,  with  very  short  stalk  ;  spines 
numerous,  long  and  slender.  Flowers  mostly  solitary  Fruit 
large,  round  or  pear-shaped,  greenish-yellow.  A  small  shrub 
four  to  six  feet  high,  in  pine-barrens  from  New  York  south- 
ward. 

There  are  many  exotic  species,  all  with  one  exception  are 
natives  of  Northern  Asia,  Europe,  and  North  America.  The 


FOREST  TREES.  141 

English  Hawthorn  (C.  oxycantha),  was  introduced  and  planted 
here  quite  extensively  by  the  English  colonists,  and  many  at- 
tempts were  made  to  establish  hedges  of  this  thorn,  but  it  was 
soon  discovered  that  when  close  pruned,  as  in  Great  Britian, 
the  leaves  and  young  twigs  were  scorched  by  the  hot  sun  in 
summer,  and  hedges  of  this  kind  were  pronounced  a  failure. 
Still  every  few  years  there  would  be  a  revival  of  the  interest  in 
the  English  Hawthorn  for  hedges,  and  others  would  try  it,  and 
for  a  few  years  the  plants  would  appear  to  be  doing  well,  but 
close  pruning,  drouths,  and  insects  usually  combined  as 
enemies  of  such  hedges,  but  even  at  this  time  the  remnants  of 
those  old  hedges  are  to  be  seen  in  our  Eastern  States.  But 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  raising  good  specimen  plants  of  this 
species,  when  planted  singly  and  in  a  moderately  moist  and 
rich  soil.  There  are  a  large  number  of  ornamental  varieties  de- 
scribed in  nurserymen's  catalogues,  and  cultivated  in  gardens. 
There  are  varieties  with  single  white,  pink,  and  crimson 
flowers.  Also  those  with  double  flowers  of  the  same  colors, 
all  really  beautiful  little  trees,  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  every 
garden  where  there  is  room  to  plant  them.  The  varieties  are 
propagated  by  budding  and  grafting  upon  stocks  of  the  com- 
mon European  or  native  species. 

The  Evergreen  Thorn  (C.  Pyracanthd),  of  Southern  Europe, 
has  become  naturalized  and  run  wild  in  some  of  the  Middle 
and  Southern  States,  and  in  the  latter  is  considered  a  most  ex- 
cellent hedge  plant,  as  it  is  a  compact  growing,  very  spiny 
shrub,  with  shining,  evergreen  leaves.  White  flowers  in  spring, 
succeeded  by  clusters  of  small  orange  colored  berries.  There 
is  also  a  variety  with  white  berries.  The  evergreen  thorns  are 
hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  but  the  leaves  turn  brown  Dr 
are  entirely  destroyed  in  winter,  for  this  reason  they  are  not 
popular  in  cool  climates. 

CYRILLA,  Linn. 

A  genus  of  two  species  of  small  evergreen  trees,  with  op- 
posite leaves,  and  white,  flve-petaled  flowers,  in  terminal  or 
lateral  racemes.  Only  one  species  found  in  the  United  States. 

Cyrilla  rarcmi flora,  Walt. — Leaves  oblong,  three  or  four  inches 
long,  on  very  short  petioles.  Flowers  numerous,  in  long, 
straight  racemes.  Fruit  a  round  one  or  two-seeded  drupe, 
tipped  with  a  conspicuous,  thick  -or  slender  point.  A  small 
tree,  sometimes  thirty  feet  high,  along  the  shady  banks  of 
streams  and  ponds,  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 


142  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

DIOSPYROS.  — Persimmon. 

A  large  genus  of  handsome  trees  of  the  Ebony  Family. 
Flowers  polygamous  or  dioacious,  the  fertile  ones  solitary,  and 
the  sterile  smaller  and  in  clusters.  Represented  in  the  United 
States  by  two  species. 

Diospyros  Yirglniana,  Linn. — Persimmon. — Leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, smooth,  dark-green,  with  very  short  peduncles.  Flowers 
pale  yellow  or  greenish,  four-cleft.  Fruit  large,  plum-like,  con- 
taining four  to  eight  seeds.  The  fruit  is  quite  variable  in  size, 
shape,  and  quality.  The  most  common  form  is  round,  but  oc- 
casional varieties  may  be  found  with  oblong  or  oval  fruit. 
The  taste  of  all  is  intensely  acerb  or  astringent  while  green,  but 
becoming  eatable,  and  in  some  instances  of  excellent  flavor, 
when  ripe.  In  the  Northern  States,  the  persimmon  seldom 
ripens  until  touched  with  frost,  still  there  are  varieties  which 
ripen  earlier,  and  are  fully  mature  a  month  before  the  arrival 
of  frosts.  The  persimmon  is  a  fruit  well  worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  our  pomologists,  and  could,  no  doubt,  be  greatly  im- 
proved by  cultivation,  and  new  varieties  produced  equal  to 
that  of  any  species  of  the  same  genus  found  in  other  parts  of 
the  world.  An  occasional  variety  is  found  with  almost  seed- 
less fruit,  or  at  most  containing  only  one  or  two  seeds.  Im- 
proved varieties  may  be  readily  multiplied  by  budding  or 
grafting  upon  seedlings  of  the  wild  trees.  A  handsome,  orna- 
mental tree  with  clean,  Bright  foliage,  and  very  heavy,  close- 
grained,  dark-brown  wood.  In  rich  soils,  this  tree  sometimes 
reaches  a  hight  of  sixty  to  seventy  feet.  In  Southern  Connec- 
ticut, Northern  New  Jersey,  and  southward  to  Florida.  Also 
abundant  in  Ohio,  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  and  south- 
ward. 

D.  Texana,  Scheele. — Mexican  Persimmon.— Leaves  cuneate- 
oblong,  round  at  the  apex,  and  only  an  inch  or  two  long  and 
somewhat  downy.  Flowers  silky,  tomentose  on  the  outside. 
Fruit  downy  when  young,  round,  black  when  matured,  contain- 
ing three  to  eight  triangular  seeds.  Fruit  of  excellent  quality,  said 
to  ripen  in  August.  A  small  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high, 
with  white,  but  heavy  wood.  Southern  and  Western  Texas, 
and  in  Mexico.  The  species  are  pretty  'widely  distributed  over 
the  world,  in  Europe,  Asia,  New  Holland,  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  and  several  of  the  larger  Islands  furnish  one  or  more. 
The  Date-Plum  of  Europe  (D.  Lotus),  has  furnished  material 


FOREST  TREES.  143 

for  many  of  our  ancient  romances,  and  quite  recently  we  have 
discovered  that  the  Japanese  have,  and  cultivate  many  varieties 
of  the  Diospyros  Kaki,  some  of  them  have  remarkably  large 
arid  fine  fruit.  These  Japan  varieties  are  being  quite  success- 
fully cultivated  in  California,  and  by  a  few  persons  in  all  our 
Southern  States,  but  they  have  not  proved  quite  hardy  north 
of  Washington.  Specimens  of  the  Japanese  persimmons, 
planted  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York  City,  have  in  some 
instances  escaped  being  killed  by  cold,  but  they  are  by  no 
means  hardy  in  our  Northern  States.  The  introduction  of  their 
fruit  will  no  doubt  awaken  an  interest  in  this  veiy  deserving 
genus,  and  may  result  in  the  improvement  of  our  native  varie- 
ties. 

DIPHOLIS,  A.  DO. 

A  genus  of  tropical  or  sub-tropical  trees,  closely  allied  to  the 
Burrclias  referred  to  on  a  preceding  page.  One  only  extend- 
ing as  far  North  as  Southern  Florida. 

IHpho'is  salirifolla,  A.  DC.— Willow-leaved  Dipholis.— Leaves 
evergreen,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  smooth,  tapering  below 
into  a  petiole.  Flowers  small,  oval,  one-seeded  berry,  the  size 
of  a  pea,  the  pulp  being  very  dry,  and  almost  destitute  of  juice. 
A  large  tree  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high  on  the  Florida  Keys. 

DRYPETES,  Valll. 

Tropical  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  smooth, 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  dioecious  flowers  without  petals. 
Fruit  a  one  or  two-seeded  drupe. 

Drypetcs  crocea,  Poit. — Leaves  three  to  four  inches  long, 
oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  of  a  leathery  texture. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  many  in  a  cluster.  Fruit  some- 
what four-angled,  and  velvety,  containing  one  seed.  Usually 
considered  only  a  shrub,  but  some  authorities  report  it  a  large 
tree  in  Southern  Flordia  and  in  the  West  Indies.  Another  but 
smaller  species  the  D.  glauca  is  credited  to  the  same  region  by 
Dr.  Chapman  in  his  Flora  of  the  Southern  States,  on  the 
authority  of  Dr.  Blodgett.  But  this  may  be  only  a  variety  of 
the  last. 

EHRETIA,  Linn. 

A  genus  of  tropical  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  of  about  a 
dozen  species  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  and  New  Holland. 
These  have  small,  white  flowers  and  edible  fruit.  We  have 
one  species. 


144  PEACTICAL  FOKESTKY. 

Ehretia  elliptica.  DC. — Leaves  smooth,  oval  or  oblong,  some- 
times serrate.  Young  branchlets  and  flowers  hairy  or  downy. 
Flowers  white  and  fragrant.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  peas, 
round  and  yellow  when  ripe,  containing  one  seed,  furrowed  on 
the  back.  A  small  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  South 
Florida,  and  westward  in  the  swamps  of  Southern  Texas  and 
Mexico.  For  E.  radula,  Poir.,  see  Bourreria  Havanensis. 

EUGENIA,  Micheli. — Allspice. 

A  large  genus  of  evergreen,  tropical  or  sub-tropical  shrubs  or 
small  trees  belonging  to  the  Myrtle  Family.  The  greater  part 
are  indigenous  to  the  Caribbean  Islands.  Flowers  small,  and 
the  fruit  a  globose  berry,  crowned  with  a  persistent  calyx. 
Seeds  one  or  two,  roundish  and  large.  Four  of  the  species  are 
found  on  our  southernmost  border. 

Engenia  biixifolia.  Willd.— Box-leaved  Allspice. -Leaves  smooth, 
rather  thick,  obovate-oblong,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 
Flowers  minute,  with  reddish  petals.  Berry  black,  about 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  containing  one  to  three 
seeds.  Wood  hard  and  close-grained.  A  tree  about  twenty 
feet  high,  growing  in  sterile  places,  near  the  sea,  at  Key  West, 
and  on  several  of  the  islands  in  the  West  Indies. 

E.  dichotoma,  DC. — Small-leaved  Eugenia. — Leaves  oblong- 
obovate,  roughened  with  appressed  hairs,  becoming  smooth. 
Flowers  long,  peduncles  reddish,  berry  about  the  size  of  a  pea, 
one-seeded.  Branches  covered  with  a  smooth,  grayish  bark. 
Wood  hard.  A  small  tree  in  Southern  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies.  Cultivated  in  conservatories  at  the  North  on  account 
of  its  fragrance. 

E.  procera,  Poir. — Tall  Eugenia. — Leaves  smooth,  ovate-taper- 
ing, but  with  a  rather  blunt  point.  Flowers  solitary,  or  only 
two  to  four  together,  same  color  as  the  last.  Berry  small, 
round,  not  larger  than  a  grain  of  black  pepper  ;  one-seeded. 
Wood  white,  close-grained.  The  bark  on  the  twigs  and  smaller 
branches,  silvery  white.  A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet 
high  at  Key  West  and  in  the  West  Indies. 

FAGUS,  Tour. — Beech. 

Mostly  large,  handsome  timber  trees,  those  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  deciduous,  but  there  are  two  evergreen  species  in 
South  America,  and  one  in  New  Zealand.  Sterile  flowers  in 
gmall  heads,  on  drooping  peduncles,  the  fertile  ones  in  pairs  on 


FOREST  TREES.  145 

the  summit  of  a  scaly-bracted  peduncle.  The  fruit,  a  pair  of 
triangular-shaped  nuts,  enclosed  in  a  prickly  involucre. 

la;ns  feiToginea,  Ait. — American  Beech. — Leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  silky  on  both  sides  when  young,  becoming  smooth  with 
age,  except  on  the  veins  ;  edges  serrate  or  distinctly  toothed. 
Nuts  well  known  for  their  rich  and  delicate  flavor.  The  beech 
is  one  of  our  most  noble  and  valuable  forest  trees,  and  of  a 
graceful  habit.  The  leaves  remain  green  until  quite  late  in  the 
season,  seldom  changing  color  until  cut  by  frost,  when  unfor- 
tunately they  do  not  drop  at  once,  but  remain  attached  to  the 
branches  for  weeks  or  months,  a  few  dropping  at  a  time,  all 
through  the  winter.  This  habit  of  retaining  the  dead  and  dry 
leaves  in  winter  is  an  objection  to  the  beech  as  a  lawn  tree, 
because  there  is  a  constant  littering  of  the  grounds  until  the  new 
foliage  pushes  in  spring.  Bark  on  the  stem  and  branches 
smooth,  and  of  a  grayish-white  color,  in  fact,  the  beech  may 
be  termed  one  of  the  cleanest-looking  trees  of  our  forest,  and  it 
is  seldom  attacked  by  insects.  Wood  very  hard  and  firm,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  very  fine  polish,  and  is  next  to  the  hickory  in 
value  for  fuel.  In  some  soils,  the  wood  is  white  even  in  quite 
large  trees,  but  in  others  it  is  of  a  rich  brown  or  reddish,  and  I 
have  seen  trees  in  our  northern  woods  that  were  over  two  feet 
in  diameter  that  did  not  have  more  than  two  inches  of  white 
wood  on  the  outside,  all  the  rest  being  of  a  brown  color.  Wood 
extensively  employed  for  making  plane  stocks,  handles  for 
tools,  cabinet  work,  hewn  timber,  and  other  purposes.  The 
roots  of  the  beech  do  not  usually  go  deeply  in  the  ground,  but 
keep  close  to  the  surface,  especially  in  moist,  stony  soils,  which 
it  frequents.  It  is  an  excellent  tree  for  planting  in  rocky, 
exposed  situations,  as  its  slender,  tough  branches  withstand 
high  winds  and  cold  storms.  The  nuts  may  be  treated  the  same 
as  recommended  for  the  chestnut,  but  almost  any  quantities  of 
the  natural  seedlings  can  be  procured  in  our  northern  woods,  and 
they  can  be  readily  transplanted  without  much  loss.  A  com- 
mon tree  in  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  and  all  of  our  Northern 
States  and  southward,  along  the  mountains  and  valleys  in  rich 
soils  to  Florida. 

The  European  Beech  (F.  sylvatica)  is  very  similar  to  the 
American,  but  distinguished  by  shorter  and  broader  leaves, 
with  somewhat  wavy  margins.  Of  this  species  there  are  many 
varieties  in  cultivation,  and  among  the  best  known  are  the  fol- 
lowing, all  of  which  are  large  trees  :  Purple-leaved  (F.  var.  vur~ 
7 


146  PKACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

purea),  found  in  a  forest  in  Germany.  Crested-leaved  (F.  var. 
crestata).  Copper-leaved  (F.  var.  cuprea).  Silver-leaved  (F.  var. 
fol  argentea).  Golden-leaved  (F.  var.  fol  aurea).  Cut-leaved 
(F.  var.  incisd).  Fern-leaved  (F.  var.  heterophylla).  Oak-leaved 
(F.  var.  quercifolia).  Weeping  Beech  (F.  var.  pendula).  These 
are  all  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  and  are  propagated  by 
grafting  on  stocks  of  the  common  American  or  European  beech. 

The  F.  antarctica  is  a  deciduous  species,  native  of  the  region 
about  the  Straits  of  Magellan  and  Patagonia,  S.  A.,  where  it 
grows  to  a  large  tree  sixtv  or  more  feet  in  hight.  Leaves  small, 
and  fruit  not  much  larger  than  buckwheat.  F.  betuloides  is 
indigenous  to  the  same  region,  but  has  smaller  and  evergreen 
leaves.  A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high.  I  do  not 
know  that  any  attempts  have  been  made  to  introduce  these  spe- 
cies, but  it  is  likely  that  they  would  succeed  in  the  United 
States. 

Fagus  obliqua  is  another  evergreen  species,  native  of  the 
Andes,  S.  A.,  and  F.  Cunninghami  is  a  large  evergreen  tree  in 
New  Zealand. 

FICUS,  Tour. — Fig. 

This  is  an  extensive  genus  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  of  the 
easiest  cultivation,  all  native  of  tropical  or  subtropical  countries, 
extending  entirely  around  the  world.  The  Ficus  elastica  is  the 
well-known  India  rubber  tree,  and  the  celebrated  Banyan  Tree, 
of  India,  is  the  Ficus  Indica,  the  juice  of  which  is  used  by  the 
Hindoos  to  cure  the  toothache,  and  the  bark  is  considered  an 
excellent  tonic.  Ficus  carica  furnishes  the  well-known  figs  of 
commerce.  There  is  nearly  or  quite  one  hundred  species,  of 
which  three  are  natives  of  the  United  States. 

Ficns  anrea,  Nutt. — Small-fruited  Fig. — Leaves  smooth,  oblong, 
entire,  narrowed,  but  rather  blunt  at  both  ends.  The  figs  are 
about  the  size  of  peas,  produced  in  pairs,  close  to  the  stem,  and 
of  an  orange-yellow  color  when  ripe.  According  to  Dr.  Blodgett, 
the  discoverer  of  this  species,  it  is  parasitical  on  other  trees,  but 
by  destroying  its  supporters  it  at  length  reaches  the  ground, 
and  then  takes  root  in  the  earth,  and  becomes  a  large  tree. 
Key  West,  Florida. 

F.  brevifolia,  Nutt.— Short-leaved  Fig.— Leaves  about  two 
inches  long,  by  one  and  a  half  broad.  Figs  about  the  size  of 
small  cherries,  on  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  light  purple  or  red 
when  ripe.  A  small  and  rare  tree,  at  Key  West,  Florid? 


FOREST  TREES.  147 

F.  pedimrnlata.  —  Cherry  Fig.  —  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rather 
thick,  of  a  leathery  appearance  on  upper  surface,  somewhat 
heart-shaped  at  base,  stalk  slender.  Fruit  nearly  round,  about 
the  size  of  small  cherries,  greenish-yellow  or  purplish  when 
ripe.  A  lofty  tree  of  fifty  feet  high,  sending  down  aerial  roots, 
like  the  famous  Banyan  tree.  Southern  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Tour.  —  The  Ash. 


A  very  extensive  genus,  and  most  of  the  species  are  large 
trees,  well  adapted  for  planting  in  forests.  The  leaves  are  odd- 
pinnate,  and  from  five  to  nine  leaflets.  Flowers  dioecious  or 
mostly  so,  very  small,  not  at  all  showy,  except  on  a  few  spe- 
cies, and  those  native  of  our  Eastern  States,  are  entirely  desti- 
tute of  petals.  Fruit  winged,  sometimes  only  above,  in  others 
all  around,  and  in  a  few  the  seed  is  three-winged  and  three- 
celled.  Trees  usually  well  furnished  with  small,  fibrous  roots, 
and  not  difficult  to  transplant  and  make  grow.  Quite  free  from 
the  habit  of  producing  suckers,  when  the  roots  are  broken  or 
otherwise  injured. 

F.  AMERICANA.  —  White  Ash. 

Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  edges 
nearly  or  quite  entire,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  and  downy 
beneath.  Fruit  rather  short,  somewhat  wedged-shape,  rounded 
at  lower  end,  winged  above.  A  very  large,  handsome  tree,  with 
gray  furrowed  bark  on  the  main  stem,  and  that  on  the  young 
branchlets  of  a  greenish-gray  color,  smooth,  buds  rusty-colored 
in  winter.  This  species  deserves  special  attention  on  account  of 
the  great  value  of  its  timber,  it  being  one  of  the  toughest  and 
hardest  of  the  whole  genus.  The  wood  of  what  is  termed  second 
growth  trees,  or  those  springing  up  after  the  original  forests 
have  been  removed,  or  from  seed,  scattered  in  open  fields,  is* 
usually  superior  in  toughness  to  the  first  growth  or  large  trees. 
The  superiority  of  many  of  our  farm  implements  is  due  in  a 
great  measure  to  the  tough,  but  light  ash  timber,  which  enters 
into  their  construction.  It  is  not  only  used  for  agricultural 
implements,  but  for  carriages,  oars,  cabinet  work,  floors  in 
dwellings,  in  fact,  white  ash  is  well  adapted  to  all  purposes 
where  a  light  colored,  tough,  and  hard  wood  is  wanted.  A  tree 
of  rapid  growth,  and  reaching  a  hight  of  seventy  to  eighty  feet, 
and  thrives  in  a  great  variety  of  soils,  but  succeed  best  in  a 
rich,  moist  one.  Common  in  all  our  Eastern  States,  Canada, 


148  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

and  westward  to  Nebraska,  and  southward  to  the  Gulf,  but  it  is 
becoming  scarce  in  many  localities,  where  a  few  years  ago  it 
was  quite  abundant.  We  have  no  native  tree  more  worthy  of 
extended  cultivation  than  the  White  Ash,  or  one  the  wood  of 
which  is  likely  to  be  in  greater  demand  a  few  years  hence. 

F.  A.  var.  microcarpa,  is  a  kind  of  a  sport,  found  in  Alabama, 
with  very  small  fruit,  but  seedless  or  without  any  germ  or  meat, 
as  usually  termed. 

F.  A.  var.  Texensis,  is  a  small  tree  with  about  five  leaflets, 
with  fruit  scarcely  an  inch  long.  Has  been  described  under 
various  names  by  different  botanists.  A  low  growing  tree,  on 
rocky  hills,  from  Austin,  Texas,  to  the  Rio  Grande.  Gray,  in 
Flora  of  North  America. 

F.  anomala,  Torr. — Leaves  mostly  simple,  sometimes  two  or 
three  foliate  ;  oval  or  heart-shaped,  thin  ;  the  young  shoots  soft, 
pubescent.  Flowers  in  short  panicles.  Fruit  oblong,  wings 
extending  to  the  base.  A  small  tree  in  Southern  Utah,  some- 
times twenty  feet  high  or  over  in  the  canyons. 

F.  rnspidata,  Torr. — Leaves  five  to  seven,  lanceolate,  and 
gradually  tapering  to  a  sharp  point.  Flowers  with  a  four- 
pointed  corolla,  a  half  inch  long.  Fruit  small,  about  a  half 
inch  long.  A  small  shrub,  six  to  eight  feet  high  in  South- 
western Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

F.  dipetela,  Hook,  and  Arn. — Two-petaled  Ash. — Leaflets  five 
to  nine,  oval  or  oblong,  serrate,  and  only  an  inch  or  two  long. 
Flowers  with  two  petals,  in  panicles  clustered  on  short,  lateral 
spurs.  Fruit  about  an  inch  long,  broad  at  the  top,  with  sharp 
edges  below.  This  is  the  Ornus  dipetela  of  Nuttall.  A  small 
tree  in  Western  California,  and  of  which  there  are  two  or  three 
natural  varieties. 

F.  Greggii,  Gray. — Is  a  small  shrub,  closely  allied  to  the  hst, 
and  found  in  limestone  soils  in  Southwest  Texas  and  in  New 
Mexico. 

F.  Oregona,  Nutt. — Oregon  Ash. — Leaflets  five  to  seven, 
lanceolate-oblong  to  oval,  entire,  or  nearly  so,  two  to  four 
inches  long.  Fruit  about  an  inch  long,  somewhat  club-shaped, 
widening  upward  into  a  long,  broad  wing.  A  large  tree,  with 
wood  resembling  the  White  Ash  of  the  East.  Along  streams 
in  Washington  Territory,  and  southward  near  the  coast  to  San 
Francisco. 

F.  pistacisefolia,  Torr.— Leaflets   five  to    nine,  petioles   short, 


FOREST  TREES.  149 

from  lanceolate  to  oval,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate.  Fruit  small 
and  crowded,  somewhat  club-shaped.  A  small  tree,  but  rather 
stocky  ;  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  stems  a  foot  or  more 
in  diameter.  Southwest  Texas,  Arizona,  and  Mexico.  A  rigid 
form  of  this  (var.  coriacea),  with  thick  leathery  leaves,  fre- 
quents the  arid  districts  of  Arizona. 

F.  platycarpa,  Michx. — Water  Ash. — Leaflets  five  to  seven, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  and  sharply  serrate  or  entire.  Fruit  ellip- 
tical, broad  above,  two  inches  long,  contracted  below,  sometimes 
three-winged.  Young  branches  round,  smooth  or  pubescent.  A 
small  tree,  thirty  or  forty  feet  high,  from  Southern  Virginia  in 
swamps  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Louisiana.  Said  to  be  also 
found  in  Cuba. 

F.  pnbeseens,  Lam. — Red  Ash. — Leaflets  seven  to  nine,  oblong- 
ovate,  gradually  pointed,  green  above,  and  pale  velvety 
beneath.  The  young  branches  and  leaves  are  quite  velvety  at 
first,  hence  the  specific  name.  Inside  of  the  bark  reddish  or 
cinnamon-color.  A  small,  but  rather  slender  tree,  in  swamps, 
and  along  streams.  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
Dakota,  but  far  more  common  in  the  Eastern  than  in  the  West- 
ern States. 

F.  sambncifolia. — Black  Ash. —  Leaflets  seven  to  eleven,  green 
on  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate,  form  a  roundish  base,  grad- 
ually tapering  to  a  point,  finely  and  sharply  serrate.  Flowers 
entirely  naked.  The  crushed  leaves  exhale  the  odor  of  the  com- 
mon Elder  (Sambucus).  Fruit  flat,  and  winged  all  around. 
Tree  of  moderate  size,  but  quite  tall,  stems  slender,  a  foot  in 
diameter  in  trees  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  in  rich  swamps, 
and  along  streams.  Wood  coarse-grained,  but  exceedingly 
tough,  readily  separated  into  thin  layers,  hence  its  extensive 
use  by  the  early  settlers  in  our  Northern  States  for  seating 
chairs,  making  baskets,  and  various  other  household  uses.  A 
valuable  tree  for  planting  in  moist  and  wet  soils.  Canada  to 
Virginia,  and  westward  to  Arkansas. 

F.  viriilis,  Michx. — Green  Ash. — Leaflets  five  to  nine,  bright 
green  on  both  sides,  sometimes  a  little  whitish  on  the  under 
side  ;  oblong-ovate,  more  or  less  toothed.  Fruit  flattish,  two- 
edged  at  base,  widening  into  a  long,  lance  linear  whig.  A 
variable  species,  closely  allied  to  the  Eed  Ash,  but  a  smaller 
tree,  most  common  in  low  grounds.  West  and  South,  but  found 
from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Dakota  and  Arizona. 


150  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

Several  ornamental  varieties  of  the  American  Ash  have  beer) 
propagated  by  our  nurserymen,  and  among  them  the  Aucuba- 
leaved,  Walnut-leaved,  and  Cloth-like-leaved  are  perhaps  the 
best. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

The  foreign  species  and  varieties  of  the  Ash,  are  so  very 
numerous  that  my  limited  space  will  not  admit  of  mentioning 
only  a  few  of  the  most  distinct  and  desirable.  The  common 
European  Ash  (Fraxinus  excelsior),  has  been  cultivated  so  many 
centuries,  and  so  extensively  that  it  has  yielded  a  very  large 
number  of  interesting  varieties,  that  have  been  perpetuated  by 
the  usual  methods  of  budding  and  grafting  F.  ex.  var.  pendula 
(Weeping  Ash)  should  be  grafted  high  in  order  to  allow  of  the 
branches  descending  a  considerable  distance  before  touching 
the  ground.  F.  ex.  aurea  pendula,  similar  to  the  last,  but  with 
golden  yellow  bark.  F.  ex.  var.  aurea,  is  of  upright  growth, 
but  with  golden  bark.  F.  ex.  salicifolia  (Willow-leaved  Ash). 
Leaves  narrow,  resembling  the  Willow,  and  there  is  another 
closely  allied  variety,  known  as  F.  scolopendrifolia  which  has 
long,  drooping,  grass-like  foliage.  F.  var.  monophylla  has 
single,  entire-leaves,  instead  of  pinnate  foilage,  which  is  the 
usual  form  of  the  Ash  leaf.  The  Flowering  Ash  (F.  Ornus)  of 
Europe  is  a  handsome  tree,  with  large  clusters  of  white 
flowers.  Hardy,  and  should  be  more  frequently  planted  in  the 
gardens  and  parks  of  this  country.  The  varieties  of  Ash  are  not 
always  constant,  and  often  require  pruning  away  of  branches 
which  revert  to  the  original  type.  This  is  especially  the  case 
with  the  Weeping,  and  Variegated-leaved  varieties.  Some- 
times branches  of  the  Weeping  Ash  assume  an  erect  habit,  and 
if  not  removed,  will  seriously  interfere  with  the  growth  of  the 
pendulous  ones.  In  fact,  these  trees  are  all  more  or  less  in- 
clined to  "  sport,"  and  as  an  instance  of  the  sudden  and  wide 
departure  from  the  normal  form,  I  will  call  the  readers  at- 
tention to  the  Remilly  Ash,  shown  in  figure  37,  copied  from 
"The  Garden,"  Eng.  This  handsome  Weeping  Ash  tree  is  grow- 
ing at  Remilly,  not  far  from  Metz,  France,  and  has  been 
named  by  Mr.  Carriere,  Fraxinus  pendula  remillyensis.  This 
tree  is  about  sixty-five  high,  with  a  stem  nearly  six  feet  in 
circumference.  The  leaflets  are  broad,  and  very  much  like 
those  of  the  common  Weeping  Ash.  A  few  years  ago  three 
shoots  started  from  the  pendulous  branches  as  shown  at  A,B,C, 


FOREST  TREES. 


151 


these  growing  upright,  and  the  leaves  on  these  are  veiy 
narrow,  taper-pointed,  and  of  a  deeper  and  more  glossy  green. 
If  such  freaks  of  nature  occur  in  such  large  old  trees,  we  may 


Fig.  37.— REMILLY  ASH. 

confidently  expect  equally  as  curious  ones  to  occur  among  seed- 
lings raised  under  artificial  conditions. 
Several  species  and  varieties  of  the  Ash  have  recently  been 


152  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

introduced  from  Japan,  but  they  have  not  as  yet  been  sufficient- 
ly tested  to  determine  their  value,  but  some  of  them  are  known 
to  be  quite  tender  in  our  Northern  States. 

GLEDITSCHIA,  L. — Honey  Locust. 

A  genus  of  handsome  deciduous  trees,  with  light  and  airy 
foliage.  The  flowers  small  and  inconspicuous,  but  are  suc- 
ceeded by  one  or  many-seeded  linear,  and  often  twisted  pods, 
containing  a  sweetish  pulp,  hence  the  common  name.  Our  in- 
digenous species  are, 

Gleditsehia  triaoanthos,  Linn. — Three-thorned  Acacia  or  Honey 
Locust. — Leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  of  a  light,  bright-green 
color.  Thorns  mostly  compound,  flattish  at  the  base,  and  ta- 
pering with  branches  toward  the  end,  very  hardy  and  strong, 
and  on  old  trees  these  thorns  are  often  nearly  or  quite  a  foot 
long.  Pods  ten  to  twenty  inches  long,  and  an  inch  or  more 
wide,  usually  slightly  twisted.  Seeds  compressed,  very  hard 
and  horn-like.  The  pods  often  hang  on  the  trees  nearly  all 
winter.  Seeds  do  not  germinate  readily  if  allowed  to  become 
dry,  but  by  scalding  and  soaking  in  tepid  water  for  a  few  days, 
seed  two  or  three  years  old  can  usually  be  made  to  grow.  The 
thorns  appear  on  all  parts  of  the  tree,  and  very  large  ones  pro- 
trude from  the  main  stem,  and  larger  branches,  and  these,  when 
they  fall  off,  become  dangerous  to  animals  and  persons 
frequenting  the  ground  where  the  trees  are  growing;  and  this  is 
one  of  the  greatest  objections  to  this  handsome  tree.  It  is 
often  used  for  hedges,  but  when  pruned,  the  twigs  and  branches 
should  be  carefully  gathered  up  and  burned,  or  otherwise  de- 
stroyed. It  is  a  very  large,  handsome,  clean  tree,  seldom  at- 
tacked by  insects,  and  quite  hardy  in  our  most  Northern 
States.  The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  rather  coarse-grained 
and  valuable  for  many  purposes.  A  variety  of  this  known 
as  inermis  or  thornless,  frequently  appears  among  seed- 
lings, and  occasionally  very  large  specimens  are  seen,  and 
are  much  more  desirable  than  those  bearing  thorns,  but 
they  can  only  be  increased  by  budding  or  grafting,  as  they 
do  not  come  true  from  seed.  Var.  Bujoti  pendula  (Bu jot's 
Weeping)  is  an  elegant,  small  tree  with  drooping  foliage, 
coming  into  leaf  quite  late  in  spring.  Said  to  be  not  quite 
hardy  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  but  it  is  in  my  grounds,  as  I  have 
one  tree  twenty  years  old,  that  has  never  been  injured,  even  in 
the  coldest  winters. 


FOREST  TREES.  153 

The  Honey  Locust  is  supposed  not  to  be  indigenous  east  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  although  very  large  old  trees  are 
found  in  nearly  all  of  our  Eastern  States,  probably  raised  from 
seed  brought  from  Western  localities.  More  or  less  common 
from  Pennsylvania  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

G.  monosperma,  Nutt. — Water  Locust. — Leaflets  ovate  or  ob- 
long, thorns  mostly  simple,  not  branched.  Pods  short,  oval, 
one-seeded,  without  pulp.  A  small  tree  in  swamps  and  low 
grounds,  from  Southern  Illinois  to  Florida.  It  is  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES    AND    VARIETIES. 

G.  Caspha. — Caspian  Honey  Locust. — A  rapid  growing  tree 
of  irregular  form,  but  with  large  foliage.  Thornless. 

G.  Sinensis. — Chinese  Honey  Locust. — Has  stouter  and  conical 
thorns,  and  broader  and  more  oval  leaflets.  A  small  tree,  quite 
hardy  in  our  Northern  States.  There  is  also  a  thornless  varie- 
ty of  this  species  also  hardy. 

GORDONIA,  Ellis. — Loblolly  Bay. 

Elegant,  small  shrubs,  or  large  trees,  with  showy  flowers, 
closely  related  to  the  common  camellia.  Flowers  with  five 
thick  petals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fruit  woody,  five-valved, 
containing  rather  long,  angular,  or  winged  seeds.  Mostly 
native  of  the  West  Indies,  one  species  in  the  Island  of  Java, 
and  two  in  our  Southern  States.  Propagated  from  seed,  or  by 
cuttings  or  layers. 

Gordonia  Lasianthns,  L. — Loblolly  Bay. — Leaves  obvate-oblong, 
narrowed  in  a  petiole,  finely  serrate  ;  evergreen.  Flowers 
silky,  two  inches  broad,  white  with  long  stalks,  appearing  in 
July  and  August.  A  large  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with 
a  stem  nearly  two  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  of  a  reddish  color, 
rather  light  and  brittle,  not  considered  valuable.  In  swamps 
of  Southern  Virginia,  Florida,  and  west  to  Louisiana. 

G.  pnbescens,  L.  Herit. — Leaves  obovate-oblong,  sharply  serrate, 
white  beneath,  deciduous.  Flowers  silky,  on  short  stalks, 
white,  fragrant,  and  nearly  three  inches  broad.  A  small  tree 
about  thirty  feet  high  in  Georgia,  and  near  the  coast  south- 
ward. Hardy  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia,  and  quite  a  large 
specimen  was  formerly  growing  in  the  old  Bartram  Garden, 
Michaux  ;  also  Meehan,  in  Hand  Book  of  Ornamental  Trees. 


154  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

GUAICUM. — Lignum  Vitm. 

A  genus  of  only  a  few  species  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs, 
of  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America.  One  of  the  species 
(G.  officinale)  yields  the  peculiar  substance  known  as  guaicum, 
used  as  a  medicine.  Wood  exceedingly  hard  and  heavy.  Plants 
sometimes  cultivated  in  green-houses  as  a  curiosity,  and  propa- 
gated by  cuttings  which  grow  quite  readily  if  taken  off  at  a 
joint  and  set  in  sand  where  they  can  be  given  bottom  heat.  We 
have  one  species 

Gnaicnm  sanctum,  L. — Lignum  Vitse. — Leaflets  six  to  eight, 
obovate  or  oblong,  tipped  with  a  short  point,  entire.  Flowers 
clustered  at  the  forks  of  the  branches,  about  half  an  inch  broad, 
blue  or  purple.  A  small  tree  in  Southern  Florida,  and  the 
West  Indies. 

For  G.  angustifolium  of  Engelmann,  see  Porliera. 

GYMKOCLADUS,  Lam. — Coffee  Tree. 

A  genus  of  only  one  species,  and  its  name  is  from  two  Greek 
words,  meaning  naked  branches,  for  when  the  large  leaves  fall 
in  autumn  the  tree  appears  destitute  of  any  fine  twigs  or 
spray. 

Gymnocladns  Canadcnsis. — Kentucky  Coffee  Tree. — Leaves  very 
large,  two  to  three  feet  long,  twice  pinnate,  each  partial  leaf 
stalk  bearing  seven  to  thirteen  ovate  leaflets,  except  the  lowest 
pair,  which  are  single  and  two  to  three  inches  long,  the  leaflets 
usually  hanging  edgewise.  The  color  of  the  leaves  is  a  bluish- 
green.  The  flowers  are  whitish,  borne  in  shorfc  spikes,  and 
the  two  sexes  on  separate  trees,  consequently,  both  must  be 
present  in  order  to  secure  fruit  on  one.  Fruit  an  oblong  pod, 
six  to  ten  inches  long,  one  to  two  inches  broad,  containing 
several  large,  slightly  flattened,  smooth,  hard,  nut-like  seeds. 
Wood  of  a  reddish  color,  compact,  very  tough,  and  susceptible 
of  a  high  polish,  but  so  cross-grained  that  it  can  scarcely  be 
split,  and  when  sawed  into  planks  it  warps  very  much  in  season- 
ing. A  very  large  tree,  with  a  rough  bark,  sixty  to  eighty  feet 
high,  and  stem  two  feet  or  more  in  diameter.  From  Western 
New  York  to  Nebraska,  and  southward  to  Tennessee,  reaching 
its  greatest  size  in  the  latter  State  and  Kentucky.  Readily 
propagated  by  seeds  or  root  cuttings.  A  rapid  growing  tree  in 
moist,  rich  soils,  but  succeeds  poorly  in  light,  dry  soils.  Not 
especially  valuable  except  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


K>REST  TKEES.  155 


HALESIA,  Ellis. — Silver-bell  Tree. 

A  genus  of  deciduous  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  large,  veiny 
and  pointed  leaves,  and  showy  white,  or  pinkish  flowers,  on 
long,  slender  stalks  in  clusters  or  short  racemes,  from  axillary 
buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Fruit  large,  and  dry,  with  two 
to  four  wings,  the  shell  within  very  hard  and  horn-like.  Seeds 
cylindical,  and  oval  in  each  cell.  Three  species,  and  all  indi- 
genous to  the  United  States. 

Halesia  diptera,  L. — Two-winged  Silver-t)ell  Tree. — Leaves 
oval,  coarsely  serrate,  four  to  five  inches  long,  soft,  pubescent. 
Flowers  white,  about  an  inch  long,  on  slender  pedicels.  Fruit 
compressed,  an  inch  long,  with  two  wings.  A  small  tree  or 
large  shrub,  with  very  hard  wood.  In  rich  woods  of  Georgia 
and  Florida,  and  westward.  Not  quite  hardy  in  the  latitude  of 
New  York,  but  sometimes  escapes  injury  if  planted  in  a  pro- 
tected situation. 

H.  tetraptera,  L. — Silver-bell  or  Snow-drop  Tree. — Leaves  ob- 
long, finely  serrate,  two  to  four  inches  long.  Flowers  two  to 
four  in  a  cluster,  nearly  an  inch  long,  pure  white.  Fruit  with 
four  wings.  A  very  handsome,  small  tree,  if  kept  properly 
pruned,  otherwise  it  will  form  a  large  clump  with  several 
stems  springing  from  the  same  root.  If  kept  to  a  single  stem, 
it  will  grow  thirty  or  more  feet  high,  with  a  stem  a  foot  in 
diameter.  Wood  light-colored,  exceedingly  hard,  and  fine 
grained.  A  handsome,  ornamental  plant,  hardy  in  most  of 
our  Northern  States.  Native  of  Southern  Illinois,  Arkansas, 
and  southward  to  Louisiana,  and  eastward  to  North  Carolina 
and  Florida. 

H.  parviflora,  Michx. — Small  Flowered  Snow-drop  Tree. — 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  soft  and  velvety  while  young. 
Flowers  four  to  five  in  a  clustered  somewhat  leafy  raceme. 
Smaller  than  the  last,  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  or  pale- 
rose.  Fruit  slender  and  unequally  winged.  Michaux  gives 
Florida  as  its  native  habitat.  It  appears  to  be  a  rather  rare 
shrub  in  cultivation,  and  seldom  mentioned  in  nurserymen's 
catalogues.  I  have  a  specimen  plant  in  my  grounds  set  out 
twenty  years  ago,  and  it  has  never  failed  to  bloom,  showing 
that  this  species  is  quite  hardy  even  in  our  Northern  States.  It 
is  merely  a  large  shrub,  six  to  ten  feet  high,  and  the  stems  not 
as  large  or  stocky  as  in  the  other  two  species. 

3r5^ 

OF  THE 

HVERS1TY 


156  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

HETEROMELES,  Roemer. — Toyon  or  Tollon. 

A  genus  of  single  evergreen  species,  closely  related  to  the 
Hawthorn,  but  differing  in  form  of  the  calyx,  number  and 
position  of  the  stamens,  and  other  parts  of  both  flowers  and 
fruit.  It  has  been  described  under  seven  different  specific 
names,  by  as  many  botanical  authorities. 

Heteromelcs  arbntifoiia,  Reamer. — Arbutus-leaved  Toyon. — 
Leaves  deep-green  above,  light-green  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate, 
two  to  four  inches  long,  on  short  stalks,  margin  slightly  revo- 
lute.  Flowers  somewhat  soft  and  velvety,  with  five  white, 
spreading  petals  •  in  terminal  corymbose  panicles.  Fruit 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  red,  and  of  the  same 
flavor  as  some  of  the  Hawthorns.  A  small  tree  or  large  shrub, 
in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California. 

HIPPO-MAKE,  Linn. — Mancliineel. 

Tropical  evergreen  trees,  abounding  in  a  white,  milky  juice, 
which  is  very  poisonous,  and  if  it  touches  the  skin  will  cause 
severe  irritation  and  blisters.  There  are  two  species,  one  of 
which  is  found  on  our  southern  border. 

Hippomane  Mandnella,  L. — Manchineel. — Leaves  alternate, 
ovate-serrulate,  pointed,  nearly  smooth.  When  the  leaves  fall 
off  with  age,  they  leave  large  scars,  giving  to  the  branches  and 
stems  a  very  rough  appearance.  Flowers  minute,  greenish, 
without  petals,  and  in  short  spikes  of  about  two  inches  in  length. 
Fruit  large,  somewhat  resembling  apples,  but  said  to  be  poison- 
ous. The  old  botanist,  Jacquin,  said  that  they  were  eaten  by 
the  sea  crabs.  Wood  heavy,  clear-grained  and  beautifully 
variegated,  and  veined  with  various  shades  of  brown,  white, 
and  yellow.  Highly  valued  for  fancy  boxes,  and  other  kinds 
of  cabinet  work,  as  the  polished  surface  of  the  wood  resembles 
some  of  the  finest  varieties  of  marble.  In  cutting  the  tree,  the 
workmen  have  to  be  very  cautious  to  prevent,  the  juice  getting 
upon  their  flesh.  This  tree  grows  to  an  immense  size  in  the 
West  Indies,  but  only  forty  or  fifty  feet  high  in  Southern  Flor- 
ida. 

HYPEL  ATE.  — Honey-berry. 

A  small  genus  of  sub-tropical  evergreen  trees,  principally  in 
the  West  Indies,  where  they  are  cultivated  for  their  small, 
sweet,  and  edible  berries.  One  native  of  Ceylon,  and  two 
scatteringly  in  Southern  Florida. 


FOEEST  TREES.  157 

Ilypelate  panienlata. — Maderia  Wood,  Honey-berry,  Genip-tree. 
— Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  leaflets  oblong,  entire,  two  to  three 
inches  long,  smooth,  deep-green  above,  and  pale  beneath. 
Fruit  round,  of  a  green  color,  pulp  sub-acid,  astringent  or  sweet- 
ish when  fully  ripe.  This  is  the  Melicocca  paniculata  of  Jussieu. 
A  small  tree  in  Southern  Florida,  and  the  West  Indies.  Wood 
hard  and  flexible,  used  for  bows  and  spears. 

II.  trifoliata. — Three-leaved  Genip-tree. — Leaves  trifoliate  ; 
leaflets  obovate,  rather  thick,  and  of  a  leathery  appearance  on 
the  upper  surface.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  short  panicle  or 
cluster,  only  a  few  in  number.  Fruit  black  and  only  one- 
seeded.  A  small  tree  with  brittle  branches.  Southern  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies. 

ILEX,  Linn. — Holly. 

A  very  extensive  genus  of  small  trees  and  shrubs,  mostly  with 
thick  and  rigid  evergreen  leaves,  small  white  flowers  and  red 
berry-like  fruit.  Hollies  are  to  be  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  world,  but  teainly  in  temperate  climates,  but  most  highly 
prized  as  ornamental  plants  in  Great  Britain,  where,  from  the 
European  Holly  (Ilex  Aguifolium),  scores  of  elegant  varieties 
have  been  produced  and  extensively  propagated.  These  European 
varieties  are  not  well  adapted  to  our  dry  and  hot  climates, 
and  are  seldom  cultivated,  except  in  conservatories,  or  in  such 
positions  where  they  can  be  protected  in  winter,  and  shaded 
from  the  hot  sun  in  summer.  We  have  only  two  species  that 
grow  to  the  size  of  trees. 

Ilex  Dahoon,  Nutt. — Dahoon  Holly. — Leaves  acute  or  obtuse, 
serrate,  or  toothed  with  sharp  points,  young  branches  and  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent.  There  are  several 
well-marked  wild  varieties.  A  small  tree,  with  very  hard 
wood,  sometimes  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet  high.  Virginia  to 
Florida  and  westward. 

I.  opaca,  Aiton. — American  Holly. — Leaves  oval,  concave, 
wavy,  and  sharp  spines  on  the  margins.  Flowers  at  the  base 
of  the  previous  season's  shoots,  succeeded  by  bright  red  berries, 
which  remain  on  the  tree  all  winter,  and  are  much  sought 
after  about  the  holidays  for  decorating  churches  and  private 
dwellings.  A  tree  from  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  wood  very 
hard.  Found  sparingly  in  Southern  New  England,  Long  Island, 
New  Jersey,  and  southward  to  Florida.  One  of  our  most 
beautiful  broad-leaved  evergreen  trees,  scarcely  hardy  north  of 


158  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

the  latitude  of  New  York  City,  except  in  protected  situations. 
I  have  specimens  in  my  own  grounds  standing  on  the  south 
side  of  Arbor  Vitaes  and  other  positions,  where  they  are  shield- 
ed from  north-west  winds,  that  have  never  been  injured,  but 
others  not  a  hundred  feet  distant,  are  often  badly  browned  in 
winter.  Our  American  Holly  is  well  worthy  of  more  extended 
cultivation  than  it  has  ever  received,  and  should  be  planted  as 
an  under-shrub  in  forests,  wherever  the  climate  will  permit. 
The  seed  should  be  stored  in  moist  earth  or  sand  for  one  year 
before  sowing,  for  if  sown  as  soon  as  gathered,  they  will  not 
sprout  until  the  second  year.  The  Hollies  are  readily  propagated 
by  grafting  in  spring,  or  budding  in  the  latter  part  of  summer. 
The  weak-growing  or  dwarf  species  and  varieties  being  worked 
on  the  strong. 

I.  Cassine,  L. — Yaupon  Holly. — Leaves  small,  one-half  to  an 
inch  long,  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  edges  scalloped  into  rounded 
teeth.  Fruit  very  abundant,  and  in  clusters.  The  leaves  of 
this  species  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  genuine  tea, 
and  are  known  in  the  South  as  Yaupon  tea.  A  small  shrub, 
only  eight  to  ten  feet  high,  in  sandy  soils  from  North  Carolina 
southward. 

I.  glabra,  Gray. — Common  Inkberry. — Leaves  smooth,  wedge 
oblong  or  obovate,  slightly  toothed  near  the  apex.  Fruit  small, 
black.  A  small  shrub  along  the  coast  of  New  England,  New 
Jersey,  and  southward  to  Florida. 

I.  coriapea,  Piinos  coiiarea,  Ell. — Leaves  somewhat  like  the 
last,  but  with  sharp  scattered  teeth  on  the  margin.  A  small 
shrub  in  wet  places  in  the  South. 

We  also  have  some  four  or  five  deciduous  species  of  the  Hex 
or  Prinos  of  some  botanists,  but  all  are  shrubs,  mostly  frequent- 
ing swamps  and  low  grounds.  The  I.  verticillata,  Gray,  is 
known  as  Black  Alder  or  Winterberry,  the  bright  scarlet  ber- 
ries in  autumn  and  early  winter  make  this  shrub  a  very  con- 
spicuous object  in  swamps  and  low  grounds  in  our  Northern 
as  well  as  Southern  States. 

JUGLAKS,  Linn. — Butternuts,  Walnuts. 
In  species  this  genus  is  quite  restricted,  there  being  but  one 
indigenous  to  the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  four  to  the  western, 
and  all  these  natives  of  the  United  States.  They  are  large  trees 
with  one  exception,  bearing  edible  nuts,  some  of  which  are 
highly  prized  and  extensively  cultivated.  Flowers  similar  to 


FOKEST  TREES.  159 

those  of  the  Hickory  (carya),  the  staminate  catkins  produced 
from  the  previous  year's  wood,  long,  solitary,  or  in  pairs.  Fer- 
tile flowers  solitary,  or  few  in  a  short  terminal  spike;  the  calyx 
adhering  to  the  ovary.  Fruit  fleshy,  enclosing  an  irregularly 
rough  nut.  Wood  of  all  valuable. 

Jnglans  Californica,  Watson. — California  Walnut. — Leaves  more 
or  less  downy.  Leaflets  five  to  eight  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  narrowing  upward  from  near  the  base,  and  two  to  two- 
and  a  half  inches  long.  Fruit  round,  slightly  compressed, 
about  an  inch  in  diameter,  shell  rather  thin,  with  two  broad 
cavities  upon  each  side.  A  tree  or  large  shrub  near  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  on  the  Sacramento  a  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  and 
stems  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Also  in  Southern  Calif  or^ 
nia,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  in  Sonora,  Mexico. 

J.  cincroa,  L. — Butternut. — Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  downy,  especially  underneath,  and  the> 
petioles  and  branchlets  with  clammy  hairs.  Fruit  oblong, 
clammy,  and  the  nut  deeply  sculptured  and  with  ragged  sharp 
ridges  ;  kernel  sweet,  rich,  and  oily.  A  well-known  tree  with 
gray  bark,  and  only  slightly  furrowed  on  the  stems  of  old 
trees.  Wood  light- colored,  only  moderately  hard,  very  dur- 
able, and  considered  valuable  for  cabinet  work  and  various 
other  purposes.  The  inner  bark  has  long  been  used  for  color- 
ing cloth,  and  the  historic  "Butternut  color"  is  not  quite  ex- 
tinct, although  not  so  common  as  it  was  a  half  century  ago. 

A  large  tree  in  the  bottoms  along  our  northern  rivers  ;  some- 
times sixty  feet  in  hight,  and  stem  two  feet  or  more  in  diame- 
ter. A  rapid  growing  tree,  readily  raised  from  the  nuts,  ana 
can  be  safely  transplanted  at  almost  any  age,  especially  when 
raised  in  nurseries  and  moved  when  young.  A  common  tree 
in  nearly  all  of  our  Northern  States,  and  southward  along  tho 
mountains. 

J.  iiiirrsi. — Black  Walnut. — Leaflets  eleven  to  twenty-one,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  pointed,  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  base  ;  neither  leaves,  stalks,  or  fruit  clammy,  as  in 
the  last.  Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  dotted,  but  not  fur- 
rowed. Shell  of  nut  black,  or  dark  brown,  very  rough  ;  kernel 
large,  very  oily,  and  a  strong,  rather  disagreeable  flavor,  but 
not  at  all  poisonous  as  sometimes  stated.  Wood  of  a  dark, 
rich  brown  color,  rather  hard  and  firm,  but  susceptible  of  a 
high  polish,  and  probably  more  extensively  employed  for  first- 
class  cabinet  work  than  any  other  native  wood.  It  is  also  ex- 


160  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

tensively  used  for  gun-stocks,  hand-rails,  floors,  stairs,  and  in- 
side finishing  generally.  One  of  our  most  valuable  timber 
trees,  once  so  abundant  in  some  of  our  Western  States,  as  to 
be  employed  for  fencing,  and  many  farms  have  been  enclosed 
with  fences  made  of  black  walnut  rails.  If  the  trees  had 
been  left  standing,  they  would  now  be  worth  many  times 
more  than  the  land  is,  from  which  they  were  so  ruthlessly 
destroyed.  The  Black  Walnut  is  a  noble  tree  with  a  very  erect 
straight  stem,  often  reaching  a  hight  of  sixty  to  ninety  feet, 
and  from  four  to  six  feet  in  diameter.  The  bark  is  usually 
rough,  dark-colored  and  deeply  furrowed.  If  raised  in  nur- 
sery rows,  and  the  seedlings  transplanted,  and  roots  pruned 
when  young,  the  Black  Walnut  may  be  moved  without  danger 
of  loss,  when  from  four  to  six  feet  high.  For  planting,  the 
nuts  should  be  gathered  in  the  fall,  mixed  with  soil  or  sand, 
and  left  in  heaps  exposed  to  frosts  during  the  winter.  In 
spring  plant  them  in  rows,  covering  them  with  an  inch  or  two 
of  soil.  The  Black  Walnut  is  a  rapid-growing,  hardy  tree, 
commencing  to  bear  nuts  in  eight  to  ten  years,  but  will  require 
from  twenty  to  forty  years  to  reach  a  size  large  enough  to  pro- 
duce boards  or  planks.  It  is  widely  distributed  over  the  United 
States,  from  Vermont  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas, 
thence  northward  to  Nebraska,  but  now  more  abundant  west 
of  the  Alleghanies  than  east  of  them. 

J.  rupestris,  Engelmann. — Leaves  composed  of  from  six  to 
twelve  pairs  of  leaflets,  usually  short-pointed.  Nut  very  small, 
round,  very  thick,  nearly  solid  walls.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  in  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Jnglans  regia. — English  Walnut,  French  Walnut,  Madeira 
Nut. — Leaves  composed  of  from  five  to  nine  oval,  smooth  leaf- 
lets. Fruit  round  or  oval,  and  when  ripe,  the  husk  becomes 
friable  and  brittle,  opening  and  allowing  the  nut  to  fall  out. 
The  shell  is  thin,  kernel  large,  with  a  rich,  oily,  but  rather 
strong  taste.  A  well-known  nut  in  our  markets,  and  through- 
out those  of  the  greater  part  of  the  whole  world.  Although 
often  called  English  or  French  Walnut,  the  tree  is  not  a  native 
of  these  countries,  but  is  found  in  Persia,  and  according  to  some 
authorities  in  China.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  so  many  cen- 
turies in  Europe,  that  a  large  number  of  varieties  have  been 


FOREST  TREES. 


161 


produced  there,  varying  much  in  the  size  and  quality  of  the 
nuts,  also  in  the  leaves,  and  form  and  growth  of  the  trees.     In 
general  appearance  this  Royal  Walnut  of  the  East  resembles 
our  American  Butternut,  but  the  trees  grow  to  even  a  larger 
size.     The  wood  is  quite  valuable  and  highly  prized  in  Europe 
for  cabinet  work  and  similar  uses.     But  after  the  discovery  of 
America   and   the   introduction    from    here  of 
Black  Walnut,  which  is  its  superior  for  similar 
purposes,  its  value  decreased  in  consequence  of 
competition,  but  even  now  is  much  sought  after 
and  commands  a  large  price.    The  success  of  this 
tree  in  the  United  States  has  been  greatest  in  Fi£-  38.— SMALL 
the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  still  there  are  F  U™.™ 
many  quite  old  and  large  trees  in  the  suburbs 
of  New  York  City,  some  of  which  seldom  fail  to  produce  a 
good  crop  of  nuts.      In  years  past  there  has  been  no  especial 
attention  given  to  the  selection  of    varieties  adapted  to  the 
climate  of  our  Northern  States,  hence  there  has  been  more 


Fig.  39.— GIBBOU'S  WALNUT.  Fig.  40.—  BAR-THERE  WALNUT. 

failures  than  successes  in  attempts  to  cultivate  this  Eastern 
nut,  but  with  proper  care  in  selecting  seedlings  from  the  cooler 
parts  of  Europe,  and  propagating  from  well-tested  varieties 


162  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

that  do  succeed  here,  I  can  see  no  good  reason  why  this  nut 
should  not  be  raised  in  abundance  in  most  of  our  Northern 
States.  Kecently  a  dwarf  French  variety,  called  the  "Prepar- 
turiens,"  has  been  introduced  and  largely  propagated  by  our 
nurserymen,  as  it  is  said  to  come  into  bearing  when  quite 
young.  There  is  a  very  large  number  of  varieties  cultivated 
in  the  French  and  other  European  nurseries,  the  nuts  varying 
greatly  in  size  and  form,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  illus- 
trations, which  I  have  selected  merely  to  give  the  reader  an 
idea  of  the  extremes  of  variations  to  be  found  among  the  nuts. 
The  Small-fruited  Walnut  (Juglans  regia  microcarpa),  shown 
in  fig.  38,  is  only  about  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  but  the  ker- 
nel is  sweet,  and  of  a  most  delicate  flavor  and  texture.  This 
is  probably  the  smallest  variety  known,  while  the  Gibbou's 


Fig.  41. — CUT-LEAVED  WALNUT. 

Walnut  (J.  regia  Gibbosa),  fig.  39,  is  quite  the  opposite  or  the 
largest,  and  while  it  has  a  rather  thick  shell,  the  kernel  is  of 
excellent  quality  and  easily  extracted.  The  Barthere  Walnut 
(J.  regia  Barthereana),  fig.  40,  is  remarkable  for  its  extreme 
length.  Its  shell  is  quite  thin,  and  the  flavor  of  the  kernel  is 
excellent.  Between  these  extremes  of  variation  there  are 
scores  of  others  that  are  quite  distinct,  and  may  be  found  de- 
scribed in  the  catalogues  of  European  nurserymen.  There  is  a 
also  a  marked  difference  in  the  habit  of  growth  of  the  differ- 
ent varieties,  some  being  very  tall  trees,  and  others  dwarfish. 
There  are  also  broad-leaved  and  narrow-leaved  varieties,  and 
among  the  latter  the  pretty  Cut-leaved  Walnut  (J.  r.  laciniata), 
fig.  41, 


FOEEST  TEEES.  163 

KALMIA. — American   Laurel. 

A  genus  of  less  than  a  half  dozen  species,  all  native  of  North 
America.  Two  are  low  shrubs,  and  only  one  growing  to  the 
hight  of  twenty  feet  or  more.  They  all  have  handsome  ever- 
green leaves  and  showy  flowers.  The  common  name  ' '  laurel " 
is  a  misnomer,  as  the  Kalmias  are  far  removed  botanically  from 
the  true  Laurels  (Laurus).  The  genus  was  named  for  Peter 
Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  who  visited  this  country  early  in 
the  last  century. 

Kalmia  latifolia,  L, — Broad-leaved  Kalmia,  Calico-bush,  Spoon- 
wood. — Leaves  oval  or  lance-oval,  bright  green  on  both  sides. 
Flowers  in  large,  showy  clusters  ;  white  to  deep  pink  or  rose, 
with  crimson  spots,  appearing  in  spring  or  early  summer.  One 
of  our  most  beautiful  native  shrubs  or  small  trees.  Common 
in  damp  soils  and  rocky  woods,  from  Maine  to  Florida.  Usual- 
ly a  low  spreading  shrub,  but  in  favorable  soils  in  the  Middle 
States,  it  reaches  a  hight  of  thirty  feet,  with  a  stem  a  foot  or 
more  in  diameter.  Wood  very  hard  and  close-grained  ;  excel- 
lent for  handles  of  tools,  wooden  spoons,  etc. 

R.  angnsiifolia,  L. — Narrow-leaved  Kalmia  or  Sheep  Laurel. — 
Leaves  very  narrow,  with  short  stalks,  pale-green  beneath. 
Flowers  smaller  than  the  last,  of  a  crimson  purple  color,  appear- 
ing late  in  spring.  Has  the  reputation,  probably  unjustly  so, 
of  poisoning  sheep  and  calves,  and  for  this  reason  has  received 
the  common  names  of  Lamb-kill  and  Kill-calf.  A  shrub  from 
two  to  three  feet  high,  in  low,  dry  grounds.  New  England  to 
Alabama. 

K.  rnneata,  Michx. — Carolina  Sheep  Laurel. — Leaves  sessile, 
alternate,  wedge-shaped,  pubescent  beneath,  bristle-pointed. 
Flowers  white.  This  is  a  rare  shrub  and  may  be  only  a  variety 
of  the  last.  Swamps  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 

R.  irlanca,  Ait. — Pale  Laurel. — Leaves  opposite,  oblong,  whit- 
ish beneath,  with  revolute  margins.  Young  branches  two- 
edged.  Flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters,  of  a  lilac-purple 
color.  A  small  shrub,  only  one  or  two  feet  high  in  cold  bogs, 
from  Pennsylvania  northward. 

R.  liirsnta,  Walt.— Hairy-leaved,  Wicky.— Leaves  alternate 
opposite,  hairy,  and  only  a  half  inch  long,  oval  or  oblong. 
Flowers  numerous  but  solitary,  and  of  a  pale  rose-color.  A 
shrub  six  to  eighteen  inches  high,  in  pine-barrens.  Georgia 
and  Florida. 


164  PBACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

LAGUNCULARIA,  Gaert. —  White  Mangrove. 

Small  maritime,  sub-tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen, 
opposite  leaves,  of  an  elliptical  form,  and  thick  and  fleshy. 
Flowers  small,  yellowish  white,  in  simple  or  compound  axillary 
and  terminal  spikes.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  one  seed  or  nut.  We 
have  but  one,  or  at  most,  two  species. 

Lagnncnlaria  rafemosa,  Gsert. — White  Mangrove,  Black  Button 
Tree. — Spikes  upright,  rigid,  hairy,  the  lateral  ones  solitary, 
the  terminal  ones  in  threes,  simple  or  branched.  Flowers  scat- 
tered. A  small  tree  or  shrub  in  South  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies.  The  L.  glabriflora  of  Presl.  is  probably  only  a  form  of 
the  above,  found  in  the  same  regions,  neither  of  any  value  to 
man  so  far  as  known. 

LiQuiDAMBAR,  L. — Sweet  Gum. 

Deciduous  trees,  with  monoecious  flowers,  in  globular,  four- 
bracted  spiked  heads.  The  flowers  are  very  small,  and  have 
neither  calyx  or  corolla,  but  sterile  ones  with  numerous  stamens. 
Heads  of  sterile  flowers  sessile,  crowded,  those  of  fertile  ones  on 
a  long  drooping  peduncle.  Seeds  small,  angled  or  scale-like. 
One  species  belonging  to  this  country. 

Liqnidambar  Styradflua. — Sweet  Gum,  Bilsted,  Alligator-tree. — 
Leaves  roundish,  but  with  five  to  seven-pointed  spreading  lobes. 
In  autumn  they  assume  a  rich  bronze  color,  but  on  some  trees 
they  change  to  a  crimson.  The  smaller  branches  are  ornamented 
with  prominent  corky  ridges,  and  the  young  twigs  can  often 
be  selected  of  very  curious  shapes,  having  a  fanciful  resem- 
blance to  some  of  our  reptiles,  and  this  may  have  suggested 
the  name  of  Alligator  tree,  under  which  name  the  twigs  are 
frequently  sold  in  the  streets  of  New  York.  The  Sweet  Gum 
is  one  of  our  most  noble  forest  trees,  somewhat  resembling  the 
Sugar  Maple,  but  with  a  more  conical  head,  the  branches 
spreading  widely,  often  drooping,  with  the  ends  curved  upward. 
It  is  also  a  rapid  growing  tree,  and  thrives  on  a  great  variety  of 
soils,  from  the  light,  dry,  and  sandy,  to  the  cold  and  wet.  Among 
the  first  trees  planted  on  my  lawn  was  one  Liquidambar,  and 
I  have  never  regretted  giving  it  a  conspicuous  position,  as  it  is 
one  of  the  very  best  ornamental  trees  in  my  collection.  The 
wood  of  this  tree  is  very  light,  but  compact,  fine  grained,  but 
not  hard,  sometimes  used  for  cabinet  work,  but  owing  to  its 
softness  is  easily  bruised.  It  is  what  is  termed  uneven-grained 


FOREST  TREES. 


165 


wood,  warping  badly  when  sawn  into  boards  or  planks.  It  de- 
cays rapidly  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  and  is  of  very  little 
value  for  fuel.  Although  this  is  not  a  valuable  timber  tree,  it 
is  well  worth  cultivating  for  ornament.  A  large  tree,  sixty  to 
eighty  feet  high,  with  a  very  straight  stem.  More  abundant  in 
the  Eastern  and  Southern  States  than  in  the  West.  Native  of 
New  England  and  southward  to  Central  America.  Varieties  of 
this  species  appear  to  be  quite  rare,  and  I  do  not  now  call  to 
mind  any  that  have  been  disseminated  by  our  nurserymen. 
The  late  Joseph  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  found  a  curi- 


Fig.  42.—  LONGWOBTH'S  LIQUID  AM  BAR. 

ous  variety  several  years  ago  growing  in  the  suburbs  of  that 
city,  and  transplanted  it  to  his  grounds.  The  peculiarity  of 
this  variety  was  in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  as  shown  in  fig.  42, 
and  instead  of  being  five-pointed,  star-shaped  as  usual  in  the 
species,  they  have  only  three  prominent  points  with  one  or  two 
smaller  ones.  I  think  that  this  variety  was  first  described  by 
the  editor  of  the  American  Agriculturist  in  1868,  who  also  sug' 
gested  that  it  should  bear  the  name  of  L.  Longworthii, 


166  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


There  is  an  oriental  species  of  the  Liquidambar  (L.  orientalis 
Mill,  or  L.  imberbe,  Aiton),  and  although  introduced  into  the 
gardens  of  England  in  1759,  it  has  never  become  popular  as  an 
ornamental  plant,  probably  because  of  its  dwarfish  habit, 
seldom  growing  more  than  a  dozen  feet  high. 

LIRIODENDROH. — Tulip  Tree. 

A  magnificent  native  deciduous  tree,  belonging  to  the  Magnolia 
family.  Flowers  composed  of  six  petals,  bell-shaped.  Fruit  a 
cone-like  head,  comprised  of  a  large  number  of  dry  seeds,  with 
long,  narrow  scales  or  wings,  attached  to  a  common  axis  at 
their  base,  forming  a  conical  spike  two  inches  or  more  in  length. 
Each  fruit  is  composed  of  sixty  or  more  winged  seeds,  but  only 
a  small  proportion  contain  kernels,  or  will  germinate.  Seeds 
from  old  trees  are  less  productive  than  those  from  young  ones. 
There  is  but  one  species. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera.— Tulip  Tree,  White-wood,  Canoe-wood, 
Virginia  Poplar. — Leaves  large,  smooth  on  both  sides,  on  slen- 
der stalks,  somewhat  three-lobed,  the  middle  one  appearing  as 
if  it  had  been  cut  off,  leaving  a  shallow  notch.  Flowers  bell- 
shaped,  greenish-yellow,  tinged  with  orange.  The  branches 
with  smooth,  grayish  bark.  Terminal  buds  on  the  shoots 
swell  considerably  in  spring,  before  the  leaves  unfold.  On 
young  thrifty  trees  the  leaves  are  often  six  to  eight  inches  in 
diameter,  and  of  a  clear,  bright-green  color.  Bark  on  old  trees 
deeply  furrowed,  and  quite  thick.  One  of  our  finest  and 
largest  forest  trees  in  the  Eastern  States,  sometimes  reaching  a 
hight  of  one  hundred  and  forty  feet,  with  a  stem  four  to  six 
feet  in  diameter.  Wood  light,  soft,  but  close-grained,  easily 
worked,  and  extensively  used  for  the  interior  work  of  carriages, 
furniture,  and  other  purposes  where  it  is  not  exposed  to  air 
and  moisture.  It  is  only  valuable  for  inside  work,  for  it  decays 
rapidly  if  exposed.  This  is  one  of  the  few  kinds  of  wood  that 
will  shrink  endways  of  the  grain  when  seasoning.  The  wood 
is  also  quite  variable  in  color  and  texture,  and  that  from  the 
largest  trees  that  have  grown  on  rich  soils  is  the  most  valuable. 
The  tulip  is  readily  propagated  from  seed,  and  if  several  times 
transplanted  in  the  nursery,  the  trees  produce  a  great  abundance 
of  fibrous  roots.  Thrives  best  on  light,  deep  loam,  or  sandy 
soils.  Does  not  succeed  in  a  heavy  clay  or  in  swampy  land. 
It  is  what  may  be  called  a  very  clean  tree,  only  a  very  few 
species  of  insects  attacking  it,  and  these  appearing  to  do  it  but 


EOfcEST  TREES.  167 

little  injury.  Native  of  Vermont  and  southward  to  Florida, 
and  westward  to  Eastern  Kansas.  It  was  formerly  quite 
abundant  in  Western  New  York,  and  where  very  large  trees 
were  plentiful,  but  is  now  scarce,  except  in  some  of  the  forests 
of  the  Middle  States. 

MACLURA,  Nutt. — Osage  Orange. 

A  genus  of  handsome  ornamental  trees  of  moderate  size, 
with  dioecious  flowers,  the  staminate  or  male  in  long  racemes, 
resembling  those  of  the  common  Mulberry,  the  pistillate 
or  fertile  flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  large,  spherical  bead, 
becoming  a  compound  globular  fruit,  resembling  a  large, 
rough  orange  of  a  greenish  yellow  color,  containing  a  large 
number  of  obovate  seeds.  Two  evergreen  species  in  the  West 
Indies  and  one  deciduous  in  the  United  States. 

Madura  aurantiaca,  Nutt. — Osage  Orange,  Bois  d'arc. — Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  rather  long  pointed,  bright,  glossy  green, 
usually  with  a  sharp  spine  at  the  base  of  each,  even  on  the 
smallest  twigs.  Wood  solid,  heavy  and  elastic,  quite  durable, 
of  a  fine  yellow  color,  which  is  readily  communicated  to  water. 
Usually  a  medium-sized  tree,  but  sometimes  grows  fifty  feet 
high,  with  a  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Abundant  in  the 
South-western  States,  Eastern  Texas,  Arkansas,  Indian  Terri- 
tory. This  tree  has  been  more  extensively  employed  for  hedges 
than  any  other,  and  is  well  adapted  for  live  fences,  as  the 
thorns,  while  abundant,  are  not  so  large  and  strong  as  to  be 
dangerous  to  stock.  It  is  not  quite  hardy  in  our  more  North- 
ern States,  although  in  sheltered  positions  the  trees  grow 
rapidly,  and  to  a  considerable  size,  fruiting  quite  freely  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York  City.  The  introduction  of  barbed 
wire  fencing  has  made  hedge  plants  less  a  necessity  than  for- 
merly, and  the  Osage  Orange  will  probably  not  be  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  future,  except  as  an  ornamental  tree,  or 
for  feeding  the  silk- worm,  for  which  the  leaves  are  well 
adapted 

MAGNOLIA,  Linn. 

An  extensive  and  widely  distributed  genus  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  There  are  both  decidu- 
ous and  evergreen  species,  and  the  larger  proportion,  and  those 
growing  to  the  largest  size,  are  natives  of  the  United  States. 
They  are  usually  propagated  by  seeds  or  layers,  although  both 


168  PEACTICAL  FOKESTRY. 

budding  and  grafting  are  practiced  in  multiplying  rare  species 
and  varieties.  The  seeds  should  never  be  allowed  to  get  thor- 
oughly dry,  but  as  soon  as  removed  from  the  pulp,  be  mixed 
with  moist  sand  or  soil,  or  sown  immediately.  Layers  put 
down  in  spring  root  freely,  but  it  is  well  to  allow  the  layered 
branch  to  grow  undisturbed  through  the  entire  first  season, 
neither  cutting  it  back  or  removing  any  of  the  leaves.  Bud- 
ding may  be  done  in  summer  while  there  is  a  rapid  flow  of  sap, 
but  grafting  is  generally  most  successful  upon  stocks  grown  or 
kept  in  a  propagating  house  until  the  cion  has  united,  and  made 
one  season's  growth.  In  grafting  the  evergreen  species,  the 
cion  should  be  inserted  in  the  side  of  the  stock  and  below  some 
good  healthy  leaves,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  grafting 
conifers.  Magnolias  should  never  be  transplanted  in  the 
autumn,  especially  in  cool  climates,  as  their  roots  are  quite 
soft,  and  the  exposed  wood  and  small  fibers  decay  very  quickly 
on  trees  transplanted  in  the  fall. 

Magnolia  ;un  initial  a.  L. -Cucumber  Tree. -Leaves  oblong,  pointed, 
green  above,  but  slightly  paler  beneath,  five  to  ten  inches  long. 
Flowers  pale-yellowish-green,  about  three  inches  broad.  Fruit 
irregular,  oblong,  containing  a  few  hard,  bony,  black  seeds. 
A  handsome,  erect-growing,  stately  tree,  sixty  to  ninety  feet 
high,  with  stem  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  rather 
soft,  of  a  yellowish- white  color,  quite  durable,  and  extensively 
used  for  pump  logs ;  wooden  bowls,  and  other  household  uten- 
sils are  also  made  from  it.  Formerly  very  abundant  in  West- 
ern New  York  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  Georgia 
and  Kentucky. 

M.  eordata,  Michx. — Yellow  Cucumber  Tree. — Leaves  oval  or 
roundish,  seldom  cordate  as  the  name  implies,  four  to  six 
inches  long,  white,  downy  beneath.  Flowers  four  to  six  inches 
broad,  petals  six  to  nine,  of  a  lemon-yellow  color.  Fruit  oval 
or  oblong,  about  three  inches  long.  A  rather  broad,  spreading 
tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  quite  hardy  as  far  north  as  New 
York,  but  native  of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and 
southward  to  Alabama  and  Georgia.  It  is  not  a  very  popular 
ornamental  tree,  and  the  wood  is  too  soft  and  light  to  be  of 
much  value. 

M.  Fraseri,  Walt. — Ear-leaved  Magnolia. — Leaves  nearly  a  foot 
long,  spatulate-obovate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  heart-shaped, 
and  two-eared  or  auricled  at  the  base  ;  stalks  slender.  Flowers 
about  six  inches  broad,  white  and  fragrant.  A  tall,  rather 


FOREST  TREES.  169 

slender  tree,  quite  hardy,  often  blooming  twice  in  a  season  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  York.  Wood  soft,  but  resembling  that 
of  the  first. 

M.  irhuica,  L. — Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Magnolia. — Leaves  quite 
thick,  oblong-oval,  smooth  and  glossy  above,  white  or  rusty 
pubescent  beneath,  evergreen  in  the  South,  and  nearly  so  in 
protected  situations  at  the  North.  Flowers  composed  of  nine 
concave  petals  about  two  inches  broad,  white,  and  very  fra- 
grant. Cone  of  fruit  oval,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  con- 
taining numerous  black  seeds,  enclosed  in  a  light  scarlet  pulp 
or  aril,  a  character  common  to  most  of  the  species,  but  in  some 
the  aril  is  of  a  darker  color.  The  Sweet  Bay  or  Swamp  Mag- 
nolia is  one  of  our  most  beautiful  ornamental  shrubs,  or  small 
trees,  and  while  it  thrives  best  in  low,  most  soils,  it  will  grow 
quite  well  in  any  moderately  good  garden  soil.  A  small  tree, 
but  often  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  swampy  grounds.  A 
variety  of  this,  known  as  the  M.  longifolia,  has  larger  leaves 
than  the  species,  otherwise  not  different.  Native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  southward  to  Florida. 

M.  grandiflora,  L. — Large-flowered  Magnolia,  Southern  Ever- 
green Magnolia. — Leaves  evergreen,  thick  and  leathery,  oblong, 
smooth  above,  rusty  pubescent  beneath,  six  to  twelve  inches 
long.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  and  from  six  to  ten  inches 
broad.  Fruit  oval,  three  to  four  inches  long.  Wood  soft,  and 
very  white,  of  little  value  except  for  inside  work,  and  where 
it  will  not  be  subjected  to  any  wear.  A  large  tree  from  fifty 
to  nearly  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  two  to  three  feet 
in  diameter.  This  is,  without  doubt,  the  most  noble,  broad- 
leaved,  evergreen  tree  found  in  North  America.  Unfortu- 
nately it  is  not  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  and  must  be 
treated  as  a  green-house  shrub,  or  at  least  given  some  protec- 
tion in  winter.  Native  of  North  Carolina,  and  south  to 
Florida,  thence  west  to  Texas,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 
as  far  north  as  Natchez. 

II.  inatTophylla,  Michx. — Great- leaved  Magnolia. — Leaves  very 
large,  sometimes  three  feet  long,  usually  clustered  on  the  ends 
of  the  stout,  cane-like,  whitish,  pubescent  branches.  The 
leaves  are  broadest  above  the  middle,  or  obovate-spatulate, 
heart-shaped,  or  slightly  eared  at  the  base,  green  above,  but 
whitish  beneath.  Flowers  white,  with  a  purple  spot  near  the 
base,  fragrant,  and  often  twelve  inches  broad.  Fruit  nearly 
cylindrical,  and  about  four  inches  long,  the  color  at  maturity  is 
8 


170  PRACTICAL  FORESTR Y. 

a  deep  rose.  A  tropical-looking  tree,  growing  thirty  to  forty 
feet  high.  Wood  soft,  and  of  little  value.  A  rare  tree  in 
nature,  and  not  found  anywhere  in  great  abundance,  but  scat- 
teringly  in  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee.  A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  a  foot 
or  a  little  more  in  diameter.  Quite  hardy  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York  City,  but  tender  farther  north. 

M.  Umbrella,  Lam.,  M.  tripeleta,  L. — Umbrella  Tree. — Leaves 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  obovate-oblong,  twelve 
to  eighteen  inches  long,  pointed  ;  downy  beneath,  but  becom- 
ing smooth  with  age.  Flowers  of  about  nine  petals,  white,  six 
to  eight  inches  broad.  Fruit  oblong,  four  to  six  inches  long, 
-rose-colored  when  mature  ;  quite  ornamental.  A  small,  rather 
straggling  growing  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  Western 
New  York,  Alleghany  County  in  the  hills,  and  southward  in 
the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Carolinas,  Northern  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia,  and  westward  to  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 
A  hardy  and  very  handsome  tree.  Wood  rather  soft  and  of  lit- 
tle value. 

Mt  Thompson! a n a. — Thompson's  Magnolia. — Supposed  to  be  a 
hybrid  between  M.  glauca  and  M.  Umbrella.  A  medium  sized 
tree,  with  the  habits  of  the  last,  but  blooming  irregularly  through- 
out the  summer.  Flowers  large,  creamy-white  and  fragrant. 
Propagated  by  grafting  on  the  stocks  of  M.  acuminata,  which 
is  also  the  best  stock  upon  which  to  work  nearly  all  of  the 
species  and  varieties  in  cultivation,  including  the 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AKD   VARIETIES. 

Of  these  there  are  quite  a  large  number,  mainly  from  China 
and  Japan,  most  of  which  are  hardy  in  our  Northern  States. 
Authorities  do  not  agree  as  to  which  should  be  considered  as 
species  or  varieties,  but  as  they  are  all  cultivated  as  ornamental 
trees  or  shrubs,  and  not  for  any  economic  purpose,  I  will  only 
name  a  few  of  the  best  known  without  regard  to  their  botani- 
cal classification.  The  flowers  of  the  following  appear  early  in 
spring,  before  the  leaves,  or  with  them,  and  are  very  showy 
when  not  cut  off  by  frosts,  as  they  often  are — in  and  above  the 
latitude  of  New  York. 

M.  atropnrpnrea. — Dark  purple  flowers,  blooming  rather  late  or 
with  the  opening  of  the  leaves. 

M.  conspicua,— Yulan  ;  or,  Chinese  White.— Flowers  very  large, 


FOREST  TREES.  171 

white  ;  appearing  very  early.     Quite  a  tall  shrub  or  tree  when 
worked  on  strong  growing  stocks. 

M.  Lennei. — Lenne's  Hybrid. — Flowers  large  and  showy,  crim- 
son outside,  and  pearl-colored  within. 

M.  Norbertiana. — Norbert's  Hybrid. — A  seedling  of  the  next, 
with  dark  purple  flowers. 

M.  Sonlangeana. — Soulange's  Hybrid. — A  low  spreading  tree 
with  large  whitish  flowers,  with  purple  at  the  base  of  the 
petals. 

31.  speciosa. — Showy  Magnolia. — Flowers  smaller  than  the  last, 
but  appearing  a  week  later,  but  similar  in  color. 

M.  stricta, — Great  Chinese  M. — Flowers  slightly  tinted  with 
purple,  but  almost  white,  an  erect  growing  and  free-blooming 
variety. 

M.  snperba. — Superb  Chinese  M. — Flowers  darker  than  those 
of  Soulangeana,  otherwise  quite  similar. 

M.  hypolenea.—  Japan  M.— A  recently  introduced  species,  with 
very  large  leaves  sometimes  tinted  with  purple.  A  very  erect 
growing  tree,  with  creamy- white  fragrant  flowers,  appearing 
after  the  leaves  have  expanded. 

M.  kolms. — Thurber's  Japan  M. — A  medium  sized  bush  with 
fragrant  blush-white  flowers. 

M.  parviflora. — Small-flowered  Japan  M. — A  new  variety  with 
small,  very  fragrant  flowers.  Leaves  large  and  handsome. 

M.  purpnrea.— Purple  Japan  M.— An  old  dwarfish  variety,  with 
dark,  purple  flowers,  rather  tender.  A  variety  of  this  known 
in  catalogues  under  the  name  of  M.  gracilis,  has  very  slender, 
upright  stems.  It  blooms  freely  in  my  grounds  when  given  a 
slight  prot action  in  winter. 

M.  stellata. — Star  Magnolia,  Hall's  Japan  M. — A  low-growing 
shrub,  with  pure  white  fragrant  flowers,  of  a  rather  loose  and 
irregular  shape,  but  appearing  in  spring  before  those  of  any 
other  species. 

MELIA,  Linn. — Pride  of  India. 

A  genus  of  handsome  tropical  or  sub-tropical  trees.  Princk 
pally  evergreen,  with  large,  handsome  pinnate  or  doubly-pin- 
nate leaves.  While  there  are  no  species  native  of  the  United 
States,  there  is  one  that  was  so  early  introduced  into  the 
Southern  States,  it  has  run  wild,  and  become  so  fully  natur- 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

alized  that  some  persons  suppose  it  to  be  indigenous  in  the 
Gulf  States.     This  species  is 

Melia  Azedararh. — China  Tree  ;  or,  Pride  of  India. — Leaves  very 
long,  doubly-pinnate,  dark  green,  coming  out  early  in  spring. 
Flowers  small,  but  in  large  axillary  clusters,  deliciously  fra- 
grant. Fruit  large  as  cherries,  round,  yellow  when  ripe,  eaten 
with  avidity  by  birds,  especially  by  the  robin  in  its  migration 
southward  in  the  autumn.  A  handsome,  rapid-growing  tree, 
often  reaching  a  hight  of  forty  feet,  and  a  stem  eighteen  inches 
in  diameter.  Wood  of  a  reddish  color,  resembling  some  species 
of  the  ash,  quite  durable,  and  makes  excellent  fuel.  It  grows  so 
rapidly  that  seedlings  often  reach  a  hight  of  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
in  three  or  four  years.  It  thrives  in  dry  soils,  and  is  planted 
almost  everywhere  in  the  South  as  a  shade  tree,  and  is  a  univer- 
sal favorite.  Not  hardy  north  of  Virginia.  A  native  of  Persia, 
but  at  what  date  introduced  into  this  country  is  not  known. 

MIMUSOPS,  Linn. — Nasebury. 

A  small  genus  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  with  milky 
juice,  principally  natives  of  Tropical  America,  India  and  New 
Holland.  Fruit  of  most  of  the  species  edible,  at  least  so  con- 
sidered by  the  people  where  it  is  produced.  One  species  indi- 
genous to  the  United  States,  the 

Minmsops  Sieberi,  A.  DC. — Naseberry. — Leaves  rigid,  oblong, 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  rather  broad  or  blunt  at  the  base,  on 
stout  stems.  Flowers  small,  white,  among  the  clustered  leaves 
on  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Fruit  a  roundish,  many-seeded 
berry,  about  the  eize  of  a  nutmeg  ;  edible  when  fully  ripe.  A 
small  tree  at  Key  West,  Florida,  but  in  Jamaica  it  reaches  a 
hight  of  forty  to  fifty  feet,  and  the  wood  is  considered  one  of 
the  strongest  and  best  in  the  island. 

MORUS,    Tour. — Mulberry. 

A  genus  of  only  a  few  species  from  which  a  great  number  of 
varieties  have  originated.  Flowers  monoecious,  the  sterile  and 
fertile  in  separate  spikes.  Fruit  edible,  usually  oblong,  some- 
what resembling  in  structure  and  form,  the  common  black- 
berry. Trees  or  shrubs  with  milky  juice.  We  have  but  one, 
or  at  most  two,  native  species. 

Morns  rubra,  L. — Red  Mulberry. — Leaves  broad,  heart-shaped, 
serrate  and  rough  above,  and  downy  underneath.  On  young 
shoots  the  leaves  are  variously  lobed.  Fruit  dark  red,  turning  to 


FOREST  TREES.  173 

purple  when  fully  ripe.  Wood  yellow,  very  heavy  and  durable, 
valuable  for  fence  posts,  much  used  when  obtainable  for  tool 
handles.  Usually  a  small  tree,  but  sometimes  found  sixty  to 
seventy  feet  high,  with  a  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Found  in 
no  considerable  abundance  anywhere,  but  distributed  over  the 
country  from  Western  Massachusetts  and  Vermont,  west  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  south  to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico. 

M.  niieropliylhi,  Buckley,  is  probably  only  a  southern  form  or 
variety,  with  smaller  and  rougher  leaves.  Fruit  small,  sour 
and  black.  Texas,  and  westward  to  Arizona. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Morns  alba,  L. — White  Mulberry.  —  Leaves  heart  -  shaped, 
pointed,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining.  Fruit  white,  sweet,  but 
rather  insipid.  A  tree  early  introduced  into  the  United  States, 
,and  is  naturalized  and  run  wild  in  the  Eastern  States.  A  low 
growing  tree,  but  with  stem  from  one  to  three  feet  in  diameter. 
There  are  more  than  a  dozen  distinct  varieties  in  cultivation. 
Among  the  oldest  and  best  known,  I  may  name  the  M.  multi- 
caulis,  supposed  to  be  one  of  the  best  for  feeding  silk-worms. 
Rather  more  tender  than  the  species,  the  latter  being  quite 
hardy  in  nearly  all  of  our  Northern  States,  while  the  former  is 
often  winter  killed,  even  in  the  latitude  of  New  York  City. 
The  Downing's  Everbearing  Mulberry  is  a  seedling  of  the  multi- 
caulis,  but  with  very  large  black  fruit,  of  a  rich,  sprightly  sub- 
acid  flavor.  M.  alba,  var.  tartarica,  has  recently  been  highly  ex- 
tolled as  a  timber  tree,  under  the  name  of  Russian  Mulberry. 
It  is  a  rapid  growing  tree,  readily  propagated  by  cuttings  or 
seed,  and  is  said  to  thrive  in  the  dry  soils  of  the  western 
prairies,  where  it  is  quite  extensively  cultivated  by  the  Men- 
nonites,  who  brought  it  with  them  from  Russia,  but  the 
same  tree  has  long  been  known  in  our  Eastern  States  as  the 
Tartarian  Mulberry.  The  mulberries  are  handsome  trees  of 
rapid  growth,  although  they  seldom  reach  a  large  size.  The 
leaves  of  the  White  Mulberry,  and  many  of  its  varieties,  have 
for  ages  been  used  for  feeding  the  silk-worm  in  China  and 
other  countries.  The  larger-leaved  varieties  are  preferred  to 
the  smaller  for  feeding  the  worm,  and  some  are  more  tender 
and  better  adapted  to  this  purpose  than  others.  All  the  species 
and  varieties  of  the  mulberry  put  out  their  leaves  late  in 
spring.  The  West  India  Mulberry,  M.  tinctoria,  yields  the 
well  known  Fustic  wood  of  commerce. 


174  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

MYRICA,  Linn.  —  Sweet  Gale. 

A  genus  of  small  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  evergreen,  and  the 
species  are  pretty  widely  distributed  over  the  world.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  with  both  sexes  in  short,  scaly  catkins. 
Leaves  usually  fragrant,  and  the  fruit  a  drupe-like  nut.  Of  no 
special  interest  to  the  arboriculturist,  further  than  the  tallest 
species  of  the  genus  is  a  native  of  the  United  States. 

Myrica  Californica,  Cham.  —  Wax  Myrtle.  —  Leaves  evergreen, 
leathery,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  oblanceolate,  two  to  four 
inches  long,  pointed.  Fruit  purple,  thinly  coated  with  grayish 
wax,  and  only  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Native 
of  Northern  California  to  Washington  Territory.  A  tree  thirty 
to  forty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  sometimes  two  feet  in  diameter. 
A  dwarf  species  (M.  Hartwegi,  Watson),  is  found  near  Sacra- 
mento, and  in  other  parts  of  California,  but  it  is  a  low  shrub. 
This  genus  is  represented  by  several  small  shrubs  in  our  East- 
ern States,  among  the  best  known  and  most  common,  are  the 
Bayberry  (M.  cerifera),  and  the  Sweet  Gale  (M.  Gale),  the  latter 
being  also  a  native  of  Europe. 


,  L.  —  Florida  Myrtle. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  entire  leaves,  and 
regular  monoecious,  or  dioecious  white,  or  colored  flowers. 
Fruit  resembling  small  plums,  commonly  with  one  reddish 
seed  or  nut,  concave  at  the  base.  The  species  are  widely  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  globe  in  tropical,  or  sub-tropical 
climates,  we  have  one  species. 

Myrsine  Rapaiiea,  Roem.  &  Schult.  —  Florida  Myrtle.  —  Leaves 
two  to  three  inches  long,  thick,  oblong-ovate,  entire,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  a  short  petiole.  Flowers  small,  white,  and  in 
clusters.  Fruit  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A 
small  tree,  sometimes  twenty  or  more  feet  high  in  the  Florida 
Keys,  and  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

NUTTALLIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

A  genus  closely  related  to  the  Plum  and  Cherry,  containing 
only  one  species.  Usually  a  shrub,  with  entire  deciduous 
leaves,  with  white  flowers,  in  loose  drooping  racemes,  which 
appear  with  the  branchlets  from  the  same  buds. 

>n  II  a  Ilia  cerasifonnis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Oso  Berry.  —  Leaves 
broad,  oblauceolate,  sharp  pointed,  two  to  four  inches  long. 


FOREST  TREES.  175 

Flowers  greenish-white,  one  fourth  of  an  inch  broad.  Fruit 
blue-black,  bitter,  ripening  in  June  and  July.  Usually  a  shrub, 
but  in  favorable  locations  reaching  a  hight  of  twenty  feet. 
Coast  Ranges  of  California  and  northward  to  Puget  Sound. 

L.  —  Sour  Gum. 


A  genus  of  North  American  deciduous  trees,  principally  in 
swamps  and  low,  moist  soils.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  sterile 
ones  numerous  in  clusters,  the  fertile,  solitary  or  few  in  a  bud. 
Fruit  a  one-seeded  drupe,  in  some  species  edible.  Usually 
propagated  by  seed  or  layers,  but  the  wild  plants  can  be  ob- 
tained in  abundance. 

Nyssa  rapitata,  Walt.  —  Ogeechee  Lime.  —  Leaves  three  to  five 
inches  long,  oblong  on  short  petioles,  whitish  beneath.  Flowers 
below  the  leaves,  the  fertile  ones  solitary,  on  short  stalks. 
Fruit  about  an  inch  long,  oval,  red,  and  the  pulp  of  an  agree- 
able, sub-acid  flavor.  The  conserve  known  as  the  "Ogeechee 
Lime,"  is  prepared  from  this  fruit.  Swamps  of  Georgia  and 
Florida,  and  westward.  A  tree  thirty  feet  high,  with  very 
tough,  cross-grained  wood. 

E".  Carolinfana,  Poir.  —  Carolina  Gum  Tree.  —  Leaves  from  one 
to  two  inches  long,  broad,  lanceolate,  sometimes  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  base.  Fruit  small,  dark-blue.  A  large  tree  in  South- 
ern swamps,  with  moderately  firm,  close-grained  wood,  very 
difficult  to  split,  and  for  this  reason  is  much  used  for  hubs  and 
similar  purposes.  The  leaves  turn  to  a  brilliant  crimson  color 
in  autumn,  making  these  trees  very  conspicuous  objects  in  the 
forests  at  that  season.  North  Carolina  to  Florida  in  swamps 
and  low  grounds. 

IV.  mnltiflora,  Wang.  —  Tupelo,  Pepperidge.  —  Leaves  oval, 
rather  thick,  and  dark-green,  two  to  five  inches  long.  Sterile 
flowers  in  loose  clusters,  fertile  clusters  long  and  slender,  con- 
taining from  three  to  eight  flowers.  Fruit  ovoid,  dark-blue, 
about  a  half  an  inch  long.  A  large  tree  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high, 
with  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  tough,  cross-grained, 
difficult  to  split,  used  for  hubs  and  similar  purposes.  A  hand- 
some ornamental  tree,  growing  rapidly  in  moist  soils,  the 
branches  spreading  widely  at  right  angles  from  the  stem. 
Leaves  change  to  a  bright  crimson  in  autumn.  Common  in 
low  grounds  from  Vermont,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
southward  to  Florida,  also  in  the  Western  States, 


176  PRACTICAL  FOBESTUY. 

IV.  sylvatica,  Marsh. — Black  Gum.— This  is  a  doubtful  species 
described  by  several  botanists  under  different  names,  but 
Watson  (in  Botanical  Index)  considers  it  only  a  variety  of  the 
last.  Michaux  found  it  growing  near  Philadelphia,  and  further 
South  on  rather  high  and  dry  grounds,  among  oak  and  walnut 
trees.  Leaves  five  or  six  inches  long,  alternate,  oblong-oval. 
Fruit  deep-blue.  Wood  fine-grained,  but  rather  soft,  very 
cross-grained.  A  large  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with 
stem  two  feet  in  diameter. 

JT.  nniflora,  Wang.— Large  Tupelo,  Cotton  Gum. —  Leaves 
large,  four  to  six  inches  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  sharp  pointed, 
entire  or  sharply  toothed,  downy  beneath.  Fertile  flowers 
solitary.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  dark-blue.  A  large  tree  in 
swamps,  from  Virginia  southward.  Wood  cross-grained,  light, 
and  of  little  value. 

OLNEYA,   Gray.  — Iron  -  Wood. 

A  small  tree  belonging  to  the  Leguminosse,  bearing  bean-like 
fruit,  and  pinnate  leaves,  resembling  those  of  the  Locust.  Only 
one  species. 

Olneva  Tesota;  Gray. — Iron  Wood. — Leaves  composed  of  from 
five  to  seven  pairs  of  wedge-shaped,  oblong  leaflets.  Flowers 
pea-shaped,  white  or  purplish,  three  or  four  in  a  loose  raceme. 
Fruit  a  rough,  linear,  oblong  pod,  about  two  inches  long,  con- 
taining one  or  two  ovate  seeds.  This  is  the  Arbol  de  hierro  or 
Iron  Wood  of  Arizona,  and  adjacent  regions  in  California. 

OSMANTHUS,  Benth.  &  Hook.  OLEA,  Linn. 

A  tree  closely  allied  to  the  Olive  (Olea  Europcea],  and  usually 
called  the  American  Olive.  Trees  or  shrubs  with  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  perfect  flowers,  but  in  some  they  are  dioecious,  and 
usually  small,  white,  in  cluster  or  panicles.  One  native 
species. 

Osm;i  til  h  us  Americanos. — Devil-wood. —Leaves  oblong, lanceolate, 
smooth  and  shining,  three  to  six  inches  long.  Flowers  in 
compound  racemes,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
white,  and  fragrant.  Fruit  ovoid,  dark-purple,  about  the  size 
of  a  pea,  bitter  and  astringent.  A  small  tree,  with  very  hard, 
iron-like  wood,  seldom  over  twenty  feet  high.  In  moist  woods 
from  Southern  Virginia  to  Florida, 


FOREST  TREES.  177 

OSTRYA,  Micbeli.  — Hop-Hornbeam. 

A  tree  closely  related  to  the  common  Beech  tree,  but  with 
the  fertile  flowers  numerous,  in  short  terminal  catkins,  with 
small  deciduous  bracts,  each  enclosed  in  a  sac-like  involucre, 
which  enlarges  and  forms  an  imbricated  strobile,  like  that  of 
the  common  Hop.  Slender  tree  with  very  hard  wood. 

Ostrya  Virginia,  Willd. — American  Hop-Hornbeam,  Iron-wood, 
Lever- wood. — Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper  pointed,  very  sharply 
and  doubly  serrate,  downy  beneath.  Flowers  minute,  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves.  Seeds  in  short  imbricated  catkins,  as 
shown  in  figure  43,  which  are  about  one  half  the  natural  size.  A 


.  43.—  HOP-HORNBEAM. 


handsome  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  straight  stem, 
rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter.  Wood  white,  very  hard 
and  heavy,  used  for  making  beetles  for  splitting  rails,  mallets, 
mauls,  and  similar  implements.  Bark  on  old  trees  dark-brown, 
and  furrowed,  not  smooth  as  in  the  closely  allied  Water  Beech 
(Carpinus).  Seeds  ripen  in  August  in  our  Northern  States,  at 
which  time  the  hop-like  catkins  containing  them  should  be 
gathered  and  spread  out  to  dry  in  the  shade,  until  the  seed  can 
be  rubbed  or  threshed  out.  A  handsome  tree,  well  worthy  of 
extensive  cultivation  for  its  valuable  timber.  More  or  less 
common  in  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  and  all  of  our  Northern  States, 
and  in  rich  woods  south  to  Florida.  The  European  Horn- 
beam (O.  vulgaris)  resembles  our  native  species  very  closely,  and 
is  often  planted  for  ornament. 


178 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


44.— SORREL    TREE, 


FOREST   TREES.  179 

OXYDENDRUM. — Sorrel   Tree. 

A  beautiful  little  native  tree  belonging  to  the  Heath  Family, 
with  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  common  peach  tree,  but  a 
little  larger.  They  have  an  acid  taste,  hence  both  the  generic 
and  common  names  refer  to  the  sour  taste  of  the  leaves.  There 
is  only  one  species. 

Oxydriid/tim  arburenm,  DC. — Sorrel  Tree. — Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, pointed  serrate,  on  slender  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  one-sided  racemes  as  shown  in  fig.  44.  The  ra- 
cemes are  clustered  in  loose  panicles  at  the  end  of  the  branches, 
appearing  late  in  spring.  A  rare  tree  in  cultivation,  probably 
because  difficult  to  propagate,  except  from  seed,  and  the  seed- 
lings make  a  slow  growth  for  the  first  few  years.  The  leaves 
change  to  a  brilliant  light  crimson  color  in  early  autumn,  and 
remain  on  the  trees  until  cut  by  severe  frosts.  The  wood  is 
quite  hard  and  fine-grained,  but  has  not  been  sufficiently  abun- 
dant to  attract  much  attention.  A  small  tree,  but  sometimes 
reaches  a  hight  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet.  Hardy  in  my  grounds 
and  probably  farther  north. 

PARKINSONIA,   Linn. 

A  small  genus  of  about  eight  species,  one-half  of  which  are 
natives  of  North  America,  but  in  the  warmer  regions.  Leaves 
large  and  much  divided,  the  leaflets  bipinnate.  Fruit,  long  bean- 
like  pods,  containing  several  seeds. 

rarkinsonia  arnlrata,  Linn. — Leaves  twelve  to  eighteen  inches 
long,  with  small,  but  numerous  spiny  leaflets.  Flowers  yellow, 
in  axillary  racemes,  three  to  six  inches  long.  Pods  two  to  ten 
inches  long,  containing  from  one  to  five  seeds,  the  pods  being 
contracted  or  compressed  between  the  seeds.  A  small  tree  in 
Texas,  and  through  Mexico.  Wood  hard. 

P.  florid nm,  Watson. — Somewhat  larger  leaflets  than  the  last, 
with  axiUary  racemes,  the  pods  narrow  with  acute  margins  on 
the  ventral  side,  seeds  also  thinner.  A  small  tree  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  Southern  Texas. 

P.  mirropliylla,  Torr. — Leaflets  few  and  pinnate,  quite  short, 
four  to  six  leaflets  in  each.  Flowers  deep  straw-color,  the  upper 
petals  white.  Pods  two  to  three  inches  long,  and  one  to  three- 
seeded.  Southern  Arizona. 

P.  Torit'vana,  Watson. — Leaves  composed  of  two  to  three  pairs 
of  leaflets,  oblong,  narrowed  towards  the  base.  Flowers  in  long 


t 
180  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

racemes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  bright  yellow.  Pods  two  to 
three  inches  long,  containing  two  to  eight  seeds.  The  pods  but 
slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds.  A  small  tree  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  high,  with  light-green,  smooth  bark.  This  is  the 
Palo  verde  of  the  Mexicans  or  Green-bark  Acacia.  Wood  hard, 
and  much  valued  for  fuel. 

PAULOWNIA,    Siebold. 

A  noble  Japanese  tree  introduced  into  this  country  nearly 
forty  years  ago,  and  has  long  been  a  popular  ornamental  tree 
on  account  of  its  large  tropical-looking  leaves,  and  handsome 
fragrant  flowers.  Grows  freely  from  cuttings  of  the  roots  or 
seed.  There  is  but  one  species. 

Paulownia  imperialis.  —  Imperial  Paulownia.  —  Leaves  large, 
heart-shaped,  resembling  those  of  the  catalpa,  but  usually  much 
larger,  and  on  young,  thrifty  shoots,  they  are  frequently  one  to 
two  feet  broad.  Flowers  trumpet-shaped,  in  large,  upright 
branching  panicles,  violet  color,  and  fragrant.  A  very  rapid 
growing  tree  when  young,  but  after  reaching  a  hight  of  twenty 
or  thirty  feet,  the  branches  spread  laterally  to  a  great  distance, 
forming  a  rather  broad,  flat  head.  Hardy  at  the  North,  but  in 
the  latitude  of  Boston  and  Central  New  York,  the  flower  buds 
are  frequently  killed  in  winter. 

PERSE  A,  Gsertn. — Red  Bay. 

A  small  genus  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  Laurel 
Family.  Flowers  greenish  or  white,  and  the  fruit  a  small  ovid 
drupe.  Two  species  natives  of  our  Southern  States,  and  one  in 
the  West  Indies. 

Persea  Carolmen*is,  Nees. — Red  Bay. — Leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, smooth,  two  to  three  inches  long,  deep-green  above, 
whitish  beneath.  Flowers  silky,  in  roundish  clusters,  on  short 
stems.  Fruit  deep  blue.  A  large  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high 
in  rich,  shady  woods  of  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  west- 
ward along  the  coast  to  Texas.  Wood  reddish  or  rose-color, 
hard,  strong,  durable,  and  susceptible  of  a  high  polish. 

P.  Catfsbyana. —  Michx. — Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate-oblong, 
sharp-pointed.  Flowers  minute,  white,  and  somewhat  downy 
within.  Fruit  small,  black,  on  ciub-shaped  stalks.  A  small 
tree,  but  more  often  a  low  shrub.  Southern  Florida. 

PIKCKNEYA,  Michx. — Georgia  Baric. 
A  genus  of  one,  or  at  most,  two  species  of  small  evergreen 
trees,  closely  related  to  the  Cinchona,  which  yields  the  well 


FOREST  TREES.  181 

known  Peruvian  bark.  First  made  known  by  the  elder  Michaux, 
who  found  the  trees  growing  on  the  St.  Mary  River  in  Florida  in 
1791,  and  carried  seeds  and  plants  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and 
planted  them  in  his  garden  near  that  city,  where  they  had 
reached  a  night  of  twenty-five  feet  in  1807,  as  stated  by  his  son 
in  his  great  work,  North  American  Sylvia,  vol.  I,  p.  180. 

PiiH'kueya  pubeus,  Michx. — Georgia  Bark. — Leaves  large,  oval 
or  oblong,  smooth  above,  hoary  pubescent  underneath.  Flowers 
tubular,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  white,  with  broad  stripes  of 
pink  on  the  tube  and  in  the  center  of  the  revolute  petals.  Fruit 
a  globose  papery,  two-celled,  capsule,  opening  at  the  top  and 
containing  numerous  small  seeds.  A  small  tree  with  a  wide 
spreading  top,  seldom  more  than  twenty-five  feet  high,  or  stem 
over  six  inches  in  diameter.  Wood  very  soft,  and  of  no  value, 
but  the  bark  has  been  used  more  or  less  as  a  substitute  for 
Peruvian  bark,  as  it  contained  similar  bitter  tonic  properties. 
Found  wild  on  the  marshy  banks  of  streams  in  South  Carolina 
and  Florida. 

PIRUS,  Linn. — Apple,  Pear,  Etc. 

An  extensive  genus,  containing  about  forty  species,  princi- 
pally in  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America. 
The  apple,  pear,  crab  apple,  quince,  service  tree,  mountain  ash, 
and  their  many  varieties,  are  all  included  in  this  genus.  As 
there  are  few  trees  among  them  worthy  of  the  arboriculturist's 
attention,  I  shall  omit  all  except  those  inhabiting  the  United 
States. 

Pirns  Amprlrana  DC. — American  Mountain  Ash. — Leaves  com- 
posed of  thirteen  to  fifteen  lanceolate,  taper-pointed  serrate 
leaflets.  Flowers  white,  in  large,  flat  cymes  or  'clusters.  Fruit 
in  large  clusters,  not  larger  than  peas,  bright-scarlet,  remaining 
on  the  tree  until  winter.  A  handsome  ornamental  tree,  twenty 
to  thirty  feet  high,  reaching  a  very  high  northern  latitude,  even 
being  found  in  Greenland  and  Labrador,  and  throughout  the 
Canadas,  all  of  our  more  Northern  States,  and  southward  along 
the  mountains  to  North  Carolina.  There  are  several  cultivated 
varieties  of  this  species,  also  a  very  large  number  of  the  Euro- 
pean Mountain  Ash  (P.  aucuparid),  which  may  be  found  de- 
scribed hi  nurserymen's  catalogues. 

P.  an?usti!olia,  Ait.— Narrow-leaved  Crab  Apple.— Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  oblong,  acute  at  the  base,  serrate.  Flowers  few  in  a 
cluster,  rose-color,  very  fragrant.  Fruit  very  acid.  A  small 


182  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

tree,  said  to  be  found  in  Pennsylvania  and  southward,  but  I  am 
inclined  to  think  not  very  common,  as  I  have  failed  to  find  it 
in  cultivation,  or  obtain  specimens  from  my  correspondents 
who  reside  in  the  regions  where  it  is  said  to  be  indigenous. 

P.  arbutifolia,  Linn. — Choke  Berry. — Leaves  oblong  or  obovate, 
finely  serrate.  Flowers  white  or  tinged  with  purple.  Fruit 
pear-shaped  or  round,  red,  sometimes  purple.  There  are  several 
wild  varieties,  one  with  black  fruit.  This  is  the  Aronia  arbutl- 
folia  of  Ell.  A  small  tree  or  large  shrub,  sometimes  ten  or 
twelve  feet  high.  In  swamps  South. 

P.  comuaiia  Linn. — American  Crab  Apple. — Leaves  simple  on 
long,  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  roundish,  very  smooth,  and  two 
to  three  inches  long.  Flowers  few  in  a  cluster,  rose-color,  and 
very  fragrant.  Fruit  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  rather 
broad  and  flat.  Very  acid  and  astringent ;  usually  of  yellowish- 
green  color.  A  small  tree,  but  in  rich  alluvial  soils  sometimes 
twenty-five  feet  high.  Wood  light-colored,  but  hard  and  fine- 
grained. A  handsome  ornamental  tree.  Central  New  York, 
west  to  Wisconsin,  south  along  the  mountains,  and  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley. 

P.  rivnlaris,  Dougl. — Oregon  Crab  Apple.— Leaves  simple  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  one  to  three  inches  long,  some- 
times three-lobed,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent,  as  well  as  the 
young  branches.  Flowers  small,  white.  Fruit  red  or  yellow, 
about  a  half  inch  long.  A  small  tree  twenty  to  twenty-five 
feet  high.  In  low  grounds  in  California  and  northward  to 
Alaska. 

P.  sa mhnci folia,  Cham.  &  Schlect. — Western  Mountain  Ash.— 
Leaves  pinnate,  and  leaflets  in  four  to  six  pairs,  oblong-acute, 
sharply  serrate.  Flowers  white,  like  those  of  the  Eastern 
Mountain  Ash.  Fruit  red,  round,  and  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  A  small  shrub.  In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
north  to  Sitka. 

PISCIDIA,  Linn. — Jamaica  Dogwood. 

A  small  genus  of  tropical  trees  with  unequal  pinnate  leaves, 
and  pea-shaped  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  spikes.  Fruit  a 
bean-like  pod,  contracted  between  the  seeds.  We  have  one  spe- 
cies. 

Piscidia  Erythrina,  L. — Jamaica  Dogwood. — Leaflets  seven  to 
nine,  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  pointed.  Young  branches,  leaves 
and  flower-stalks  silky  and  whitish,  but  becoming  smooth  with 


FOREST  TREES.  183 

age.  Flower  panicles,  axillary  or  terminal,  white  with  red 
veins.  Leaves  deciduous.  Pods  about  two  inches  long.  Nuttall 
says  the  wood  is  heavy,  hard  and  resinous,  light-brown,  rather 
coarse-grained,  but  durable.  A  small  tree  in  Southern  Florida 
and  through  the  West  Indies. 

PISTACIA.  Will. — Pistacia  Nut,  Etc. 

A  small  genus  of  dioecious  sub-tropical  trees,  mostly  natives 
of  Southern  Europe.  One,  the  P.  officinalis,  is  extensively  cul- 
tivated in  Sicily,  for  its  fruit  kncwn  as  the  Pistacia  nut. 
Another,  the  P.  Terebenthus,  yields  the  Cypress  turpentine, 
while  the  P.  lentiscus  produces  a  mastick,  much  used  among 
the  Armenian  women  for  cleaning  the  teeth  and  perfuming  the 
breath.  One  species  in  North  America. 

Pistacia  Mexieaua,  HBK. — Mexican  Pistacia. — Leaves  com- 
posed of  from  five  to  ten  pairs  of  small,  oblong-ovate  leaflets, 
on  a  slightly  winged  leaf-stalk.  Flowers  dioecious  and  without 
petals,  in  axillary  clusters  or  panicles.  Fruit  small,  somewhat 
compressed.  A  small  tree  in  Western  Texas,  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, and  through  Mexico. 

PITHECOLOBIUM,  Martin. — Cat's  Claw. 

The  genus  Inga,  from  which  the  Pithecolobiums  have  been 
separated,  is  an  extensive  one,  and  the  species  may  be  truthfully 
said  to  encircle  the  entire  globe  in  tropical  climates.  They  are 
mostly  trees  of  large  size.  They  are  all  evergreen,  with  acacia- 
like  foliage.  Fruit  a  legume  or  bean-like  pod.  We  have  one 
species,  the 

Pithecolobium  tTn*nis-Cati,  Benth.  —  Cat's  Claw.  —  Branches 
usually  spiny,  but  sometimes  unarmed.  Leaves  bi-pinnate,  leaf- 
lets four  ;  thin  and  obliquely  obovate.  Flowers  yellow  in  glo- 
bose-heads, in  a  loose  raceme.  Pods  spirally  twisted,  containing 
five  to  six  white  seeds.  A  small  tree  fifteen  to  twenty  feet 
high  in  Southern  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

PLANERA,   Gmelin. — Planer  Tree. 

A  small  genus  of  deciduous  trees,  closely  related  to  the  elms, 
but  with  nut-like  wingless  fruit.  All  are  handsome  ornamental 
trees. 

Planera  aqnatira,  Ginel. — Planer  Tree.— Leaves  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  ovate,  in  short  petioles,  sharp-pointed, 
serrate,  with  a  rough  surface.  Flowers  in  small  clusters,  appear- 


184  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

ing  before  the  leaves.  Seed  ovate,  covered  with  warty  scales. 
A  small  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  in  low,  moist  soils,  in 
North  Carolina  and  southward.  Not  quite  hardy  north  of  Phila- 
delphia, except  in  very  favorable  sheltered  situations.  The 
Japanese  species  or  Kiaka  Elm  (P.  acuminata)  is  a  far  more 
hardy  and  robust  growing  tree  than  our  native  species.  It  has 
large,  glossy,  smooth  leaves,  on  red  stems.  The  young  shoots 
are  also  red.  A  handsome  and  desirable  ornamental  tree.  The 
Caucasian  Planera,  P.  parvifolia,  also  thrives  very  well  in  New 
York  and  vicinity. 

PLATANUS,  Tour. — Buttonwood,  Syoamore,  Etc. 

A  genus  of  about  a  half  dozen  species,  all  but  one  inhabiting 
North  America.  Large  trees,  with  very  close,  smooth  bark, 
which,  as  the  stem  and  branches  enlarge,  breaks  up  and  falls 
off  in  large  flakes.  The  flowers  are  in  dense,  globose,  naked, 
unisexual  heads,  mingled  with  minute  hairy  scales,  forming  a 
dry,  rough,  one-celled,  and  one-seeded  fruit,  pendulous,  and 
usually  remaining  on  the  trees  until  late  in  winter.  All  the 
species  and  varieties  may  be  readily  propagated  with  ripe  wood 
cuttings  of  either  one  or  two-year-old  wood,  but  they  should 
always  be  planted  in  a  moist  soil. 

Platanus  occidentalis,  Linn. — Buttonwood,  Sycamore. — Leaves 
large,  six  to  ten  inches  broad,  roundish  heart-shaped,  but  deeply 
and  angularly  lobed  and  toothed,  covered  when  young  with 
dense  whitish  down,  but  soon  becoming  smooth.  The  pendu- 
lous fruit  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  One  of  the  largest  trees 
found  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  often  from  seventy-five  to 
a  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  diameter. 
The  stems  of  large  specimens  often  becoming  hollow,  only  a 
shell  of  three  or  four  inches  in  thickness  remaining  sound. 
These  old  hollow  trunks  were  utilized  by  the  early  settlers  in 
Western  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Indiana,  for  grain  bins,  smoke- 
houses, and  similar  purposes,  and  then  sometimes  the  pioneer 
and  his  family  found  shelter  in  them,  for  it  was  an  easy  matter 
to  cut  down  one  of  the  large,  hollow  trees,  and  then  divide  it 
into  sections  of  the  required  size  with  saw  or  axe.  A  few 
slabs  or  pieces  of  bark,  or  slab-like  sections  of  the  same  tree, 
made  a  good  roof  or  cover.  Wood  brownish,  cross-grained, 
cannot  be  split,  and  for  this  reason  is  in  demand  for  meat- 
blocks  and  similar  purposes.  Decays  quickly  if  exposed  to  the 
weather.  Common  in  all  of  our  Northern  States,  and  southward 


FOREST  TREES.  185 

to  Florida.     It  grows  to  a  large  size,  and  is  very  abundant  in 
the  bottom  lands  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers. 

P.  rareuiosa,  Nutt. — California  Button  wood. — Leaves  very 
variable,  densely  downy  when  young,  broadly  heart-shaped  in 
outline,  three  to  five-lobed,  usually  above  the  middle,  lobes 
sharp-pointed,  entire,  or  coarsely  toothed.  The  leaves  often  a 
foot  broad,  and  sometimes  two  feet  on  young,  thrifty  sprouts, 
fertile  heads  two  to  seven  in  a  string,  a  necklace-like  spike. 
Fruit  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  common  tree  from  the  Valley  of 
the  Sacramento  to  Southern  California.  Bark  very  white,  wood 
brittle,  but  said  to  receive  a  good  polish  and  to  be  more  durable 
than  that  of  the  Eastern  species.  The  largest  tree,  whose 
measurement  has  been  reported,  is  growing  in  Santiago  Canyon, 
Los  Angeles  County,  and  was  found  to  be  twenty-nine  feet  and 
seven  inches  in  circumference,  but  the  trees  rarely  reach  a  hight 
of  a  hundred  feet,  or  more  than  six  feet  in  diameter  (Botany  of 
California,  Vol.  II.)  Platanus  Wrightii,  Watson,  is  closely  allied 
to  the  above,  and  probably  Mexican,  but  said  to  be  found  in 
Southeastern  Arizona. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

The  Oriental  Plane  tree,  or  Sycamore,  is  better  known  in  culti- 
vation than  our  native  species,  because  it  was  early  introduced 
and  more  extensively  propagated  by  our  nurserymen.  By  some 
persons  it  is  considered  more  desirable  as  an  ornamental  tree,  as  it 
has  a  more  graceful  habit.  The  branches  are  not  quite  as  rigid, 
but  often  curved  downward.  In  some  instances  it  is  decidedly 
drooping,  with  the  ends  curving  upward.  Some  authors  recog- 
nize two  Asiatic  species,  the  P.  orientalis,  Linn,  and  P.  cune<tta, 
Willdenow,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  they  are  distinct  species.  There 
are  many  varieties  in  cultivation,  among  which  I  will  name 
P.  umbraculifera,  a  dwarf,  tortuous  growing  variety.  P.  acer- 
folia,  the  maple-leaved.  P.  nepalensis,  with  cut  leaves  and  a 
pyramidal  habit.  P.  liriodendrifolia  has  leaves  resembling  the 
Tulip  Tree,  raised  by  a  nurseryman  near  Meton,  Italy.  P.  quin- 
quelobata,  a  variety  with  leaves  divided  into  five-lobes.  P.  as- 
plenifola,  the  leaves  of  which  are  very  evenly  and  symmetrically 
divided.  All  the  species  and  varieties  of  Platanus  are  hardy 
in  our  Northern  States,  at  least  so  far  as  they  have  been  tested. 

POPULUS,  Tour. — Poplar,    Aspen. 

A  genus  of  about  twenty  species  of  deciduous  trees,  one-half 
the  number  natives  of  North  America,  and  the  others  in- 


186  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

habitants  of  the  Old  World,  mainly  in  the  northern  or  colder 
regions.  Flowers  minute,  in  drooping  catkins,  on  a  cup-shaped 
disk,  usually  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Seeds  minute,  usual- 
ly furnished  with  a  long  tuft  of  cottony  down  at  one  end. 
Trees  of  light,  soft  wood,  of  little  value  except  for  fuel,  and 
for  this  reason  only  prized  where  better  kinds  are  scarce  or  un- 
attainable. They  are  usually  propagated  from  cuttings,  as 
most  of  the  species  can  be  rapidly  multiplied  in  this  way.  The 
rapidity  with  which  some  of  the  larger  species  grow,  has  made 
them  very  popular  for  planting  in  the  prairie  regions  of  the 
West,  and  while  they  have,  no  doubt,  served  a  good  purpose, 
they  are  at  the  same  time  far  inferior  to  many  other  kinds  of 
our  indigenous  forest  trees.  Some  of  the  species  have  been  de- 
scribed under  quite  a  number  of  different  names,  all  of  which 
will  be  found  elsewhere,  only  one  being  employed  in  connection 
with  my  remarks  on  each. 

Popnlns  angustifolia,  James.— Willow-leaved  Poplar.— Leaves 
three  to  four  inches  long,  taper-pointed,  slightly  heart-shaped 
at  base,  serrate,  smooth,  shining,  bright  green.  Branches  rather 
slender  with  smooth  bark.  Usually  a  stocky  tree  with  a  broad, 
open,  rather  graceful  head,  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  stem 
two  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  Bark  on  old  trees  thick  and 
deeply  furrowed.  Wood  light-colored,  soft  and  spongy,  of  little 
value.  A  handsome  tree,  resembling  a  Willow  more  than  the 
ordinary  Poplars  of  the  East.  Common  in  the  canyons  of  Ari- 
zona, Northern  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  northward  to  the 
Columbia  River. 

P.  balsamifera,  Linn. — Balsam  Poplar,  Tacamahac,  Balm  of 
Qilead. — Leaves  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  some- 
times heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides. 
Branches  round,  buds  large  and  covered  with  a  fragrant  resin- 
ous matter,  which  appears  to  become  volatile  on  the  approach 
of  warm  weather,  anfl  is  widely  diffused.  There  are  several 
natural  local  varieties  of  this  species,  among  which  are  var.  P. 
candicans,  Gray,  P.  nigra,  Catesby,  etc.,  etc.  A  tall,  rather 
pyramidal-shaped  tree,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  Wis- 
consin to  New  England,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  regions. 
A  rare  tree  in  forests  except  far  north,  but  has  long  been  a 
favorite  ornamental  tree  for  planting  near  dwellings,  probably 
on  account  of  its  odoriferous  buds,  which  are  supposed  to 
possess  valuable  medicinal  properties,  and  are  often  gathered 
and  used  for  making  an  ointment  that  has  a  good  reputation 


FOREST  TREES.  187 

among  the  people  in  the  country  in  the  treatment  of  wounds, 
bruises,  rheumatism,  and  tumors.  The  name,  "Tacamahac," 
was  given  this  tree  on  account  of  the  resemblance  of  the  bal- 
samic coating  of  the  buds  to  the  genuine  Tacamahaca,  or  res- 
inous product  of  Fagara  octandra. 

P.  Fremont!,  Watson.— Fremont's  Poplar. — Leaves  broadly  tri- 
angular, or  somewhat  kidney-shaped,  with  a  broad,  acute 
point,  with  only  a  few  serratures  in  each  side.  Leaf -stalks  one 
to  two-and-a-half  inches  long.  Fruiting  catkins  three  or  four 
inches  long;  seeds  small,  white.  A  large  tree,  with  gray, 
cracked  bark,  that  on  the  young  branches  yellowish.  Twigs 
round,  smooth,  not  wringed  or  angled.  Along  the  Sacramento 
River  in  California,  and  westward  to  Utah.  Var.  Wislizeni, 
Watson,  has  sharply  acuminate  leaves,  with  very  slender  pistil- 
late catkins,  two  to  six  inches  long.  This  is  the  P.  monilifera, 
Torr.,  in  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  and  found 
further  south  than  the  species. 

P.  grandidi'iitata,  Michx. — Large-toothed  Aspen. — Leaves  three 
to  five  inches  long,  roundish-ovate,  with  large,  irregular,  sinu- 
ate teeth,  and  when  young,  densely  covered  with  white,  silky 
wool,  but  becoming  smooth  on  both  sides.  A  large  tree  sixty 
to  eighty  feet  high,  with  rather  smoothish  gray  bark.  Wood 
light  and  soft,  and  of  late  years  used  for  paper  pulp.  Common 
in  the  north,  from  Nova  Scotia,  Canadas,  and  the  Northern 
States,  but  rare  southward  except  along  the  Alleghanies. 

P.  heterophylla,  L. — Downy-leaved  Poplar. — Leaves  heart- 
shaped  or  roundish-ovate,  with  obtuse,  incurved  teeth ;  white, 
woolly  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth,  except  on  the  ele- 
vated veins  beneath.  Branches  round.  A  large  tree  seventy 
or  eighty  feet  high,  not  common  or  very  abundant.  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois  ;  southward  to  Arkansas,  and  eastward  to  North 
Carolina. 

P.  monilifera,  Ait.— Cottonwood,  Carolina  Poplar.— Twigs  and 
smaller  branches  thick,  smooth,  but  sharply-angled  or  winged. 
Leaves  large,  six  to  nine  inches  long,  broadly  heart-shaped, 
smooth,  sharply  serrate,  with  slightly  incurved  teeth.  Fertile 
catkins  very  long,  with  scales  finely  fringed,  but  not  hairy  ;  a 
very  large  tree,  often  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  four  or 
five  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  soft,  light,  but  burns  rapidly 
when  seasoned,  but  gives  out  little  heat.  A  common  tree  in 
moist,  low  grounds,  from  New  England  to  Colorado  and  Idaho, 


188  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

and  southward  to  Florida,  but  most  abundant  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  This  species  has  been  extensively  planted  on  the  prair- 
ies, and  is  still  highly  recommended  as  a  forest  tree,  but  its 
merits  consist  mainly  in  the  facility  with  which  it  is  propagat- 
ed, and  rapidity  of  its  growth,  the  wood  being  very  inferior, 
even  for  fuel,  to  some  of  the  other  species  of  this  genus.  There 
is  a  handsome  golden-leaved  variety  of  this  species,  also  a  weep- 
ing variety,  both  handsome  little  trees. 

P.  tremnloides,  Michx. —  Quaking  Asp,  American  Aspen. — 
Leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped,  with  a  sharp  point,  and  some- 
what regular  teeth,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  downy  margins. 
The  leaf -stalks  long  and  slender,  slightly  flattened  on  the  sides, 
which  probably  accounts  for  the  constant  trembling  of  the 
leaves,  when  there  is  the  slightest  breeze.  A  common  and 
well-known  tree,  both  in  forests  and  under  cultivation.  A 
widely  distributed  species,  extending  entirely  across  the  Con- 
tinent, through  British  America  to  the  Pacific,  extending  north- 
ward to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Usually  in  dense  groups  on  moist 
soils,  on  high  elevations  in  our  mountain  ranges.  I  have  found 
large  groves  of  this  species  in  the  Eocky  Mountains  at  an 
elevation  of  ten  thousand  feet.  A  medium-sized  tree,  fifty  to 
seventy-five  feet,  with  stem  twelve  to  twenty-four  inches  in 
diameter.  Bark  smooth,  hard,  and  thin,  whitish  on  the  out- 
side, yellow  within,  quite  brittle.  Wood  white,  soft,  but  of 
a  firm  texture,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  the  White  Birch, 
makes  good  fuel,  and  a  Quacking  Asp  log  will  hold  fire  longer 
than  any  other  kind  of  wood  I  ever  tried  while  camping  in  the 
Eocky  Mountain  regions.  The  Indians  are  well  acquainted 
with  this  property  of  the  Quacking  Asp,  and  in  moving  their 
camps,  they  use  a  brand  or  coals  of  this  tree  for  taking  fire 
from  the  old  to  the  new.  It  is  also  a  favorite  tree  with  the 
beavers  for  building  their  dams. 

P.  trichocarpa,  Torr.  and  Gray. — California  Balsam  Poplar. — 
Leaves  heart-shaped,  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  scalloped  with 
rounded  teeth,  two  to  four  inches  long  ;  stalks  an  inch  or  two 
long ;  fertile  catkins  five  or  six  inches  long.  Seeds  nearly 
white.  A  large  tree  in  California,  from  San  Diego  northward 
to  British  Columbia.  In  Washington  Territory,  it  is  said  to 
grow  nearly  one  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  three  to  six  feet 
in  diameter.  In  low  valleys  and  canyons  near  streams. 


FOREST  TREES.  189 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   A]*D   VARIETIES. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  species  or  varieties  of  the  exotic  Pop- 
lars, that  are  of  any  economic  value,  although  there  are  a  few 
worthy  of  cultivation  as  ornamental  trees.  The  two  foreign 
species  best  known  in  this  country,  are  : 

Pop ul us  alba. — Abele  Tree,  or  Silver  Poplar. — A  large,  rapid- 
growing  tree,  native  of  Europe,  with  large-lobed  leaves,  green 
above  and  silvery  white  beneath.  A  rather  handsome  tree,  but 
p.  decided  nuisance,  owing  to  the  great  abundance  of  suckers, 
which  come  up  almost  constantly  from  the  roots.  There  are 
several  varieties  of  this  species,  but  all  have  the  same  habit, 
and  for  this  reason  are  not  to  be  recommended,  except  for 
planting  in  locations  where  the  suckers  will  not  interfere  with 
the  growth  of  other  kinds  of  plants.  If  grafted  on  stocks  of 
species  that  do  not  throw  up  suckers,  the  Silver-leaved  Poplars 
might  be  admitted  into  grounds  of  limited  extent. 

P.  ilila t atii .  or  fasti  .riata. — Lombardy  Poplar. — A  century  ago  this 
was  a  favorite  tree  for  planting  near  churches,  cemeteries,  and 
dwellings,  but  of  late  it  is  seldom  employed,  except  to  give 
variety  of  form  in  arranging  the  trees  planted  in  large  parka 
and  pleasure  grounds. 

P.  nlgra. — European  Black  Poplar. —  Has  wide,  spreading 
branches,  with  very  large  leaves,  and  very  sticky  or  glutinous 
buds. 

P.  snaveolens. — This  species  is  from  Central  Asia,  and  was  in- 
troduced by  Dr.  Regel,  director  of  the  Imperial  Gardens  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia. — It  possesses  a  very  agreeable  aromatic 
odor ;  hence  the  specific  name.  This  is  very  evident  when  the 
buds  are  rubbed  between  one's  fingers. 

There  is  a  handsome  weeping  variety  of  this  (P.  nigra  pendu- 
Id),  that  is  propagated  by  grafting  high  upon  strong  stocks  of 
some  erect  young  species.  In  addition  I  may  name  the  Weep- 
ing Grecian  Poplar  (P.  grceca  pendula).  The  Curled-leaved 
Poplar  (P.  crispa).  Several  additional  species  and  varieties 
have  been  introduced  from  Europe  and  Asia,  and  may  be 
found  described  in  nurserymen's  catalogues. 

PROSOPIS,  Linn. — Mesquit,  Screw  Sean. 

A  genus  of  nearly  twenty  species  of  tropical-evergreen, 
spiny  trees,  closely  allied  to  the  acacias,  having  pinnate  leaves, 
pea-shaped  flowers,  and  fruit  a  bean-like  pod,  containing  sev- 


190  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

eral  seeds.  About  a  dozen  species  inhabit  South  America,  and 
northward  to  Mexico,  two  only  extending  into  the  United 
States. 

Prosopis  jnliflora,  DC. — Honey  Mesquit,  Algaroba. — Leaves 
composed  of  from  six  to  thirty  pairs  of  short  oblong,  or  linear 
leaflets,  a  half  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Flowers  very 
minute,  greenish-yellow,  in  cylindrical  spikes.  Pods  six  inches 
or  more  in  length,  straight,  or  somewhat  curved,  contracted 
between  the  seeds.  These  pods,  at  certain  stages  of  ripeness, 
are  pulpy,  and  the  pulp  is  quite  sweet  and  sugary.  Branches 
and  twigs  armed  with  short,  strong  spines.  In  figure  45,  is 
shown  a  branch  of  Mesquit  with  leaves,  flowers,  and  a  pod,  of 
nearly  natural  size.  The  Mexicans  and  Indians  make  use  of 
the  bean,  out  of  which  they  form  a  kind  of  meal  called  pinole, 
and  although  of  a  sweet,  nauseous  taste  to  the  civilized  palate, 
it  is  considered  wholesome.  These  beans  are  also  fed  to  horses, 
cattle,  and  they  are  quite  a  luxury  to  the  Donkey  or  Mexican 
Burro.  The  tree  exudes  a  clear  gum,  very  much  like  Gum  Ara- 
bic, for  which  it  may  some  day  become  a  substitute,  at  least 
for  many  purposes.  The  Mesquit  is  a  small  tree,  seldom  grow- 
ing more  than  thirty  feet  high,  and  more  often  it  is  a  straggling 
shrub.  Sap-wood  yellowish,  heart-wood  reddish-brown,  very 
hard  and  durable,  making  a  most  excellent  fuel,  and  for  this 
purpose  superior  to  the  best  hickory,  and  has  long  been  em- 
ployed in  smelting  furnaces  in  Mexico  and  Arizona.  It  is 
found  on  the  plains  of  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Southern 
Colorado,  Southern  California,  and  southward  through  Mexico. 

P.  pubescens,  Benth.— Tornilla,  Screw-pod  Mesquit.— Leaflets 
in  five  to  eight  pairs,  oblong,  very  short.  Flower  spikes  one  to 
two  inches  long.  Pod  thick,  spirally  twisted,  with  numerous 
turns,  forming  a  narrow,  straight  cylinder  one  to  two  inches 
long,  pulpy  within.  The  pods  of  this  species  are  also  ground 
into  meal  by  the  Indians,  and  fed  green  or  when  nearly  ripe  to 
their  ponies.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high. 
Wood  similar  to  the  last.  In  San  Diego,  California,  near  Fort 
Mohave,  and  east  to  New  Mexico,  and  southward  through 
Mexico. 

PRUNUS,  Tour. — Plum  and  Cherry. 

An  extensive  genus  of  about  eighty  species,  distributed  over 
the  northern  hemisphere,  mainly  in  temperate  climates.  The 
genus  includes  many  of  our  best  known,  and  best  cultivated 


FOREST  TREES. 


191 


Fig.  45.— MESQUIT  TREE. 


192  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

fruits,  the  Plum,  Cherry,  Sloe,  Cherry-laurel,  Peach,  Nectarine, 
Apricot,  etc.  There  are  about  twenty  species  indigenous  to 
North  America,  mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous,  alter- 
nate leaves.  Flowers  composed  of  a  campanulate  or  turbinate, 
five-cleft  calyx,  deciduous.  Petals  five,  spreading,  usually 
white  or  but  slightly  colored, 

Prunns  Americana,  Marshall. — Wild  Plum. — Leaves  ovate,  or 
somewhat  obovate,  pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  quite 
smooth.  Fruit  roundish,  oval,  yellow  or  red,  one  half  to  an 
inch  in  diameter,  having  a  flattened  stone  with  broad  margins. 
Fruit  is  quite  variable  in  flavor,  sometimes  pleasant,  but  with 
a  tough,  rather  bitter  skin.  There  are  a  large  number  of  im- 
proved cultivated  varieties  of  this  species.  A  small,  thorny  tree, 
seldom  over  twenty  feet  high.  Wood  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
quite  hard.  Common  in  low,  moist  soils,  from  British  Amer- 
ica to  Florida,  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Anderson!,  Gray. — Anderson  Cherry. — A  low  shrub,  only 
two  or  three  feet  high,  with  solitary,  rose-colored  flowers,  a 
half  inch  broad,  fruit  small,  and  thin  fleshed,  with  stone  com- 
pressed, sharply  angled  on  one  side,  and  furrowed  on  the  other, 
resembling  a  small  peach  stone.  In  foot  hills  of  Northwestern 
Nevada. 

P.  Caroliniana,  Ait. — Mock  Orange,  Cherry-Laurel. — Leaves 
thick  and  leathery,  evergreen,  smooth  and  glossy,  ovate-lance- 
olate, acute,  mostly  entire.  Flowers  in  short  racemes,  white. 
Fruit  ovoid,  soon  becoming  dry  and  black,  stone  round.  A 
tree  sometimes  thirty  or  forty  feet  high.  Wood  reddish,  fine- 
grained, but  brittle.  North  Carolina  south,  and  westward  to 
Texas. 

P.  Chicasa,  Michx. — Chickasaw  Plum. — Leaves  thin,  lanceo- 
late, or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  smooth,  and  minutely 
serrate,  with  teeth  incurved.  Flowers  on  short  stalks.  Fruit 
round,  yellowish-red,  of  an  agreeable  flavor.  Several  improved 
varieties  are  in  cultivation.  A  thorny  shrub  or  small  tree, 
seldom  over  fifteen  feet  high.  Native  habitat  not  positively 
identified,  but  has  become  naturalized  in  old  fields  and  thickets 
in  both  the  Eastern  and  Western  States,  as  well  as  in  the 
Southern,  where  it  is  supposed  to  be  indigenous. 

P.  deniissi.  Walpers. — Wild  Cherry. — Leaves  ovate,  or  oblong- 
ovate,  usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  abruptly  pointed, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal 


FOREST  TREES.  193 

racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  Fruit  small,  round,  purp- 
lish-black, or  red,  sweet  and  edible,  but  somewhat  astringent. 
An  erect,  slender  shrub,  three  to  twelve  feet  high.  San  Diego 
northward  to  the  Columbia  River,  and  eastward  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  I  found  this  species  with  several  natural 
varieties  growing  in  the  canyons  of  New  Mexico,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  seven  or  eight  thousand  feet.  The  fruit  on  some  plants 
are  quite  small  and  black,  on  others  near  by  large  or  nearly 
a  half  inch  in  diameter,  and  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  produced 
in  long,  drooping  racemes.  I  have  some  very  promising  seed- 
lings of  the  large  red  variety,  which  I  hope  to  fruit  soon. 

P.  emarglnata,  Walpers. — California  Cherry. —Leaves  oblong- 
obovate  to  oblanceolate,  one  to  three  inches  long,  narrowed  to 
a  short  petiole,  with  one  or  more  glands  near  the  base.  Flowers 
six  to  twelve  in  a  cluster.  Fruit  round,  black,  about  one-third 
of  an  inch  long,  very  bitter  and  astringent.  A  small  shrub  four 
to  eight  feet  high. 

Var.  mollis,  Brewer,  is  said  to  be  a  much  taller-growing, 
reaching  a  hight  of  twenty-five  feet,  mostly  in  open  forests  in 
Northern  California,  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

P.  fasdcnlata,  Gray. — Dwarf  Cherry. — Leaves  small,  a  half- 
inch  long,  in  bundles  or  clustered,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  very 
short  stalks.  Fruit  very  small,  hairy  or  velvety  skin  ;  pulp 
thin,  stone  acute  at  both  ends,  smooth  and  scarcely  margined. 
A  small,  much-branched  shrub,  two  or  three  feet  high.  In 
Southern  Sierra  Nevada,  Utah  and  Arizona. 

P.  ilififolJa,  Walp.  —  Evergreen  or  Holly-leaved  Cherry.  — 
Leaves  thick  and  rigid,  shining  above,  broadly-ovate,  obtuse  or 
acute,  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  base,  spinosely  toothed,  an 
inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  small  in  racemes,  as  shown  in  fig. 
46.  Fruit  large,  half  an  inch  in  diameter  or  more,  usually  red, 
but  often  dark  purple  or  black.  Pulp  acid  and  astringent,  but 
pleasant  flavored.  The  bark  is  gray,  rather  rough.  Wood  close- 
grained,  tough  and  of  a  reddish  color.  A  large  and  handsome 
evergreen  shrub  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  from  San 
Francisco  to  San  Diego  and  Western  Arizona. 

P.  maritima,  Wang. — Beach  Plum. — Leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
finely  serrate,  soft,  velvety  underneath.  Flowers  white,  pro- 
duced in  great  abundance.  Fruit  globular,  dark  purple,  about 
a  half  inch  in  diameter,  edible  and  rather  pleasant  flavored. 
Under  cultivation,  the  fruit  becomes  much  larger  than  in  the 


194 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


wild  state.     A  low,  straggling,  thorny  shrub,  six  to  ten  feet 
high,  along  the  sea-beach  from  Massachusetts,  southward  to 
Virginia.     A  handsome  ornamental  shrub  that  thrives  inland, 
and  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  as  well  as  on  the  sea-coast. 
P»  Pennsylvania,  L. — Wild  Red  Cherry. — Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 


46.  —  HOLLY-LEAVED  CHERRT. 


late,  pointed,  finely  serrate,  shiny,  green  and  smooth  on  both 
sides.  Flowers  many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  stems.  Fruit  round, 
light  red,  quite  small,  pulp  thin  and  quite  acid.  A  small  tree, 


FOREST  TREES.  195 

twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  rocky  woods,  often  taking  posses- 
sion of  abandoned  woodlands,  or  those  from  which  the  trees  have 
been  destroyed  by  fires  or  tornadoes.  This  species  of  wild 
cherry  has  been  recommended  as  a  stock  for  the  cultivated  va- 
rieties ;  but  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  used  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  by  nurserymen.  A  common  tree  far  to  the 
north,  and  along  the  mountains  southward  to  North  Carolina. 

P.  pnmila,  L. — Dwarf  or  Sand  Cherry. — Leaves  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  toothed  near  the  apex. 
Flowers  small,  white,  few  in  a  cluster.  Fruit  one-fourth  to  a 
half -inch  in  diameter,  dark  red.  Flesh  of  a  sub-acid  or  rather 
insipid  taste.  A  low  spreading  or  prostrate  shrub,  with  many 
slender  stems.  A  rather  unproductive  shrub  in  cultivation,  but 
wonderfully  prolific  when  growing  in  the  sands  along  the 
shores  of  our  northern  lakes  and  ponds,  Plants  of  this  species 
have  often  been  offered  for  sale  by  tree-peddlers,  in  fact,  large 
numbers  have  been  sold  under  such  names  as  Utah  Cherry, 
Dwarf  Cherry,  etc.,  but  it  is  not  worth  cultivating  except  as  a 
curiosity.  It  is  found  wild  in  Massachusetts,  and  westward  to 
Lake  Superior. 

P.  serotina,  Ehrh.— Wild  Black  Cherry.— Leaves  oblong,  taper- 
pointed,  serrate,  with  incurved  short  teeth ;  rather  thick, 
smooth,  and  shining  above.  Flowers  in  long  pendulous  racemes. 
Fruit  purplish-black,  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant  vinous 
taste.  Wood  light  red,  close-grained,  easily  worked,  and  long 
known  as  one  of  our  most  valuable  native  woods  for  various 
kinds  of  cabinet  work.  A  large  tree,  sixty  feet  high  and  over, 
with  stem  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Once  very  abundant 
in  our  Northern  States,  but  trees  of  large  size  are  becoming 
quite  scarce.  It  is  found  in  forests  as  far  north  as  Hudson's  Bay, 
and  south  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Texas,  and  northward  in  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi  to  Iowa. 

P.  siibconlata,  Benth. — California  Plum. — Leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  or  wedge-shaped  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  sharply  and 
finely  serrate.  Young  branches  and  leaves  pubescent  in  spring, 
becoming  smooth  in  summer.  Fruit  about  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  red,  and  edible  ;  stone  acutely  edged  on  one  side.  A 
scraggy  shrub,  four  to  ten  feet  high.  California  and  Oregon  in 
dry,  rocky  hills. 

P.  uinhcllata. — Ell. — Leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  sometimes  the  upper  ones  are  rounded  at  the  base  ; 


196  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  soft-downy  beneath. 
Fruit  round,  nearly  a  half-incii  in  diameter,  dark-purplish  or 
black,  acid  and  slightly  bitter.  This  species  may  be  only  a 
southern  variety  of  our  northern  Beech  Plum  (P.  maritima). 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  in  light,  sandy  soils.  South  Carolina  and 
Florida. 

Of  the  foreign  species  and  varieties,  there  are  such  a  vast 
number,  that  I  cannot  afford  the  space  that  would  be  required 
to  mention  them  all,  however  briefly,  besides  they  are  mostly 
fruit  or  small  ornamental  trees  of  no  especial  interest  to  the 
practical  forester.  The  common  Sweet  Cherry  of  our  gardens 
is  descended  from  the  Prunus  Cerasus  of  Europe,  or  may  be 
Asia,  as  its  native  country  is  not  positively  known,  for  it  has 
run  wild  all  over  Europe,  as  well  as  in  our  Eastern  States.  The 
sweet  varieties  are  separated  in  a  class  by  themselves,  under  the 
general  name  of  Bigarreau  cherries,  while  the  more  dwarf  and 
acid  varieties  are  called  Morellos.  There  are  many  handsome 
ornamental  varieties  of  each,  both  weeping,  double-flowering. 
China,  Japan,  Nepal,  the  Himalayas,  and  various  countries  in 
Southern  as  well  as  Northern  Europe,  have  given  us  numer- 
ous species  and  varieties  of  the  genus. 

QUERCUS,  Linn — Oak. 

An  extensive  genus  of  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  species, 
distributed  throughout  the  temperate  regions  of  Asia,  Europe, 
and  North  America.  It  includes  both  evergreen  and  deciduous 
trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple,  or  pinnately-veined 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  in  slender,  drooping  catkins.  Pis- 
tillate flowers,  solitary,  in  clusters,  or  sometimes  in  spikes,  ses- 
sile in  a  cup-like,  scaly  involucre,  which  enlarges  into  a  rough 
cup  around  the  base  of  a  single,  one-seeded  nut  or  acorn.  The 
cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  remaining  underground  in  germi- 
nation, like  those  of  the  common  garden  pea,  not  lifted  above 
the  surface  as  in  the  bean.  For  more  than  a  hundred  years  the 
botanists  of  the  world  have  been  at  work  at  this  most  difficult 
genus,  and  while  in  a  measure  they  have  brought  "  order  out 
of  chaos,'1  and  especially  in  our  North  American  species,  there 
is  still  much  to  be  done  before  the  oaks  of  the  world  are  scien- 
tifically described  and  correctly  classified.  The  great  work  of 
F.  Andrew  Michaux  &  Son,  on  the  American  Oaks  and  other 
trees,  published  in  Paris  1810-13,  under  the  name  of  "  North 
American  Sylva,"  and  later  published  in  this  country,  will  long 


FOUEST  TREES.  197 

remain  a  monument  to  the  industry  and  scientific  attainments 
of  the  authors,  but  recent  discoveries,  especially  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  regions  and  westward,  has  not  only  added  many  new 
species  of  the  oak,  but  has  also  made  it  necessary  to  revise  some 
of  the  earlier  classifications  of  the  members  of  this  genus.  The 
late  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  a  most  capable 
botanist,  devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of  the  oaks,  and  pub- 
lished an  excellent  paper  on  the  subject  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Academy  of  Science,  of  St.  Louis,  Vol.  Ill,  1876,  and  also 
elaborated  the  oaks  of  California  for  the  Botany  of  California, 
edited  by  Sereno  Watson,  issued  as  supplementary  volumes  of 
the  Geological  Survey.  I  accept  Dr.  Engelmann's  arrangement 
of  the  species,  but  may  add  that  he  was  well  aware  of  the  diffi- 
culties to  be  met  in  attempting  this  work,  for  in  the  paper  re- 
ferred to,  in  speaking  of  the  many  varieties  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  scrub-oak,  he  says  :  "If  one  oak  behaves  thus,  why 
not  others  ?  Thrown  into  a  sea  of  doubt,  what  can  guide  us  to 
a  correct  knowledge."  Having  spent  many  months  among 
these  scrub-oaks,  I  am  fully  aware  of  the  difficulties  to  be  met 
in  trying  to  determine  where  a  variety  ends,  and  a  species  be- 
gins, consequently  am  more  than  willing  to  throw  the  responsi- 
bility of  separating  them  upon  some  one  else. 

Qiiorens  agrifolia,  Nee. — Encino  Holly-leaved  Oak. — Leaves 
oval  to  oblong,  two  to  three  inches  long,  usually  obtuse  or 
heart-shaped  at  base,  the  uneven  margins  with  spine-tipped 
teeth,  but  these  are  sometimes  absent.  Petiole  or  leaf-stalks 
downy.  Acorns  sub-sessile  or  sessile,  solitary  or  in  clusters, 
maturing  the  first  season,  slender,  and  one  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  long,  and  about  one-third  of  an  inch  broad.  This  is  one 
of  the  Black  Oaks.  A  large  tree,  with  very  thick  gray  bark, 
and  wood  rather  cross-grained  and  perishable.  A  very  pictur- 
esque oak,  with  very  stocky  stem,  sometimes  twenty  feet  in 
circumference,  and  Prof.  Brewer  reports  specimens  near  Mount 
Diablo,  with  a  spread  of  branches  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet.  A  variety  (Q.  agrifolia,  var.  frutescens),  is  only  a  shrub, 
three  to  five  feet  high.  A  common  tree  in  the  maratime  portion 
of  California. 

Q.  alba,  L. — White  Oak. — Leaves  whitish,  pubescent  while 
young,  but  soon  become  smooth,  bright  green  above,  with 
three  to  nine  oblong  or  linear-obtuse,  mostly  entire  oblique 
lobes.  Leaves  very  persistent,  many  remaining  on  the  trees  all 
winter,  and  only  fall  when  pushed  off  by  the  expanding  buds 


198  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

in  spring.  Acorn  ovoid-oblong,  about  an  inch  long,  set  in  a 
shallow,  rough  cup.  The  kernel  sweet-tasted,  or  only  slightly 
bitter,  edible.  A  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  stem 
six  feet  and  sometimes  more  in  diameter.  Wood  light-colored, 
heavy,  very  tough,  and  elastic,  well-known  as  one  of  the  most 
valuable  of  American  forest  trees.  The  wood  is  very  durable, 
and  is  always  in  great  demand  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  especi- 
ally for  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  and  ties  for  rail- 
roads. A  common  tree  in  our  northern  forests,  extending  south- 
ward to  Florida.  The  white  oak  should  be  given  a  prominent 
place  in  every  collection  of  native  forest  trees  cultivated  for 
economic  purposes. 

Q.  aquatica,  Catesby. — Water  Oak.— Leaves  perennial  or  ever- 
green, obovate-oblong,  or  wedged-shape,  smooth  on  both  sides  ; 
obtusely  three-lobed  at  the  summit,  often  entire,  or  on  young 
shoots,  toothed  or  lobed,  with  bristle-like  awns.  Acorns  small, 
globular,  downy,  and  set  in  a  shallow  saucer-shaped  cup.  A 
small  tree  with  smooth  bark,  seldom  growing  more  than  forty 
feet  high.  Wood  variable,  sometimes  tough,  but  more  com- 
monly rather  brittle,  used  principally  for  fuel.  In  swamps  and 
along  the  banks  of  streams,  from  Maryland  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward. 

Q.  bieolor,  Willd. — Swamp  White  Oak. — Leaves  unequally  and 
deeply  sinuate,  toothed,  almost  pinnatifid,  whitish,  downy  be- 
neath, and  bright  green  above.  The  leaves  intermediate  in 
form,  between  the  white  and  chestnut  oaks,  but  the  species  is 
usually  classed  with  the  latter.  Acorns  nearly  an  inch  long, 
oblong-ovoid,  set  in  a  shallow  cup,  often  mossy-fringed  at  the 
margin.  A  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  and  stem  five 
to  eight  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  closely  resembling  the  white 
oak,  and  valuable.  Most  common  in  the  Northern  and  West- 
ern States  in  moist  soils,  but  also  found  South  among  the 
mountains,  but  on  moist  or  wet  ground.  Var.  Mivhauxii,  Nutt. , 
has  smaller  leaves,  and  longer  and  more  slender  acorns.  A 
large  tree  in  Southern  Illinois,  Delaware,  Florida,  and  South 
Carolina. 

Q.  Breweri,  Engelm. — Brewer's  Oak. — Leaves  small,  one  and  a 
half  to  two  or  three  inches  long,  deeply  pinnatifid,  lobes  obtuse 
and  emarginate,  sometimes  again  lobed  on  petioles.  A.corns 
sessile,  an  inch  long,  s°t  in  a  shallow  cup.  A  small  shrub,  two 
to  six  feet  high,  on  the  middle  or  higher  elevation  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  from  Calveras  County,  Cal.,  to  the  Oregon  line. 


FOREST  TREES.  109 

Q.  fatesbaM,  Michx. — Turkey  Oak,  Scrub-oak. — Leaves  rather 
thick  and  broad,  narrowed  into  a  short  stalk,  deeply  lobed,  the 
lobes  very  acute,  from  a  broad  base,  six  to  nine  inches  long. 
Acorns  rather  large,  but  quite  short,  set  in  a  thick  turbinate  cup 
an  inch  broad,  the  upper  scales  curved  inward.  A  small,  scraggy 
rough-barked  tree  in  dry  pine-barrens,  from  North  Carolina  to 
Florida. 

Q.  dnerea,  Michx. — Upland  Willow  Oak. — Leaves  entire,  about 
three  inches  long,  and  less  than  an  inch  wide,  obtuse  or  acute, 
white  tomentose  beneath,  persistent,  and  almost  evergreen. 
Acorns  small,  almost  round,  the  cup  enclosing  about  one-third 
of  the  nut.  A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  the  pine- 
barrens  of  North  Carolina  and  Florida.  Michaux  states  that 
this  species,  like  that  of  the  Black  Oak,  affords  a  beautiful  yel- 
low dye,  but  the  tree  is  too  small  to  be  of  much  value,  even  for 
fuel.  Var.  pumila,  Michx.  Q.  pumila,  Walt.,  is  a  low  shrub, 
only  two  or  three  feet  high,  with  lanceolate,  wavy  leaves.  Fruit 
of  species  and  variety  biennial. 

Q.  ehrysolepis,  Liebm. — California  Live  Oaki*— Leaves  ever- 
green, oblong,  acute,  or  terminating  in  a  sharp,  rigid  point,  ob- 
tuse or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  mostly  entire  on  large 
trees,  but  on  younger  ones  sharply  toothed,  sometimes  both 
forms  on  the  same  branch,  rather  thick  and  about  two  inches 
long  and  an  inch  wide,  yellowish,  downy  beneath,  but  after  a 
year  becoming  bluish-white.  Acorns  oval,  sometimes  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  and  only  a  half  inch  in  .diameter,  set  in  a  sau- 
cer-shaped cup,  covered  with  triangular  scales.  Acorns  matur- 
ing at  the  close  of  the  second  season.  One  of  the  largest  oaks, 
with  a  flaky  ash-gray  bark  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  and  along  the 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  On  the  higher  mountains  it  is  of- 
ten a  mere  shrub.  Var.  vacciniifolia,  Engelmann,  is  a  small 
shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  acorns  less  than  an  inch  long, 
with  smaller  leaves. 

Q.  eoccinea,  Wang. — Scarlet  Oak. — Leaves  long,  petioled,  oval 
or  oblong,  with  deep  and  broad-scalloped  edges,  and  six  to  eight 
entire  or  sparingly-toothed  lobes,  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth 
and  shining  on  both  sides.  Cup  top-shaped,  enclosing  about 
one-half  of  the  roundish  depressed  acorn,  which  is  usually  from 
a  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long.  The  leaves  turn  bright 
red  or  scarlet  in  late  autumn,  and  are  quite  persistent,  although 
dropping  after  severe  freezing  weather  sets  in.  A  handsome 
large  tree  with  gray  bark,  rough,  but  not  deeply  furrowed, 


200  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

Wood  white,  heavy,  moderately  coarse-grained,  sometimes  quite 
tough,  but  variable  in  texture  and  value.  New  England,  and 
near  the  coast,  southward,  on  sandy  soils,  on  red-sandstone 
ridges  of  New  Jersey  and  south.  Engelmann  says  it  is  found 
in  Minnesota.  There  is  yet  some  doubt  as  to  whether  this  is 
really  distinct  from  Q.  tinctoria. 

Q.  donsi  !Iui"u  Hook.  &  Arn. — California  Chestnut  Oak. — Leaves 
persistent,  oblong-acute,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute  at  base,  entire, 
with  revolute  margins,  but  sometimes  slightly  toothed,  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  or  whitish,  two  to  five  inches  long,  a  half  inch  to 
two  inches  broad.  Staminate  flowers  in  erect  catkins,  with 
pistillate  at  base.  Acorns  biennial,  oval  or  oblong,  sharp- 
pointed,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  a  very  thick 
shell  set  in  a  very  shallow  cup.  Kernel  very  bitter.  A  species 
intermediate  between  the  oaks  and  chestnuts.  A  middle-sized 
tree  or  shrub,  but  Professor  Brewer  says  that  in  the  Santa  Cruz 
Mountains  it  grows  to  a  hight  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  and  rarely 
to  eighty  feet,  with  a  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Prof.  Palmer 
reports  it  on  the  C^ast  Ranges  of  California,  from  the  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains,  and  among  the  red  woods  to  the  Shasta  region. 

Q.  Donglassii,  Hook.  &  Arn. — Mountain  White  Oak,  or  Blue 
Oak. — Leaves  small,  only  an  inch  or  two  long,  oblong-sinuate 
or  with  shallow  lobes,  sometimes  almost  entire,  on  short  stalks, 
bluish-green,  becoming  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath. 
Acorns  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  oblong,  tapering  or  pointed, 
set  in  a  shallow  cup,  covered  with  flat  scales.  A  medium  to 
large  tree,  with  downy  branchlets,  on  dry  foot  hills  of  the 
Coacst  Ranges  of  California,  near  the  centre  of  the  State.  Resem- 
bles the  white  oak  of  the  Eastern  States,  but  does  not  grow  as 
large.  The  largest  trees  seen  by  Professor  Brewer  had  a  cir- 
cumference of  nine  feet. 

Q.  dumosa,  Nutt. — Small-leaved  Oak. — Leaves  small,  a  half 
inch  to  an  inch  long,  oblong-obtuse,  rounded,  or  rarely  acute  at 
the  base,  entire  or  slightly  sinuate  on  young  shoots,  toothed, 
dark  green  above  and  pubescent  beneath.  Acorns  sessile,  varia- 
ble in  size,  an  inch  long  or  more,  sometimes  slender  and  small, 
set  in  deep  cups,  usually  strongly  tubercled.  Var.  bullata  has 
leaves  rounder,  thicker  and  paler  in  color.  A  tall  shrub  or 
small  tree,  seldom  over  twenty  feet  high,  and  with  slender 
straight  branches.  Leaves  persistent  through  winter.  In  the 
Coast  Ranges,  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco  Bay.  The  variety 
in  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  (Prof.  Brewer), 


FOBEST  TREES.  201 

Q.  Emoryi,  Tort4. — Dwarf  Evergreen  Oak. — Leaves  small,  ever- 
green, slightly  lobed,  acorns  very  small.  A  widely  spread 
shrubby  evergreen  oak  in  Southern  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  southward  in  Mexico. 

Q.  fakata,  Michx. — Spanish  Oak. — Leaves  oblong,  rounded  at 
the  base,  three  to  five-lobed  ;  the  lobes  entire  or  sparingly 
toothed  at  the  apex,  the  terminal  one  commonly  narrow  and 
elongated.  Acorns  about  a  half  inch  long,  set  in  a  cup  enclos- 
ing half  of  the  roundish  nut.  A  large  tree,  often  sixty  to  seventy 
feet  high,  and  stem  four  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  dark-brown 
or  reddish,  coarse-grained,  decays  rapidly  when  exposed  to 
moisture.  Bark  thick,  rich  in  tannin,  and  often  extensively 
employed  by  tanners  in  making  what  is  called  "Oak-tanned 
Leather."  New  Jersey,  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Very  abundant  in  the  Southern 
States. 

Q.  Garryana,  Dougl. — Western  Oak. — Leaves  four  to  six  inches 
long,  by  two  to  five  wide  on  stalks,  a  half  to  one  inch  long, 
coarsely  deeply  cut-lobed ;  lobes  broad,  obtuse,  or  sometimes 
sharp- pointed,  dull  green  above,  beneath  pale-yellowish,  and 
somewhat  downy.  Acorns  sessile  or  on  short  stalks,  one  to 
one  and  a  half  inches  long,  oval,  in  small  and  very  shallow 
cup.  A  large  tree,  seventy  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  and  stem 
three  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  said  to  be  coarse,  hard, 
and  brittle.  A  common  tree  in  the  valleys  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  extending  into  Oregon  and  British  Columbia. 

Q.  Geor^iana,  M.  A.  Curtis. — Georgia  Oak. — Leaves  three  to 
four  inches  long,  very  smooth,  somewhat  obovate,  and  wedge- 
shaped  at  base,  with  deep  or  shallow  sinuses,  three  to  five-tri- 
angular or  obtuse  lobes.  Acorn  a  half  inch  long,  oval  or  round- 
ish, set  in  smooth  cups,  enclosing  one  third  of  the  nut.  A  small 
shrub,  six  to  eight  feet  high,  on  Stone  Mountain,  Georgia. 

Q.  hpterophylla,  Michx.— Bartram  Oak.— Dr.  Engelmann  places 
this  among  the  hybrid  oaks,  and  intermediate  between  Q.  Phel- 
los  and  coccinea,  but  Decandolle  considered  it  a  variety  of  Q. 
aquatica,  which  in  some  respects  it  certainly  very  much  resem- 
bles, especially  in  the  sharp-pointed  lobes  of  its  leaves.  The 
original  tree  in  the  old  Bartram  Garden,  Philadelphia,  was 
long  since  destroyed,  and  was  only  a  small  tree,  some  thirty  feet 
high  at  the  time.  But  there  are  seedlings  of  it  now  twice  that 
bight,  differing  somewhat  from  the  original.  At  best,  we  may 


202  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

say  that  this  species  is  a  doubtful  one,  although  by  some  authors 
it  is  thought  that  it  is  to  be  found  in  New  Jersey,  and  south- 
ward to  North  Carolina. 

Q.  hypolenea.  —  Engelm. — Leaves  thick,  lanceolate,  acute, 
three  or  four  inches  long,  and  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to 
nearly  an  inch  broad.  Usually  entire  or  slightly  revolute  on 
the  margin,  but  occasionally  show  one  to  three  minute  teeth. 
Nearly  smooth,  and  pale-green  above,  densely  covered  with  yel- 
lowish down  beneath.  Acorns  small,  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
ovate,  and  set  in  a  roundish  cup,  pubescent  obtuse  scales.  A 
small  tree,  sometimes  thirty  feet  high,  near  the  copper  mines, 
New  Mexico  (Thurber).  Southern  Arizona,  at  an  altitude  of 
seven  thousand  feet  (Rothrock),  and  also  in  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Q.  imbiicaria,  Michx.  —  Shingle  Oak,  Laurel  Oak. — Leaves 
three  to  five  inches  long,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
each  end,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point,  pale-downy  be- 
neath, deciduous.  Acorn  globular,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  long, 
cup  enclosing  about  one-third  of  the  nut,  scales  broad,  whitish, 
closely  appressed.  A  large,  stocky  tree,  forty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
with  quite  smooth  bark  even  on  old  trees.  Wood  hard,  heavy, 
coarse-grained',  easily  split,  and  occasionally  used  for  making 
shingles  of  an  inferior  quality.  A  handsome  tree  when  young, 
the  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  chestnut.  In  barren  and 
open  woodland,  from  New  Jersey  westward. 

Q.  ilici  folia,  Wang. — Bear,  or  Black  Scrub-oak. — A  low,  dwarf 
shrub,  with  leaves  three  to  four  inches  long,  obovate,  wedge- 
shaped  at  base,  angularly,  about  five-lobed,  white  downy  be- 
neath. In  sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hills.  Acorns  barely  a  half 
inch  long.  New  England  to  Ohio,  and  southward. 

Q.  Kelloggii.  Newbury. — Kellogg's  Oak. — Leaves  deciduous, 
thick,  broadly  oval,  pinnatifid-lobed,  the  lobes  tapering  and 
entire,  or  broad  and  lobed-dentate,  at  first  downy,  but  soon  be- 
coming smooth,  three  to  six  inches  long.  Acorns  oblong,  over 
an  inch  long,  mostly  on  short  stalks,  one  half  to  an  inch  long, 
and  several  together  ;  cup  round,  but  sometimes  very  deep, 
with  ovate-lanceolate  imbricate  scales.  A  medium  or  large- 
sized  tree  with  rough,  black  bark,  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Cali- 
fornia. For  various  synonymes  see  Index. 

Q.  laurifolia,  Michx. — Laurel-leaved  Oak. — Leaves  three  to 
four  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  lobed,  widest  in 
the  upper  third,  or  at  least  above  the  middle.  Leaves  persistent, 


TREES.  .  203 

and  remain  on  the  trees  until  spring.  Acorns  biennial  and 
quite  small.  A  large  tree,  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Q.  lubata,  Nee. — Lobed-leaf  Oak.— Leaves  deciduous,  two  to 
four  inches  long,  downy  beneath,  oblong  or  ovate,  deeply- lobed, 
lobes  sometimes  toothed  or  lobe-dentate.  Acorns  elongated- 
conical,  one  to  two  and  a  fourth  inches  long,  usually  pointed. 
Cup  deeply  hemispherical,  almost  always  strongly  tubercula- 
ted.  A  large  tree,  with  smooth,  slender,  and  often  pendant 
branches.  Common  throughout  the  State  of  California.  Wood 
said  to  be  brittle,  and  bark  on  old  trees  four  or  five  inches  thick. 

Q.  lyrata,  Walt. — Over-cup  Oak,  Post  Oak. — Leaves  five  to 
eight  inches  long,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  downy 
or  pale  beneath,  narrowed  at  base,  obovate-oblong,  seven  to 
nine  lobes,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute  and  entire.  Acorn  round- 
ish, and  nearly  enclosed  in  the  round-ovate  cup  with  rugged 
scales.  Acorns  ripen  the  first  season.  A  large  tree  in  the 
swamps  of  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  sparingly  in  Arkan- 
sas. Not  very  abundant.  Wood  said  to  be  excellent,  resemb- 
ling that  of  the  White  Oak. 

Q.  niatToiarpa,  Michx. — Burr  Oak,  Mossy-cup  Oak. — Leaves 
large,  eight  to  fifteen  inches  long,  thin,  obovate-oblong,  slightly 
downy  beneath,  narrowed  at  the  base,  stalk  short,  slightly  or 
strongly,  and  many-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded  and  mostly  entire. 
Fruit  large,  scales  of  the  cup  thick,  the  upper  ones  producing 
long,  fringe-like  awns.  Acorn  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  half  enclosed  in  the  cup  A  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty 
feet  high,  with  stem  four  feet  or  over  in  diameter.  One  is 
mentioned  in  Vol.  I,  North  American  Sylva,  as  growing  in  Ohio, 
with  a  stem  seventeen  feet  in  diameter,  at  six  feet  above  the 
ground,  and  the  tree  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  young  twigs 
and  branches  are  somewhat  corky.  Wood  coarse-grained,  of 
little  value,  except  for  fuel.  A  widely  distributed  tree  in  our 
Northern  States,  but  not  very  abundant,  except  in  the  Western 
or  from  Ohio  south  and  west. 

Q.  Mnhlenbergii,  Engelm. — Yellow  Chestnut  Oak. — Leaves  thin, 
five  to  six  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to  two  broad,  pale  be- 
neath, sharply  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth,  and  either  lanceo- 
late, with  a  long  point,  or  broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  sometimes 
seven  inches  long  and  five  wide.  A  small  or  medium-sized  tree, 
with  flaky,  pale  ash-colored  thin  bark,  and  very  tough  wood ; 
light  yellowish  or  brown  when  mature,  whence  probably  the 
popular  name  of  yellow  oak.  Occurs  scatteringly  throughout 


204  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

the  Middle  and  Northern  Atlantic  States  in  Pennsylvania,  only 
on  limestone  hills  (Porter),  but  most  abundant  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  Wood  valuable  and  very  durable. 

Q.  nigra,  L. — Black  Jack  Barren  Oak. — Leaves  large,  five  to 
ten  inches,  thick,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  rounded  at  the  base, 
mostly  three-lobed  at  summit,  bristle-awned,  smooth  above, 
and  rusty-downy  beneath,  deciduous.  Acorns  biennial,  one- 
half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cup  top-shaped,  with 
coarse  scales  enclosing  one-third  or  one-half  of  the  oblong-ovate 
mat.  A  small  tree,  seldom  more  than  twenty  feet  high,  with 
very  dark-colored  rough  bark.  Wood  coarse-grained,  only 
valuble  for  fuel.  Widely  distributed  from  New  Jersey  south- 
ward to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas  and  northward. 

Q.  oblongifolia,  Torr. — Evergreen  White  Oak. — Leaves  ever- 
green, oblong,  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  half  as  wide,  on 
very  short  stalks,  entire  or  with  a  few  blunt  teeth,  obtuse  at 
each  end,  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  downy  when  young, 
calyx  lobes  short,  oval,  woolly.  Acorns  oblong,  one-half  to  an 
inch  long,  cups  hemispherical,  tubercled.  A  small,  handsome, 
evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  stem  two  feet 
in  diameter.  Fruit  maturing  the  first  season.  Mountains  of 
Southern  California  and  Mexico. 

Q.  Palmeri,  Eng^lm.— Palmer's  Oak.— A  tall  shrub,  with 
thick  and  very  rigid  leaves,  scarcely  an  inch  long,  round,  oval, 
obtuse  or  sub-cordate  at  base,  with  undulate  and  spiny  mar- 
gins. Acorns  maturing  the  second  season.  Mountains  of  San 
Diego  County,  California,  near  the  boundary  and  southward. 

Q.  palnstris,  DuRoi. — Pin  Oak,  Swamp  Oak. — Leaves  oblong, 
smooth  and  shining,  bright  green  on  both  sides,  deeply  pinnati- 
fid,  with  broad  and  rounded  sinuses,  the  lobes  divergent,  cut- 
lobed  and  toothed.  Acorns  globular,  scarcely  one-half  inch 
long,  cup  shallow  and  saucer-shaped.  A  very  handsome,  medium 
sized  tree,  with  light,  elegant  foliage,  growing  in  low  grounds, 
along  streams,  from  New  England  to  Nebraska  and  Kansas. 
Wood  rather  coarse-grained,  but  valuable  for  plank  or  for  pur- 
poses where  it  will  not  be  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Q.  Phellos,  L. — Willow  Oak. — Leaves  deciduous,  linear-lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  both  ends,  two  to  three  inches  long,  bristle 
awned,  scurfy  when  young.  Cup  saucer-shaped,  enclosing  the 
base  of  the  roundish  nut.  Acorn  maturing  the  second  year.  A 
tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  reddish,  coarse-grained  wood 


FOREST  TREES.  205 

of  little  value,  except  for  posts  and  beams  in  buildings,  where 
it  will  not  be  exposed  to  moisture.  A  handsome  ornamental 
tree.  There  are  several  varieties. 

Q.  Priniis,  L. — Swamp  Chestnut  Oak. — Leaves  ovate,  oblong, 
or  oblong-obovate.  coarsely  and  somewhat  dentate,  with  round- 
ed teeth,  downy  beneath,  and  smooth  above.  Cup  globular,  or 
with  a  top-shaped  base,  thick,  tubercled  when  old,  nearly  one 
half  the  length  of  the  ovoid  acorn,  which  is  about  one  inch  long, 
with  a  sweetish  edible  kernel ;  the  acorns  ripening  the  first 
year.  A  medium  to  large  tree,  with  reddish,  coarse-grained 
wood,  much  inferior  to  white  oak.  Vermont  to  Florida,  and 
west  to  Mississippi,  also  west  of  the  Alleghanies  in  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky. 

Q.  ptinoUcs,  Willd. — Chinquapin  Oak. — Mainly  distinguished 
from  Q.  Muhlenbergii  by  its  low  stature  and  more  undulate  than 
sharp-toothed  leaves,  on  shorter  petioles,  and  commonly  deeper 
cups.  Dr.  Engelmann  says  well  enough  marked  eastward,  but 
from  Western  Missouri  to  Kansas,  it  runs  into  the  arborescent 
Muhlenbergii.  A  low  shrub  East,  and  a  doubtful  species. 

Q.  rubra,  L. — Red  Oak. — Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  pale  beneath, 
with  eight  to  twelve  entire  or  sharply  toothed  lobes.  Leaves 
turning  dark  red  after  frost.  Acorn  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  shal- 
low cup  with  fine  scales.  A  very  large  and  common  tree,  with 
reddish,  very  coarse-grained  wood,  but  in  some  soils,  moderately 
compact,  and  much  used  for  hewn  timber  and  staves  for  bar- 
rels, and  similar  vessels.  Everywhere  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Florida,  and  westward  to  Minnesota  and  Texas. 

Q.  stellata,  Wang. — Post  Oak. — Leaves  four  to  six  inches  long, 
cut  into  five  to  seven  roundish  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones 
the  largest  and  often  notched  ;  grayish  downy  underneath,  and 
pale  and  rough  above.  Acorn  about  a  half  inch  long,  oval,  cup 
encircling  one  third  to  one  half  the  nut.  A  medium  sized  tree, 
forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  very  hard,  durable  wood,  resemb- 
ling that  of  the  white  oak.  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  and  west- 
ward to  the  prairies  beyond  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Q.  tinctoria,  Bartram. — Yellow-Barked  Oak,  Quercitron  or 
Black  Oak. — Leaves  obovate-oblong,  slightly  or  deeply  lobed, 
the  lobes  sharply  toothed,  obtuse  at  the  base,  more  or  less  rusty, 
pubescent  when  young.  Acorns  nearly  round,  one  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  conspicuously  scaly 
top-shaped  cup.  A  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  or  more  in 


206  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

hight,  with  reddish,  close-grained,  strong  and  durable  wood, 
extensively  employed  by  coopers  and  carriage  makers.  The 
bark  is  used  in  tanning,  and  long  known  as  the  quercitron  of 
dyers.  Very  abundant  in  all  the  Atlantic  States,  but  less  com- 
mon in  the  Western. 

Q.  toinentella.  —  Engelm. — Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  on  short  stalks,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or 
toothed,  rarely  entire,  strongly  ribbed  with  revolute  margins, 
densely  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth.  Leaves  ever- 
green, or  at  least  very  persistent.  Acorns  ovate,  and  over  an 
inch  long,  maturing  the  second  season.  A  tree  sometimes  forty 
feet  high,  and  closely  allied  to  the  California  Live  Oak  (Q. 
chrysolepis),  Guadalupe  Island  (Dr.  Palmer). 

Q.  nndnlata,  Torr. — Rocky  Mountain  Scrub-Oak. — One  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  oaks  that  runs  into  almost  innumerable  forms, 
and  from  low,  almost  trailing  shrubs,  up  to  trees  twenty  or 
more  feet  high.  The  species  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the 
"White  Oak  of  the  Eastern  States,  and  the  leaves  are  fully  as 
persistent,  and  'the  wood  is  very  hard  and  tough,  but  usually 
too  small  for  any  use  except  stakes  and  firewood.  The  leaves 
resemble  those  of  the  White  Oak  (Q.  alba),  only  they  are  very 
much  smaller.  Dr.  Engelmann  refers  to  a  few  of  the  best  known 
forms  of  this  species,  as  follows  :  1.  Var.  Gambelii  (Q.  Gam- 
belii,  Nutt.,  and  probably  Q.  Drummondii,  Liebm.)  2.  Var. 
Gunnisoni  (Q.  alba,  var.  Gunnisoni,  Torrey).  3.  Var.  Jamesii, 
Engelm.  4.  Var.  Wrightii,  Engelm.,  often  confounded  with 
Q.  Emoryi.  5.  Var.  pungens,  Engelm.,  (Q.  pungens,  Liebm.) 
Var.  oblongata,  Engelm.,  (Q.  oblongifolia,  Torr.)  6.  Var. 
grisea,  Engelm.,  (Q.  grisea,  Liebm.) 

Q.  virens,  Ait. — Live  Oak. — Leaves  two  to  four  inches  long, 
thick  evergreen,  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  rough  or  wrinkled, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  hoary  tomentose  beneath,  the  mar- 
gins revolute.  Fruit  on  a  rather  long  stem,  cup  top-shaped, 
wrinkled,  enclosing  the  base  of  the  oblong,  brown  acorn,  which 
matures  the  second  season.  A  large  tree,  with  spreading  branches, 
fifty  to  seventy  feet  high,  and  stem  four  to  six  feet  in  diameter. 
Wood  yellowish  or  light  brown,  very  heavy,  fine-grained,  and 
very  durable.  Formerly  largely  used  for  ship  building,  but 
less  since  iron  has  been  employed  for  similar  purposes.  There 
are  two  or  three  varieties  described  in  botanical  works.  A 
common  and  rather  abundant  tree  in  the  Southern  Atlantic 
States,  and  westward  along  the  Gulf  Coast  to  Mexico. 


FOREST  TREES.  207 

Q.  WMi/enf. — A.  DC. — Leaves  smooth,  dark  green  and  shining, 
one  to  three,  rarely  four  inches  long,  by  one  to  two  broad, 
varying  in  shape  from  narrowly-lanceotate  to  broadly  oval, 
entire  or  serrate,  or  often  sinuate,  dentate  or  lobed.  Cups  tur- 
binate,  very  deep,  or  even  tubular,  one  half  to  an  inch  deep, 
covered  with  brown  lanceolate  scales.  Acorns  slender,  tapering, 
often  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Leaves  very  persistent,  and  the 
acorns  maturing  in  the  second  season.  A  large  tree,  fifty  to 
sixty  feet  high,  and  common  in  the  lower  valleys  of  California. 
Var.  frutescens,  Engelmann,  is  a  shrub  from  three  to  ten  feet 
high,  known  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas  as  Desert  Oak. 

HYBRID    OAKS. 

There  have  been  from  time  to  time  single  specimens  of  oak 
trees  found  in  different  parts  of  the  country  that  did  not  ap- 
pear to  agree  with  the  recognized  distinctive  characteristics 
of  any  of  the  indigenous  species.  It  has  been  claimed  for 
many  years  that  some  of  the  number  at  least  were  hybrids,  and 
Dr.  Engelmann  favored  this  idea,  and  gives  a  list  of  those 
known  to  him  in  the  monograph  to  which  I  have  already  re- 
ferred. In  this  list  he  places  the  Bartram  Oak,  and  the  Quer- 
cus  Leana,  of  NuttalPs  Sylva,  and  several  other  unique  forms 
of  our  indigenous  oaks. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Of  all  the  foreign  species  of  the  oak,  the  European  or  Eng- 
lish oak,  Quercus  Eobur  is  probably  the  most  familiar  to  the 
people  of  this  country,  and  were  we  in  want  of  any  additional 
species  for  planting  in  forests,  this  one  could  be  recommended, 
as  it  is  closely  related  to  our  White  Oaks,  but  we  have  such  a 
large  number  of  species  of  our  own  that  we  have  no  good  rea- 
son for  introducing  anything  from  abroad  of  the  kind,  except 
for  ornamental  purposes.  The  European  oak  has  yielded  many 
beautiful  varieties,  among  which  I  may  name  the  Purple-leaved, 
Golden-leaved,  Mottled-leaved,  Cut-leaved,  Weeping  oak,  and  nu- 
merous varieties  to  be  found  named  in  nurserymen's  catalogues. 
Besides  these,  there  are  several  varieties  of  the  Turkey  Oak 
(Q.  cerris)  in  cultivation,  and  recently  several  handsome  spe- 
cies and  varieties  of  the  oak  have  been  introduced  from  Japan, 
among  them  the  noble  Daimio  Oak,  which  may  at  some  future 
time  be  planted  as  a  forest  tree  in  this  country,  but  my  limited 
space  will  not  admit  of  even  enumerating  the  large  number  of 
species  of  foreign  oaks,  however  much  I  might  desire  to  do  so, 


208  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

RHAMNUS,  Linn. — Buckthorn. 

An  extensive  genus  containing  nearly  sixty  species  of  ever- 
green and  deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees.  Flowers  perfect,  or 
the  sexes  separated  ;  petals  four  or  five,  but  in  some  species, 
entirely  wanting.  Fruit,  berry-like,  containing  two  to  four 
bony  or  horn-like,  one-seeded  nutlets.  Of  the  six  indigenous 
species,  three  belong  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  three  to  the 
Eastern  States.  Only  two  grow  to  a  hight  of  twenty  feet. 

llliaimiiis  ai ni folia. — L'.Her. — A  small  shrub,  two  to  four  feet 
high,  with  ovate-oblong  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  without 
petals.  Fruit  black,  New  England  to  Washington  Territory. 

B.  California,  Esch. — California  Buckthorn. — Leaves  ovate-ob- 
long to  elliptical,  one  to  four  inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse, 
mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  slightly  toothed  or  entire,  ever- 
green. Petals  very  small ;  fruit,  blackish-purple,  with  thin 
pulp,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  two  to  three-seeded. 
A  spreading  shrub,  from  five  to  eighteen  feet  high,  throughout 
California.  Var.  tomentella,  is  densely  white,  tomentose,  es- 
pecially on  the  underside  of  the  leaves. 

B.  Caroli n rana,  Walt. — Carolina  Buckthorn. — Leaves  three  to 
four  inches  long,  oblong,  wavy,  and  finely  serrulate  on  the  mar- 
gins, the  slender  petioles  and  many-flowered  clusters  pubes- 
cent ;  petals  five,  minute.  Fruit  round,  three-seeded.  A  small 
tree,  sometimes  over  twenty  feet  high,  but  usually  a  low,  much- 
branched  shrub.  Long  Island  to  Florida,  and  west  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains 

B.  crocea,  Nutt. — Red-Berried  Buckthorn. — Leaves  evergreen, 
thick,  oblong  or  obovate,  to  orbicular,  variable,  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  half  long.  Flowers  tetramerous,  without  petals. 
Fruit  one  fourth  of  an  inch  long,  two  to  four-seeded,  bright  red. 
A  branching  shrub,  four  to  fifteen  feet  high.  Mountains  and 
hillsides  of  Southern  California,  and  eastward  into  Arizona. 
Berries  eaten  by  the  Indians,  and  said  to  color  their  veins  red. 

B.  lanccolatns,  Pursh. — Narrow-Leaved  Buckthorn. — Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  Flowers  clustered,  on  short  pedicels, 
or  scattered  on  longer  pedicels.  Seed  black,  as  large  as  a  grain 
of  pepper.  A  tall  shrub,  from  Pennsylvania,  southward  to 
Alabama,  in  swamps. 

B.  Purshiana,  DC. — Bear  Berry. — Leaves  deciduous,  two  to 
seven  inches  long,  one  to  three  wide,  elliptic,  mostly  acute,  ob- 
tuse at  base,  denticulate,  somewhat  pubescent  underneath. 


FOREST  TKEES.  209 

Flowers  large,  petals  minute.  Fruit  black,  broadly  obovoid,  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  three-lobed  and  three-seeded.  A  shrub 
or  tree,  twenty  feet  high,  the  young  branches  downy.  Mendo- 
cino  County,  California,  northward  to  the  British  Boundary. 

The  common  Buckthorn  of  Europe  (R.  catharticus)  has  been 
so  long  cultivated  in  this  country  for  hedges,  that  it  has  run 
wild  in  many  places,  becoming  a  small  tree  with  thorny 
branchlets,  with  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  fruit  with  three  to 
four  seeds. 

RHIZOPHORA,  Linn. — Mangrove. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  maritime  swamps,  with  opposite  entire, 
evergreen  leaves.  The  branches  throw  out  roots  freely,  which 
descend  and  take  root  in  the  mud,  each  branch  being  supported 
by  its  own  roots,  a  single  tree  in  this  manner  may  extend  over 
a  large  space.  Only  one  species. 

Ithi/oplioru  Man^h'.  Linn. — Mangrove. — Leaves  obovate-oblong; 
peduncles  two  to  three  flowered.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  quite 
showy.  Fruit,  a  small,  one-seeded  nut,  which  remains  attached 
to  the  tree  until  it  germinates.  A  small  tree,  in  the  maritime 
swamps  of  Southern  Florida,  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  throughout 
Tropical  America. 

RHODODENDRON,    Linn. — Rose  Bay. 

An  extensive  genus  of  several  hundred  species,  widely  distribu- 
ted over  the  globe,  mostly  in  cool  or  temperate  climates.  Prin- 
cipally evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  with  showy  flowers,  usually 
in  terminal  umbels  or  corymbs.  The  Rhododendron  and  Azaleas 
are  so  nearly  allied,  in  fact,  scarcely  distinguishable  as  a  whole, 
that  our  modem  botanists  have  classified  them  all  under  the 
one  generic  name  of  Rhododendron,  separating  them  under 
sub-genera  or  in  groups.  They  are  all  handsome,  ornamental 
shrubs  or  small  trees,  and  extensively  cultivated  among  all 
civilized  nations.  We  have  about  a  half  dozen  species  of  the 
Azalea  proper,  and  four  or  at  most  five  of  the  Rhododendrons, 
but  only  one  of  the  number  grows  tall  enough  to  be  classed 
among  trees. 

Rhododendron  maxim u in,  L. — Great  Laurel  Rose  Bay. — Leaves 
obovate-oblong,  abrupt  acute,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides. 
Flowers  bell-shaped,  white  or  pale  rose  color,  spotted  within  with 
yellow  or  green,  and  usually  about  an  inch  broad.  Usually  a 
shrub  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  but  in  the  mountains  at 


210  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

the  South  sometimes  a  tree  forty  feet  high.  Wood  very  hard, 
but  usually  too  crooked  to  be  of  much  value  except  for  fuel  or 
making  handles  for  small  tools.  More  or  less  abundant  along 
the  banks  of  streams,  from  Canada  to  Florida,  but  keeping  in 
high  woods  in  the  South. 

The  R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.,  has  lilac-purple  flowers,  and  is 
the  parent  of  many  of  our  most  valuable  cultivated  varieties. 
Hybrids  between  this  and  several  foreign  species  have  been 
raised  in  great  numbers.  The  California  Rhododendron  (R. 
Californicum,  Hooker),  is  a  low  shrub,  four  to  eight  feet  high, 
with  leaves  four  to  six  inches  long,  and  handsome  rose-colored 
flowers,  two  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  a  very  handsome  and 
showy  shrub,  worthy  of  extended  cultivation.  The  Lapland 
Rose  Bay  (R.  Lapponicum,  Wahl.),  is  a  low  dwarf  or  prostrate 
shrub,  with  leaves  about  a  half  inch  long,  and  very  small  vio- 
let-purple flowers.  Found  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  New 
York,  and  the  New  England  States,  also  in  Europe.  The  native 
species  of  Azalea  are  all  shrubs,  of  only  moderate  size,  and  for 
this  reason  are  omitted. 

RHUS,  Linn. — Sumach. 

A  large  and  widely  distributed  genus  of  more  than  a  hundred 
and  twenty  species,  some  fourteen  of  which  inhabit  the  United 
States.  Leaves  simple  or  pinnate.  Flowers  small,  either  perfect, 
or  the  two  sexes  separate  on  the  same  plant,  or  on  separate 
plants  ;  usually  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal panicles  or  racemes.  Fruit,  a  small,  dry  drupe,  in 
branching  open  panicles  or  close,  compact  clusters  or  heads. 
The  leaves  of  some  of  the  species  extensively  employed  in  tan- 
ning certain  kinds  of  leather.  The  resinous  juice  of  one  or  more 
species  in  Japan,  yields  the  well-known  lacquer  varnish  of  that 
country,  while  from  the  fruit,  a  peculiar  and  valuable  vegeta- 
ble wax  is  extracted.  There  are  several  species  that  are  very 
poisonous  to  some  persons,  but  not  to  others.  Only  two  or 
three  of  our  native  species  grow  large  enough  to  be  classed  as 
trees,  but  as  each  has  some  peculiar  habit  or  properties  that 
should  be  well  known  to  the  practical  forester,  I  will  refer 
briefly  to  all,  and  first  to  those  known  to  be  poisonous. 

Rhns  diversiloba,  Torr.  and  Gray. — Poison  Oak,  Yeara. — Leaves 
composed  of  three  ovate,  obovate,  or  elliptical  leaflets,  one  to 
three  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  three-lobed  or  coarsely 
toothed.  Flowers  whitish,  in  loose  axillary  panicles.  Fruit 


FOKEST  TREES.  211 

smooth  and  whitish.  A  plant  with  a  slender  stem,  erect  or 
climbing  by  rootlets,  three  to  eight  feet  high.  Very  much  re- 
sembling the  Rhus  Toxicodendron  of  the  Atlantic  States.  Com- 
mon from  Southern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

It.  venenata,  DC.  -  Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Dogwood,  Poison 
Elder. — Branchlets  and  leaf -stalks  smooth  ;  leaflets  seven  to 
thirteen,  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  pointed.  Fruit  small, 
globular,  dun  color,  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  hanging  on  late 
in  winter.  A  rather  handsome,  upright  shrub  or  tree,  some- 
times twenty  feet  high.  In  swamps  and  low  ground.  Supposed 
to  be  the  most  poisonous  of  all  the  species,  but  there  are  many 
persons  who  can  handle  it  with  impunity. 

K.  Toxicodendron,  Linn. — Poison  Ivy,  Poison  Oak.— Leaves 
composed  of  three  rhombic-ovate  leaflets,  mostly  pointed  and 
rather  downy  beneath,  variously  cut-lobed  or  toothed.  Fruit 
same  as  the  last,  but  leaves  usually  yellow  after  frosts,  but 
sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Usually  climbing  by  root- 
lets, over  rocks  or  ascending  trees  to  a  great  hight,  and  the  stem 
becoming  as  large  as  a  man's  arm.  A  species  quite  variable  in 
form  of  growth,  but  always  readily  distinguished  by  its  leaves 
and  fruit.  Michaux  describes  a  low  growing,  southern  form, 
under  the  name  of  the  Oak-leaved  (quereifolium),  of  a  more 
erect  habit,  with  variously  lobed  leaves,  but  the  leaflets  are  only 
three  in  number.  A  common  plant  throughout  the  Atlantic 
States  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  following 
are  all  innoxious  species,  and  some  of  them  cultivated  for  or- 
nament. 

R.  ctttomridos,  Nutt. — American  Cotinus. — Leaves  simple,  thin, 
oval-obtuse,  entire,  acute  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  long  peti- 
oled.  Flowers  perfect  in  an  open  panicle,  the  pedicles  mostly 
abortive,  elongating,  and  becoming  plumose  as  in  the  common 
Smoke-tree  or  Venetian  sumach  tree  in  gardens.  Nuttall  says 
that  during  his  tour  into  the  interior  of  Arkansas  Territory,  in 
1819,  he  discovered  this  species  on  the  high,  broken  calcareous 
rocky  banks  of  the  Grand  River,  near  a  place  called  "  Eagle's 
Nest."  A  large  shrub,  but  it  has  recently  been  reported  to  have 
been  found  growing  in  Alabama,  to  the  hight  of  twenty  feet  or 
more,  with  a  stem  nearly  or  quite  a  foot  in  diameter.  Not  poi- 
sonous, neither  are  any  of  the  following  species  except  the  last. 
R.  typhina  Linn. — Staghora  Sumach. — Leaflets,  eleven  to  thirty- 
one,  lanceolate-pointed,  serrate,  smooth,  pale  beneath.  Young 
branches,  leaf  stalks,  and  fruit,  densely  velvety  or  hairy.  Fruit 


212  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

red,  acid  to  the  taste,  and  in  a  dense,  close,  upright,  terminal 
panicle.  A  common,  low  shrub,  but  sometimes  a  tree  twenty 
feet  high,  with  orange-colored,  brittle  wood.  Often  a  great  nui- 
sance, appearing  in  neglected  fields,  and  throwing  up  suckers 
from  the  large,  coarse,  subterraneous  stems. 

R.  glabra,  Linn. — Smooth  Sumach. — Branches  and  leaves 
smooth,  not  downy.  Leaflets  eleven  to  thirty-one,  whitish  un- 
derneath, lanceolate-oblong,  pointed  and  serrate.  Fruit  red,  but 
in  an  open  and  spreading  cluster.  A  small  or  large  shrub,  some- 
times ten  or  twelve  feet  high,  and  common  in  rocky  soils.  Var. 
laciniata,  or  the  Cut-leaved  sumach  of  gardens,  belongs  to  this 
species,  and  was  found  in  Pennsylvania  by  the  late  Dr.  Dar- 
lington, nearly  a  half  century  ago. 

R.  € opallina,  Linn.  —  Dwarf  Sumach.  — Young  stalks  and 
branches  downy,  petioles  winged  or  broadly  margined  between 
the  nine  to  twenty-one,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets, 
mostly  entire,  smooth  above  and  downy  beneath.  Fruit  red.  A 
low  shrub,  four  to  eight  feet  high,  on  the  borders  of  woods,  in 
both  Northern  and  Southern  States. 

R.  aromatira,  Ait. — Fragrant  Sumach. — Leaves  composed  of 
three  cut-lobed  leaflets,  of  a  rhombic-ovate  form,  downy  when 
young,  aromatic-scented.  Flowers  light  yellow,  and  appear  in 
spring,  before  the  leaves.  Fruit  red,  in  short  spikes.  Var.  trilo- 
bata,  Gray,  or  R.  trilobata,  Nutt.,  is  found  from  Texas  to 
Washington  Territory.  Fruit  pleasant  tasted,  and  eaten  by  the 
Indians,  The  small,  slender  twigs,  are  also  employed  for 
making  very  choice  baskets. 

R.  piimila,  Michx — Dwarf  Sumach. — A  low  growing  shrub, 
with  eleven  to  thirteen  oval,  oblong,  pointed  leaflets,  coarsely 
serrate,  and  downy  beneath.  Fruit  red  and  hairy.  In  Georgia 
and  North  Carolina. 

R.  integrifolia,  Benth.  and  Hook. — Entire-leaved  Sumach. — 
Leaves  evergreen,  pubescent  when  young,  but  soon  smooth  ; 
broadly  ovate,  usually  entire,  but  sometimes  spiny-toothed  ; 
one  to  three  inches  long.  Flowers  rose-colored,  in  close  pani- 
cles, one  to  three  inches  long.  Fruit  dark-red,  viscid,  ovate, 
nearly  a  half  inch  long.  Nuttall,  in  describing  this  species, 
under  the  name  of  Styphonia  integrifoUa,  says  that  it  is  an  un- 
sightly tree,  with  a  stem  about  the  thickness  of  a  man's  arm, 
branching  in  a  wide  and  straggling  manner,  forming  impervi- 
ous thickets  along  the  margins  of  cliffs  and  steep  banks  near 


FOREST  TREES. 


Fig.  47.— VENETIAN  SUMACH,   OB  SMOKE  TBEB. 


214  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

the  sea,  around  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego,  California.  It  is 
also  found  in  Arizona. 

R.  la u riii a. — Nutt. — A  large  evergreen  shrub,  similar  to  the 
last,  but  exhaling  an  aromatic  odor.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed,  and  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base.  Flowers  yellow- 
ish, and  fruit  whitish,  according  to  Dr.  Torrey,  "  the  thin  pulp 
of  the  dry  fruit  consists  chiefly  of  a  white,  waxy  material,  solu- 
ble in  strong  alcohol."  This  is  the  Lithrcea  laurina  of  Walpers. 

R.  Metopicnm,  Linn. — Coral  Sumach,  Mountain  Manchineel. — 
Leaves  smooth,  composed  of  three  to  seven  leaflets,  oval  or 
elliptical-pointed,  entire.  Leaf -stalks  rather  long.  Flowers  in 
loose  panicles.  Fruit  oblong,  smooth,  of  a  scarlet  color.  Juice 
said  to  be  very  poisonous.  A  rare  tree,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet 
high  in  Southern  Florida,  but  more  common  in  the  West  Indies. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES. 

Of  these,  the  best  known  and  most  common  is  the  Venetian 
Sumach,  or  Smoke-tree,  also  called  Purple-fringe  tree.  Its 
botanical  name  is  Rhus  Cotinus,  and  is  a  native  of  Southern 
Europe.  Its  leaves  are  roundish-oval,  or  oblong,  and  the  flow- 
ers very  minute,  and  of  a  greenish  color,  but  only  a  small  num- 
ber produce  seed,  the  greater  part  are  abortive,  but  are  suc- 
ceeded by  long,  silky  hairs,  forming  a  cloud-like  mass,  that 
nearly  conceals  the  foliage,  and  so  light  and  feathery  that  the 
name  of  smoke-tree  is  not  unappropriate.  A  panicle  of  a  much 
reduced  flower-cluster  is  shown  in  fig.  47.  A  few  other  foreign 
species  have  been  introduced  as  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs, 
one  of  the  best  of  these  is  R.  Osbecki,  from  China.  It  has  very 
large  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaf -stalk  broadly  winged  between  the 
leaflets.  It  is  quite  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  and  grows  to 
a  hight  of  twenty  feet  or  more. 

ROBINIA,   Linn. — Locust  Tree. 

A  small  genus  of  only  about  a  half  a  dozen  species,  of  hand- 
some deciduous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  showy,  pea-shaped  flowers 
in  hanging  axillary  racemes.  Fruit,  a  linear-pod,  usually  flat, 
several  seeded,  margined  on  the  seed -bearing  edge,  at  length 
two-valved,  opening  and  allowing  the  seed  to  drop  out.  All 
readily  propagated  from  seed,  or  by  budding  or  grafting.  The 
seed  will  keep  sound  for  several  years,  but  become  so  hard  that 
they  require  scalding  to  assist  in  germination.  Some  of  the  spe- 
cies have  rather  strong  spines  on  the  smaller  branches,  others 
only  armed  with  slender  prickles. 


FOKEST  TREES.  215 

Robinia  Psendacafia,  L. — Common  Locust  or  False  Acacia. — 
Leaves  composed  of  from  nine  to  seventeen  small,  oblong-ovate 
leaflets.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  in  pendulous  racemes,  three  to 
five  inches  long  ;  pods  flat,  containing  four  to  six  hard,  small, 
and  rather  flattish  seeds.  Usually  a  slender  tree,  sixty  to  eighty 
feet  high,  with  stem  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  white, 
or  greenish-yellow,  very  hard  and  close-grained,  and  when  of 
slow  growth,  it  is  very  durable,  but  when  grown  on  very  rich 
soils,  as  for  instance  on  the  rich  western  prairie  soils,  it  is  far 
less  durable  than  when  raised  on  lighter  and  poorer  land. 
When  planted  singly  or  in  small  groves,  the  trees  are  usually 
infested  with  borers,  but  in  larger  plantations  or  forests  the 
insect  confines  itself  mainly  to  trees,  the  stems  of  which  are 
exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  A  well  known  tree, 
extensively  naturalized  in  all  of  the  Atlantic  States,  but  native 
of  Southern  Pennsylvania  and  southward  along  the  mountains, 
and  by  some  authors  said  to  extend  west  to  Missouri.  It  is  a 
tree  very  much  inclined  to  spread  by  suckers  from  the  roots,  as 
well  as  from  the  seed,  which  are  usually  widely  scattered  by 
winds. 

R.  viscoea,  Vent. — Clammy  Locust. — Small  branches  and  leaf- 
stalks clammy,  spines  very  small.  Leaflets  eleven  to  twenty- 
five,  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base, 
slightly  downy  beneath,  tipped  with  a  short  bristle.  Flowers 
in  a  short,  rather  compact,  roundish,  upright  raceme,  rose- 
color  and  inodorous.  Pods  three  to  five-seeded.  A  small  tree, 
from  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  Wood  said  to  be  valuable. 
Native  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  in  the  mountains,  along 
the  banks  of  streams.  Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree. 
Produces  suckers  in  great  abundance  if  the  roots  are  disturbed 
or  broken. 

R.  hispida.  Linn.— Bristly  or  Rose  Acacia.— Branches  thickly 
covered  with  small,  slender  bristles.  Leaflets  eleven  to  eighteen, 
ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  and  tipped  with  a 
long  bristle.  Flowers  large,  in  loose,  and  mostly  pendulous 
racemes  ;  bright  pink  or  rose-color,  very  showy  and  handsome. 
There  are  several  wild  and  cultivated  varieties,  all  low,  strag- 
gling shrubs,  their  roots  running  in  light  soils  to  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  producing  numerous  suckers. 

SALIX,  Tour. — Willow,  Osier. 

An  immense  genus  of  about  a  hundred  and  sixty  species,  the 
larger  part  belonging  to  Europe  and  Asia,  a  half  dozen  inhabit- 


216  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

ing  Africa  and  South  America,  and  about  sixty  species  in 
North  America.  A  very  difficult  genus  to  elaborate,  as  all  the 
species  are  more  or  less  variable.  Staminate  and  pistillate 
aments  or  catkins  preceding  or  accompanying  the  leaves.  Seeds 
minute,  without  albumen,  cotyledons  flattened.  Trees,  shrubs, 
or  low  undershrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves.  Wood  light, 
soft,  of  little  economic  value.  The  bark  containing  a  bitter 
principle,  known  as  salacin,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
quinine.  The  slender,  tough  twigs,  of  some  of  the  species  are 
extensively  used  for  basket-making,  and  cultivated  for  this  pur- 
pose, a  few  species  for  ornament,  and  a  far  less  number  for  their 
wood.  As  a  whole,  the  willows  are  of  no  great  economic 
importance,  but  all  are  readily  propagated  by  cuttings,  and 
some  of  the  smaller  species  are  of  value  for  planting  in  drifting 
sands,  and  the  banks  of  streams  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the 
loose  soil  in  place.  My  limited  space  will  not  admit  of  enu- 
merating all  the  indigenous  and  unimportant  species,  therefore 
I  will  only  name  a  few  of  the  larger-growing  native,  and  foreign 
species  and  varieties. 

Salix  eordata,  Muhl. — Heart-leaved  Willow. — Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base  ; 
sharply  toothed,  smooth  above,  pale,  downy  beneath  ;  catkins 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy  at  base,  cylindrical,  the  fertile 
ones  elongating  with  the  development  of  the  seeds.  A  small 
tree,  sometimes  twenty  feet  high.  From  the  North  Eastern 
States  to  the  Arctic  Coast.  Abundant  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
Nevada.  There  are  some  four  or  five  local  varieties  recognized 
by  botanists. 

S.  laevigata,  Bebb. — Smooth-leaved  Willow. — Leaves  lanceolate, 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  three  to  seven  inches  long, 
smooth,  glossy-green  above,  whitish  beneath,  minutely  serru- 
late, the  male  catkins,  roundish-obovate,  the  female  narrower, 
and  truncate,  with  two  to  four  irregular  teeth  at  apex.  An 
erect,  pyramidal  tree,  fifteen  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  one 
to  two  feet  in  diameter,  with  fissured,  dark-brown  bark.  In 
California,  along  the  bottom  lands  near  streams  from  San  Diego 
County  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  There  are  several  varieties. 

S.  lasiandra,  Benth. — Long-leaved  Willow. — Leaves  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  roundish  at  base,  smooth,  whitish  beneath,  mar- 
gins closely  and  sharply  serrate  ;  catkins  with  a  leafy  stalk, 
with  thin,  yellowish  scales,  more  or  less  hairy  at  the  base  ;  the 
female  catkins  smooth.  Three  natural  varieties  are  described 


FOREST  TREES.  1 

by  Dr.  Bebb,  in  Botany  of  California,  viz.  Var.  typica,  var. 
lancifolia,  and  var.  Fendleriana.  A  tree  twenty  to  sixty  feet 
high.  Sacramento  Valley,  California,  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia.  Some  of  the  varieties  extend  eastward  to  New 
Mexico. 

S.  la>i»lepis. — Benth. — Leaves  oblanceolate,  or  rarely  oblong- 
lanceolate,  four  to  six  inches  long,  one  half  to  one  inch  wide, 
the  lower  ones  spatulate,  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially 
when  young  ;  catkins  sessile,  one  to  three  inches  long,  cylindri- 
cal, densely  flowered,  stamens  yellow,  three  times  as  long  as 
the  scales.  Var.  Bigelovii,  Bebb.,  has  leaves  more  obovate  than 
the  species,  and  var.  fallax,  Bebb.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base.  A  large  tree,  forty  to  sixty  feet 
high  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco,  and  southward  in 
California.  Said  to  be  a  common  tree  throughout  the  State. 

C.  lucida,  Muhl. — Shining  Willow. — Leaves  ovate-oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  with  a  long,  tapering  point,  smooth  and  shining  on 
both  sides,  serrate.  A  handsome  species  of  willow,  rarely  more 
than  twenty  feet  high,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  Penn- 
sylvania, northward  through  British  America. 

S.  ni^ra,  Marshall. — Black  Willow. — Leaves  narrowly-lanceo- 
late, pointed  and  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate,  smooth,  except 
on  the  petioles  and  midrib,  bright  green  on  both  sides.  A  small 
tree,  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  a  rough,  black  bark,  hence 
the  specific  name.  A  rare  tree  in  Northern  New  England  and 
Canada,  but  more  common  south  and  west,  extending  entirely 
across  the  continent,  being  plentiful  in  California. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES  AND   VARIETIES. 

Among  the  foreign  species  of  the  willow,  there  are  quite  a 
number  that  are  better  known  and  far  more  common  in  culti- 
vation than  any  of  our  native  species,  in  fact,  it  may  be  said 
that  our  indigenous  willows  are  almost  unknown  among  culti- 
vated trees  and  shrubs,  while  several  of  the  foreign  ones  may 
be  seen  in  almost  every  garden,  park,  or  pleasure  ground  in  the 
country.  The  old  and  familiar  Weeping  Willow  must  have  been 
introduced  at  a  very  early  period  in  our  history,  for  very  old 
and  very  large  trees  of  it  may  be  seen  in  all  of  our  older  States, 
and  specimens  with  stems  four  to  six  feet  in  diameter,  near  the 
ground,  are  far  from  being  rare  or  uncommon,  and  while  this 
tree  is  of  little  or  no  economic  value,  it  has  long  been  a  favorite 
ornamental  tree  for  planting  about  ponds,  churches,  and  in 
10 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

cemeteries,  and  will  probably  continue  to  have  its  admirers  for 
ail  time.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Babylonian  Willow,  but  it 
is  certainly  not  a  native  of  Babylon  or  any  other  hot  climate, 
but  is  without  doubt  a  native  of  Northern  Asia. 

The  Hoop-leaved  or  King-leaved  Willow  (S.  annularis), 
is  a  variety  of  the  so-called  Babylonian  Willow,  with 
leaves  curved  into  a  ring,  but  of  a  similar  weeping  habit. 
The  next  most  familiar  species  is  the  White  Willow  (S.  alba), 
which  has  been  highly  extolled,  and  quite  extensively  planted 
for  fencing  and  fuel  in  the  Western  States,  and  while  it  is  a 
rapid  growing  tree,  aud  the  wood  moderately  firm  and  good 
for  a  willow,  still  it  is  an  inferior  forest  tree,  and  scarcely 
worth  cultivating  where  other  and  better  species  will  grow. 
This  species,  and  its  variety  with  yellow  twigs  (S.  alba,  var. 
vitellina),  are  quite  common  along  the  banks  of  small  streams 
and  ponds  in  the  Eastern  States,  where  they  have  been  planted 
for  ornament,  or  shade  for  stock  in  pastures.  All  of  these  large 
growing  willows  have  very  large  masses  of  fine  fibrous  roots 
that  penetrate  the  soil  to  a  great  depth,  and  will  push  to  a  great 
distance  in  search  of  moisture,  and  for  this  reason  they  should 
never  be  planted  near  drains,  wells,  or  where  their  roots  will  be 
likely  to  do  injury  to  these  or  similar  structures.  There  are 
many  small  ornamental  varieties  that  are  well  worthy  of  a 
a  place  in  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds,  but  as  they  are  fully 
described  in  nurserymen's  catalogues,  and  are  of  no  considera- 
ble economic  value,  I  omit  further  reference  to  them  here. 

SAMBUCUS,  Tour. — Elder. 

A  small  genus  of  no  especial  importance,  although  some  of 
the  species  have  had  some  reputation  for  their  medicinal  prop- 
erties. They  are  principally  small  shrubs,  with  one  European 
and  one  Asiatic  herbaceous  species.  Flowers  small  but  numer- 
ous, in  compound  cymes  or  clusters.  Fruit,  a  small,  round, 
juicy  drupe,  but  usually  called  a  berry,  containing  several  sepa- 
rate seed-like  nutlets,  each  with  one  seed.  Only  one  species 
that  becomes  a  tree. 

Sam  bur  us  glanca,  Nutt. — Tree-Elder. — Leaflets  three  to  nine,  of 
firm  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  with  rigid, 
spreading  teeth.  Flowers  in  a  broad,  flat  cluster  or  cyme.  Fruit 
black,  but  with  so  much  bloom,  that  they  appear  to  be  white  ; 
pith  of  shoots  white.  A  small  tree,  but  sometimes  twenty  feet 
high,  and  a  stem  a  foot  in  diameter.  Wood  like  that  of  all  the 


TREES.  21 9 

elders,  very  hard,  but  owing  to  large  pith,  only  valuable  for  a 
few  purposes.  Common  in  California  and  southward,  also  in 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  also  in  the  valleys  through- 
out the  Rocky  Mountain  regions.  The  European  Elder  (S.  race- 
mosa)  is  also  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  eastward 
in  our  more  Northern  States,  in  high,  rocky  situations,  but  the 
Eastern  form  is  known  as  var.  pubens,  Michx.  Our  most  com- 
mon species  is  the  Black-Berried  Elder  (S.  Canadensis),  the  fruit 
of  which  is  extensively  used  for  making  a  kind  of  wine  or 
cordial.  There  are  several  ornamental  varieties  in  cultivation, 
one  with  golden  variegated  leaves,  another  with  silver  variegat- 
ed, also  a  cut-leaved,  and  one  with  double  white  flowers. 

SAPIXDUS,  Linn. — Soap-Berry. 

A  genus  of  a  dozen  or  more  species  of  evergreen  trees,  prin- 
cipally tropical,  noted  for  the  saponaceous  properties  of  the 
pulp  (aril),  surrounding  the  seeds  of  some  of  the  species.  This 
substance  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  South  America, 
and  is  said  to  lather  quite  freely  in  water.  The  flowers  are 
produced  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Leaves 
abruptly  pinnate.  Seeds  horny.  Two  species  inhabit  our  south- 
ern borders, 

Sapindns  marginatns,  Willd.  —Soap-Bern-.  —Leaflets  nine  to 
eighteen,  opposite  or  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequal-sided, 
strongly  veined  above  ;  panicles  large,  and  dense  flowered. 
Flowers  white.  Fruit  globose.  A  tree  from  twenty  to  forty 
feet  high  from  Georgia  to  Florida,  and  near  the  Coast  westward 
to  Southern  Arizona,  also  in  Mexico. 

P.  Saponaria,  L. — Soap-Berry. — A  common  tree  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  said  to  be  found  sparingly  in  Southern  Florida.  The 
fruit  known  as  Indian  soap,  they  are  as  large  as  cherries,  and 
the  nut-like  seed  shining  black,  and  were  formally  much  used 
in  England  for  buttons,  sometimes  being  tipped  with  silver. 

SASSAFRAS,  Nees. — Sassafras. 

A  genus  of  the  Lauracece  or  Laurel  Family,  and  still  classed 
in  many  botanical  works  under  the  generic  name  of  Laurus.  A 
well  known  tree  with  small  greenish  or  whitish  flowers  in 
clustered  racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  We  have  only 
one  species,  the 

Sassafras  officinal?.  Nees. — Sassafras.— Leaves  deciduous,  ovate 
entire,  or  two  to  three-lobed,  smooth  or  pubescent,  exceedingly 


220  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

variable  in  size  and  shape  on  the  same  tree.  Fruit  blue,  on  thick 
red  petioles.  The  pulp  thin,  but  of  a  succulent,  rather  spicy  fla- 
vor, greedily  eaten  when  ripe  by  birds.  The  bark,  and  especially 
that  on  the  roots  strongly  aromatic,  and  formerly  was  in  high 
repute  as  a  medicine  for  various  diseases.  It  is  still  in  some 
demand,  as  the  bark  of  the  roots  is  a  powerful  stimulant ;  but 
the  oil  distilled  from  the  roots  is  now  of  more  commercial  im- 
portance, it  being  extensively  used  in  imparting  flavor  to  candies 
and  similar  articles.  A  rather  handsome  tree,  fifty  to  sixty  feet 
high  in  favorable  soils,  with  a  stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Wood 
reddish  in  very  old  trees,  moderately  hard,  easily  worked,  and 
considered  very  durable.  Bark  on  young  twigs  very  smooth, 
and  of  a  deep  green  color,  but  on  older  branches  and  stems 
rough,  of  a  grayish  color,  and  deeply  furrowed.  The  roots  pro- 
duce suckers  in  great  abundance,  and  these  are  not  readily  de- 
stroyed as  their  roots  penetrate  the  soil  to  a  great  depth.  Com- 
mon on  light  soils,  river  banks,  and  in  rocky  woods,  from 
Canada  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Texas. 

SCH^FFERIA,  Jacq. — Crab   Wood. 

A  genus  of  the  Celastracece  or  Staff -tree  Family,  with  ever- 
green alternate  leaves,  and  dioecious  flowers  ;  very  small,  green- 
ish, and  in  axillary  clusters.  The  one  species  found  in  the 
United  States  has  been  described  under  three  different  names, 
viz.  S.  completa,  Swartz,  and  S.  buxifolia,  Nutt.,  but  now 
recognized  as  the 

Schsefferia  frntescens,  Jacq. — Crab  Wood,  Jamaica  Boxwood. — 
Leaves  obovate-oblong,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  an  inch  and  a 
half  long.  Flowers  three  to  five  in  a  cluster,  the  slender  stalks 
arising  from  a  wart-like  peduncle.  Fruit  a  two-celled,  two- 
seeded  drupe.  A  small  tree,  with  a  hard,  coarse-grained  wood. 
Southern  Florida,  and  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  closely  allied  tree,  the  Schcepfia  arboreseens,  E.  and  S., 
inhabiting  the  West  Indies,  is  reported  to  have  been  found  in 
Southern  Florida.  It  is,  however,  a  very  small  tree  of  not  much 
importance,  although  interesting  to  the  botanist. 

SEBASTIAKIA,    Muell. — PoiSOH    Wood. 

Tropical  or  sub-tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  with  milky  juice  ; 
alternate,  serrate  or  crenate  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoe- 
cious without  petals. 

Sebastiania  Ineida,    Muell. — Shining-Leaved    Poison  Wood.— 


FOREST  TREES.  221 

Leaves  smooth,  coriacious,obovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
crenate.  Fertile  flowers,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  with  long  stems  ; 
sterile  ones  very  minute  in  cylindrical  spikes.  Fruit,  a  capsule 
of  three,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  two-valved  carpels.  Described 
under  the  generic  name  of  Exccecaria  in  Chapman's  Flora  of 
the  South,  Nuttall's  Sylva,  etc.  A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high, 
with  yellowish-white,  hard,  and  close-grained  wood.  In  South 
Florida. 

SHEPHERDIA,  T$\\ii.—RabUt  Berry. 

A  genus  of  only  three  species,  all  found  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  the  more  northern  regions.  They  are  small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  dioecious  flowers,  the  sterile  with  a  four-pointed 
calyx,  the  fertile,  with  an  urn-shaped,  four-cleft  calyx ;  the 
fertile  flowers  much  the  smallest.  Fruit  small,  red,  yellow  or 
scurfy.  Only  one  species  that  grows  to  a  hight  of  twenty  feet. 

Shepherdla  argentea,  Nutt.— Buffalo  Berry,  Rabbit  Berry  - 
Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  silvery  on  both  sides  ;  male  flowers  in 
clusters,  the  calyx  yellow  inside,  but  silvery  on  the  outside  ; 
female  flowers  very  minute,  scarcely  noticeable  on  the  plant 
without  close  inspection,  as  they  are  of  a  dull  gray  color. 
Fruit  collected  into  clusters,  sometimes  in  such  abundance  as 
to  entirely  surround  the  smaller  branches,  bright  scarlet,  re- 
sembling small  currants  ;  juicy  sub-acid  and  pleasant  flavored. 
Excellent  jelly  is  made  from  the  fruit,  and  some  persons  think 
it  superior  to  currant  jelly.  A  handsome  small  tree,  with 
grayish  rough  bark  and  hard  wood.  The  branchlets  are  termi- 
nated by  a  sharp  thorn,  and  for  this,  and  other  reasons,  this 
species  has  been  recommended  for  hedges  in  cold  northern 
localities.  As  the  two  sexes  of  flowers  are  on  different  plants,  it  is 
necessary  to  at  least  have  one  of  each  growing  near  together  in 
order  to  obtain  fruit,  and  I  do  not  know  of  any  way  of  deter- 
mining the  sex  of  the  plants  except  by  waiting  until  they  come 
into  bloom,  then  each  should  be  labelled  if  they  are  to  be  trans- 
planted or  set  out  for  fruit,  but  one  staminate  will  suffice  for  a 
half  dozen  pistillate  plants,  if  set  near  together.  The  trees  are 
readily  propagated  from  seed.  Native  of  Northern  New  Mexico 
and  through  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions,  northward  to  British 
America.  The  two  other  native  species  are  low  shrubs,  S.  Can- 
adensis,  Nutt. ,  is  a  low,  scurfy  shrub,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  yel- 
lowish-red insipid  fruit,  found  from  Vermont,  westward  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  S.  rotundifolia,  Parry,  with  small,  crowded 


222  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

leaves,  and  scurfy  fruit,  is  a  low  shrub,  peculiar  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Southern  Utah. 

SIDEROXYLON,  Linn. — Iromvood. 

Tropical  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  Sapodilla  Family.  Flowers 
with  a  four-pointed  calyx  and  corolla,  five -cleft.  Fruit,  a  small 
drupe,  mostly  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  the  kernel  with 
abundant  albumen. 

Sideroxj  Ion  Mastichodendron,  Jacq. — Mastic  Tree. — Leaves 
smooth,  five  to  six  inches  long,  very  thin,  elliptical,  obtuse,  wavy 
on  the  margins ;  on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  few  in  a  cluster  and 
small.  Fruit  purplish,  ovoid.  A  large  tree  in  the  West  Indies, 
but  only  thirty  to  forty  feet  high  at  Key  West,  Florida. 

SIMARUBA,  Aublet. — Quassia. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bitter,  milky  juice,  pinnate-alternate 
leaves,  and  small  greenish  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers. 
Fruit  drupaceous  and  one-seeded.  There  are  several  tropical 
species,  but  only  one  coming  within  the  United  States. 

Simaruba  glama,  DC. — Bitter  Wood. — Leaves  and  twigs 
smooth.  Flowers  dioecious  ;  leaflets  four  to  eight,  alternate 
and  opposite,  coriaceous,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  paler 
beneath  than  above.  Fruit  oval,  mostly  solitary.  According 
to  some  authorities,  a  small  tree  or  shrub.  Chapman  says,  "a 
large  tree  in  South  Florida." 

SOPHORA. — Linn. 

A  genus  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  herbaceous  plants,  and  of 
about  twenty-five  species,  mainly  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
world,  although  a  few  inhabit  the  colder  regions  of  Asia. 
Leaves  unevenly  pinnate,  with  few  or  many  entire  and  some- 
times quite  thick  leaflets.  Flowers  showy,  pea -shaped,  suc- 
ceeded by  large,  thick  pods,  with  several  seeds.  We  have  no 
indigenous  species  worthy  of  any  especial  attention,  and  only 
one  grows  to  the  hight  of  twenty  feet,  and  this  is  the 

Sophora  secnudiflora. — Lag. — Leaves  evergreen.  Flowers  blue 
and  quite  showy  ;  sweet  scented.  A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty 
feet  high,  with  very  hard,  heavy  yellow  wood,  said  to  be  excel- 
lent for  fuel.  In  groves  near  Matagorda  Bay  to  Western  Texas. 
The  next  largest  native  species  is  8.  affinis,  Torr.  and  Gray.  A 
large  shrub,  ten  to  fifteen  feet  feet  high,  with  evergreen  leaves, 
and  very  hard  wood.  In  Arkansas  and  Eastern  Texas.  S.  An- 


FOREST  TREES. 


223 


zonica,  Watson,  is  a  low,  evergreen  shrub,  found  in  Western 
Arizona.  The  S.  tomentosa,  Linn.,  is  a  small  evergreen 
shrub,  four  to  six  feet  high,  in  Florida,  along  the  coast.  The 
Japan  Sophora  (S.  Japonica)  is  a  well-known  ornamental  tree, 
introduced  many  years  ago.  The  weeping  variety  has  long 
been  a  favorite  tree  for  planting  on  lawns,  as  it  is  one  of  the 


Fig.  48.— FLOWER  OF  STUARTIA  PENTAGYNIA. 

most  picturesque  and  graceful  of  the  pendulous-branched  trees, 
and  quite  hardy  in  most  of  our  Northern  States. 

STUARTIA,  Catesby. — Stuartia. 

A  genus  of  only  a  few  species  of  deciduous  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  belonging  to  the  Camellia  Family.  Flowers  large  and 
showy,  and  highly  prized  ornamental  plants.  Fruit  a  five- 
celled  pod,  and  with  one  to  two  small  seeds  in  each.  We  have 


224  PEACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

two  native  species,  and  one  in  cultivation,  recently  introduced 
from  Japan. 

Stnartia  pentagynia. — L.'Her. — Leaves  oval-acute,  finely  pubes- 
cent, serrate.  Flowers  with  five  large  crimped-edged  petals, 
with  purple  spot  at  the  base.  Flowers  appear  late  in  spring  or 
early  summer,  and  of  the  size  and  form  shown  in  fig.  48.  A 
large  shrub  or  small  tree,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia.  The  wood  very  hard,  white.  The  plants  are 
hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York  City,  and  in  my  grounds  in 
Northern  New  Jersey. 

S.  Yirginica. — Cav. — Leaves  oval,  thin  serrulate,  finely  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  two  to  three  inches  broad,  with  purple  stamens. 
A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  not  hardy  north  of  Washington, 
and  found  in  shady  woods  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

S.  Japonica  is  a  rare  shrub,  introduced  a  few  years  ago  from 
Japan  by  the  Parsons  &  Sons  Company,  Flushing,  N.  Y. 
Flowers  small,  with  yellow  stamens.  A  variety  of  this,  S.  Ja- 
ponica grandiflora,  has  larger  flowers  than  the  species,  both 
handsome  and  desirable  ornamental  shrubs. 

SWIETENIA,  Linn.  — Mahogany. 

A  genus  of  a  few  species  of  large  evergreen  tropical  "trees, 
highly  valued  for  their  excellent  \vood.  Flowers  small,  green, 
or  reddish-yellow,  in  spreading  axillary  panicles.  Fruit  a  large 
five-celled  and  five-valved  capsule  containing  seeds,  imbricated 
in  two  rows. 

Swietenia  Mahogoni,  Linn. — Mahogany  Tree. — Leaves  alternate, 
abruptly  pinnate,  and  composed  of  six  to  ten  opposite,  entire, 
ovate-lanceolate  leaflets.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  broad.  A  large  and  rare  tree  in  South  Florida,  but 
formerly  very  abundant  in  the  West  Indies,  but  now  becoming 
scarce,  owing  to  the  great  demand  for  the  wood,  which  is  ex- 
tensively used  for  all  kinds  of  cabinet  work. 

SYMPLOCOS,  Jacq.  —  Sweet-  Leaf. 

A  genus  of  about  a  half  dozen  species  of  small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  evergreen  or  very  persistent  leaves,  and  small  but 
showy  flowers.  The  species  are  widely  distributed  in  China, 
Japan,  and  in  Mexico,  and  one  in  our  Southern  States,  the  last  is 

Symplocos  tinctoria,  L.'Her. — Sweet  Leaf,  Horse  Sugar. — Leaves 
simple,  smooth,  oblong,  rather  persistent,  almost  evergreen. 
Flowers  yellow,  six  to  twelve  in  a  sessile  cluster.  Fruit  a  one- 


UN1VEP 

FOREST  TREES.  225 

seeded  berry.  Leaves  have  a  sweetish  taste,  and  are  greedily 
devoured  by  cattle.  A  small  tree  with  rather  firm  wood.  Dela- 
ware and  South  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Louisiana. 

TILIA,  Linn. — Basswood,  Linden. 

A  genus  of  only  about  a  half  dozen  species  of  deciduous 
trees,  inhabiting  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe  and  America. 
They  are  all  handsome  and  valuable  trees,  with  soft  and  white 
wood.  Leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped  ;  often  soft  and  downy. 
Flowers  with  five  spatulate,  oblong  petals,  cream-color  and  in 
small  cymes  or  clusters,  hanging  on  an  axillary  slender  pedun- 
cle, which  is  attached  to  a  long,  slender,  and  thin  leaf-like 
bract.  Fruit  a  small  globular  nut,  one-celled,  and  one  or  two- 
seeded.  The  flowers  are  fragrant  and  yield  a  large  quantity  of 
clear  white  delicate-flavored  honey.  We  have  but  two  indi- 
genous species. 

Tilia  Americana,  Linn. — American  Basswood. — Leaves  four  to 
six  inches  broad,  smooth,  and  green  on  both  sides,  obliquely 
heart-shaped,  sharply  serrate.  Bark  and  buds  mucilaginous, 
the  inner  bark  used  for  making  bass-mats,  also  for  coarse  cord- 
age, and  employed  by  nurserymen  for  tying  in  buds  in  the 
propagation  of  fruit,  and  other  trees  and  plants.  To  prepare 
the  bark  for  use  it  is  stripped  from  the  trees  in  spring,  and 
placed  in  water  until  the  mucilaginous  properties  have  been 
dissolved,  then  taken  out,  and  divided  into  thin  layers.  Wood 
white,  soft,  and  light,  easily  worked,  and  extensively  used  for 
inside  work  of  various  kinds.  A  handsome  large  tree,  sixty  to 
eighty  feet  high,  with  stem  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Com- 
mon in  moist  soils,  and  along  streams  in  all  of  the  States  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  except  in  the  extreme  Southern.  It  is 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  northward  to  Canada 
and  Lake  Superior. 

Var.  pubescens,  Gray,  has  rather  thin  leaves,  softly  pubes- 
cent underneath.  A  smaller  tree  than  the  species,  and  is  found 
in  the  swamps  of  North  Carolina  and  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

Var.  macrophylla  is  a  cultivated  variety,  with  leaves  much 
larger  than  those  of  the  species,  and  is  a  very  handsome,  rapid 
growing  tree. 

T.  heteropliylla,  Vent. — White  Basswood. — Leaves  large,  often 
eight  inches  broad,  smooth  and  bright  green  above,  silvery- 
white,  and  downy  underneath.  A  handsome  tree,  thirty  to 
fifty  feet  high,  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky, 
and  southward  to  North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 


226  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Some  of  the  European  botanists  make  several  species  of  the 
different  forms  or  varieties  of  the  Tilia  Europcea,  while  others 
consider  them  as  all  belonging  to  one.  For  all  practical  pur- 
poses they  may  be  considered  as  one  with  many  well  marked  and 
interesting  varieties.  The  most  common  European  Linden  has 
large,  deep  green  leaves,  but  distinguished  from  the  American 
species  by  the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  sta- 
mens in  the  flowers.  The  tree  grows  to  a  very  large  size,  and 
many  of  them  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  years  old,  may  be  found 
in  and  about  our  Eastern  cities  and  villages.  The  wood  is  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  American  Basswood,  but  the  twigs  are  more 
numerous  and  slender,  and  the  tree  is  of  a  more  compact  habit 
than  that  of  the  T.  Americana.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
most  common  and  desirable  varieties  of  the  European  species, 
(T.  Europcea). 

Var.  alba  or  argentea,  a  very  graceful,  vigorous-growing  tree, 
with  whitish  leaves. — Var.  alba  pendula,  a  weeping  variety  of 
the  last,  with  slender  twigs  and  whitish  leaves. — Var.  alba  pen- 
dula  variegata,  a  weeping  variety  with  variegated  leaves. — 
Var.  aurea,  the  bark  on  the  twigs  of  a  bright  golden  color  in 
winter. — Var.  aurea  platiphylla,  twigs  yellow,  but  leaves  long- 
er than  in  the  above. — Var.  dasystyla,  a  variety  or  species 
from  Tauria,  with  large,  heart-shaped  dark-green  leaves,  and 
yellow  twigs.  Some  authorities  consider  this  a  distinct  spe- 
cies.— Var.  laciniata,  leaves  finely  divided,  or  cut  and  twisted. — 
Var.  laciniata  rubra,  leaves  finely  cut,  and  the  bark  on  young 
twigs  red  in  winter. — Var.  platiphylla,  similar  to  the  species, 
but  with  somewhat  larger  leaves. — Var.  pyramidalis,  a  tree  of 
rapid  growth  and  pyramidal  habit,  and  reddish  bark  on  the 
twigs. — Var.  rubra,  the  common  red-twigged  European  Lin- 
den.— Var.  vitifolia,  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  grape  vine  ; 
bark  on  young  twigs  bright  red. 

ULMUS,  Linn. — Elm. 

A  genus  of  less  than  twenty  species,  but  an  immense  number 
of  wild  and  cultivated  varieties,  principally  native  of  North 
America  and  Europe.  They  are  mostly  lofty,  deciduous  trees 
of  rapid  growth.  Flowers  usually  perfect,  yellowish  or  purp- 
lish in  lateral  clusters  ;  in  our  species  appearing  in  spring, 
before  the  leaves.  Fruit  a  one-celled  and  one-seeded  membrane- 
ous samara,  winged  all  round.  Propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  or 


FOKEST  TREES.  227 

budding  and  grafting.  All  the  species  produce  a  large  number 
of  tough,  fibrous  roots,  not  at  all  difficult  to  make  grow  when 
transplanted. 

limns  alata,  Michx.— Winged  Elm,  Small-leaved  Elm,  Wha- 
hoo. — Leaves  ovate-oblong,  one  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  commonly  rounded  at  the  base, 
rough  above  and  downy  beneath.  Flowers  clustered  on  slender 
Btalks.  Fruit  oval  and  downy  on  the  margins.  A  small  tree, 
thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  corky  branches  and  hard,  com- 
pact wood,  very  difficult  to  split,  and  for  this  reason  extensively 
employed  for  the  hubs  of  wagon  and  carriage  wheels.  In  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  and  southward,  also  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
in  Nebraska,  and  south  to  Texas. 

I'.  Americana,  Willd. — American  Elm. — Small  branches  and 
twigs  smooth.  Leaves  three  to  four  inches  long,  thin,  obovate- 
oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  rather  soft 
and  velvety  beneath.  Flowers  in  close  clusters  or  bundles. 
Fruit  smooth,  except  on  the  margins.  A  well  known,  very 
large  and  common  tree,  with  a  wide  spreading  head  and  long, 
slender,  drooping  branches.  Wood  brown,  very  tough  in  young 
trees,  light  and  moderately  strong  in  the  old,  always  difficult 
to  split,  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  hubs,  small 
trees  being  used  for  this  purpose.  The  wood  of  large  trees  used 
for  planks,  chair  seats,  and  various  other  purposes  where  it  is 
not  exposed  to  the  weather.  Common  in  moist  soils  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Canada,  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

U.  crassifolia,  Nutt.— Small-leaved  Elm,  Opaque-leaved  Elm.— 
Leaves  small,  only  about  an  inch  long,  oblong-oval,  rough, 
serrate.  Fruit  small,  oval  or  elliptic,  rather  deeply  divided  or 
toothed  at  the  summit.  Young  branches  smooth,  thickly 
studded  with  leaves.  A  curious  and  handsome  little  tree  in 
Southwestern  Arkansas  to  Southern  Texas.  Figured  and  de- 
scribed in  Nuttall's  North  American  Sylva,  Vol.  4,  under  the 
name  of  U.  opaca. 

U.  fnlva,  Michx. — Slippery  Elm,  Red  Elm. — Buds  in  spring 
soft  and  downy,  with  large  rusty  hairs,  branches  also  some- 
what downy.  Leaves  thick,  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed, 
doubly  serrate,  very  rough  above,  velvety  beneath,  often  six  to 
eight  inches  long.  Inner  bark  very  mucilaginous,  and  exten- 
sively employed  as  a  medicine.  A  medium  sized  tree,  with  red- 


228,  PBACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

dish  hard  wood,  more  durable  than  that  of  any  other  indige- 
nous species,  and  is  often  used  for  fence  posts  and  rails. 

U.  racemosa,  Thomas. — Corky  White  Elm. — Twigs  and  bud 
scales  downy,  and  branches  often  with  corky  ridges.  Leaves 
obovate-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate.  Flowers 
in  racemes,  and  not  in  compact  or  close  clusters,  as  in  our 
other  native  species.  Fruit  smooth,  oval  or  elliptic,  very  downy, 
with  the  margins  thickly  fringed.  A  large  tree,  with  fine- 
grained, heavy,  tough  wood,  superior  to  that  of  any  other  in- 
digenous elm  for  purposes  where  toughness  and  elasticity  is 
required.  Common  in  Western  New  York,  Ontario,  and  west 
to  Nebraska.  Also  said  to  be  found  in  Ohio,  Michigan  and 
Kentucky. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

The  elms  are  all  so  inclined  to  vary  from  seed,  that  it  is  often 
difficult  to  determine  the  original  type  of  a  species,  as  well  as  to 
determine  to  what  species  many  of  the  cultivated  varieties  be- 
long. What  is  called  the  English  Elm  ( Ulmus  campestris),  was 
early  introduced  into  this  country,  and  quite  extensively  planted 
in  and  about  Boston,  where  at  this  time  some  of  the  most  noble 
specimens  of  this  tree  can  now  be  seen  in  full  maturity,  and  of 
great  age.  The  leaves  of -this  species  differ  from  our  common 
American  Elms,  in  being  smaller  and  of  a  darker  green  color, 
and  the  branches  spring  out  from  the  main  stem  more  nearly  at 
right  angles,  and  the  general  form  of  the  head  is  more  inclined 
to  be  pyramidal  than  broadest  at  the  top,  as  usual  with  our 
American  White  Elm,  which  has  been  so  extensively  planted  in 
nearly  all  New  England  cities  and  villages.  The  English  Cork- 
bark  Elm  (Ulmus  suberosa)  is  a  variety  of  the  last,  with  its 
young  branches  very  corky,  with  rougher  and  much  larger 
leaves,  while  the  variety  known  as  the  Dutch  Cork-bark  (U. 
major),  has  still  larger  leaves,  and  of  a  more  spreading  habit  of 
growth.  Some  of  the  largest  specimens  of  both  the  English  and 
Dutch  Cork-bark  Elms  to  be  found  in  this  country,  are  to  be 
seen  on  Long  Island,  near  Glen  Cove  and  eastward,  some  of 
them  probably  are  two  centuries  old. 

The  Scotch  or  Wych  Elm  ( U.  montand)  is  a  noble  tree,  with 
wide  spreading  branches,  and  although  not  so  well  known  in 
this  country  as  the  English  or  Dutch  Cork-bark,  still  of  late 
years  it  has  been  more  largely  planted  than  formerly.  There  is 
a  weeping  variety,  the  (U.  m.  pendula),  and  a  smooth-leaveci 


FOREST  TREES. 


229 


one  ( U.  m.  glabra),  also  another  known  as  the  Exeter  Elm  (U.  m. 
fastigiata),  noted  for  its  peculiar  f astigiate  growth  and  twisted 
leaves.  There  are  also,  in  addition  to  the  varieties  named,  at 
least  a  score  of  others  of  similar  origin,  described  in  nursery- 
men's catalogues,  all  desirable  for  ornamental  purposes. 
UMBELLULARIA,  Nutt. — Spiw  Tree. 

A  genus  closely  allied  to  the  Sassafras  Tree  of  our  Eastern 
States,  but  found  only  on  our  West  Coast.  Flowers  yellowish- 
green  ;  perfect  in  pedunculate  umbels,  which  are  enclosed  be- 
fore expansion  in  a  four-bracted  involucre.  A  tree  with  thick, 
fragrant,  evergreen  leaves.  Only  one  species. 

I'mbellnlaria  Californiea,  Nutt.— Spice  Tree,  Mountain  Laurel.— 
Leaves  green  and  shining,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
or  sometimes  rounded  at  base,  two  to  four  inches  long,  short 
petioled.  Fruit  an  ovate- 
elliptical  or  globose  drupe, 
nearly  an  inch  long,  dark 
purple,  with  thin  pulp  and 
stone.  The  foliage  is  ex- 
ceedingly acrid,  exhaling  a 
pungent  odor,  which  excites 
sneezing.  This  tree  is  also 
known  as  the  California 
Olive,  California  Laurel,  Ca- 
jeput,  etc.,  etc.  The  fruit 
is  very  persistent,  remaining 
on  the  trees  all  winter.  A 
small  tree  in  the  Coast 
Ranges  of  California,  but 
extending  northward  to 
Oregon,  where  it  grows  to  a 
hight  of  nearly  or  quite  one 
hundred  feet,  and  a  stem  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter.  Wood 
of  a  brownish  color,  close-grained,  handsome  and  valuable, 
much  used  for  cabinet  work  and  wainscoting. 

UNGNADIA,  Endl. — Spanish  Buckeye. 

A  genus  of  only  a  single  species,  but  closely  related  to  the 
Horse-chestnuts  or  Buckeyes.  It  is  quite  remarkable  for  having 
the  foliage  of  a  Hickory,  and  flowers  and  fruit  resembling 
those  of  the  Buckeye. 

Inguadia  speilosa,  Endl.— Spanish  Buckeye.— Leaves  composed 


Fig.  49. — SPANISH  BUCKEYE. 


230         PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

of  seven  opposite,  ovate,  long-pointed  serrate  leaflets.  Mowers 
rose-color,  about  a  half  inch  broad,  either  perfect,  or  the  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  separate  on  the  same  plant.  Flowers  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  make  the  plant  quite  showy  in  spring. 
Fruit  in  a  leathery  capsule,  the  size  and  form  shown  in  fig.  49. 
The  kernel  of  the  nut  rather  pleasant  tasted,  but  unwholesome, 
containing  marked  emetic  properties.  A  small,  handsome  tree, 
twenty  feet  high,  but  more  commonly  a  shrub.  In  Texas  and 
Eastern  New  Mexico.  Cultivated  in  the  South  as  an  ornament- 
al tree,  also  in  France,  but  said  to  be  somewhat  tender  in  the 
gardens  of  Paris.  Propagated  from  seeds,  suckers,  or  by  graft- 
ing on  stocks  of  the  common  Western  Buckeye. 

VIBURKUM,  Linn. — Arrow-Wood,  Me. 

A  large  genus  of  evergreen  and  deciduous  shrubs,  a  few  are 
small  trees,  with  simple,  but  commonly  toothed,  and  sometimes 
deeply  lobed  leaves.  Flowers  showy,  mostly  white,  in  com- 
pound, terminal,  flattish  clusters.  Fruit  a  drupe,  containing  a 
single  flattish  seed.  The  genus  is  represented  by  about  a  dozen 
species  in  the  United  States,  two  of  which  extend  entirely 
across  the  continent.  Only  two  or  three  of  our  indigenous  spe- 
cies grow  to  a  hight  of  twenty  feet. 

Viburnum  Lentago,  Linn. — Sheep  Berry. — Leaves  ovate,  strongly 
pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  the  long  margined  peti- 
oles and  midrib,  sprinkled  with  rusty-colored  glands.  Flowers 
white,  slightly  fragrant.  Fruit  oval,  about  a  half  inch  long, 
blue-black,  with  a  sweetish,  rather  mealy  edible  pulp.  A  hand- 
some little  tree,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  with  hard,  yellow- 
ish, strongly-scented  wood.  From  Hudson's  Bay  in  British 
America,  southward  to  Georgia,  in  moist  soils,  also  west  to 
Iowa. 

V.  prnnifolinm,  Linn. — Black  Haw. — Leaves  broadly  oval,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing above.  Flowers  in  large  sessile  clusters.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong, 
black,  edible.  A  common  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  high,  in  dry,  rich  woods,  from  the  New  England 
States,  south  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Texas  and  Missouri. 

V.  0 1  MI  I  us.  Linn. — Cranberry  Tree. — Leaves  strongly  three- 
lobed,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  base,  the  lobes 
pointed  and  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in  the  sinuses.  Mar- 
ginal flowers  of  the  cluster  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  but 
many  times  larger  than  the  other,  forming  a  kind  of  ray,  which 


FOREST  TBEES; 

is  quite  showy.  Fruit  ovoid,  bright  red,  pulp  Very  acid,  but  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries.  This  is  the  par- 
ent of  the  well  known  Guelder  Rose  or  Snowball  of  gardens,  in 
which  the  flowers  are  all  sterile.  A  handsome  large  shmb, 
sometimes  twenty  feet  high  in  swamps  in  the  Northern  States, 
and  westward  extending  to  the  Pacific  Coast  in  Oregon  and 
northward.  The  remaining  indigenous  species  are  either  small 
or  large  shrubs,  seldom  over  ten  feet  high,  but  interesting  orna- 
mental plants. 

XANTHOXYLUM,  Linn. — Prickly  Ash. 

A  large  genus,  the  species  mostly  tropical  or  sub-tropical  ever- 
green trees  or  shrubs,  with  minute  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers,with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  branches  armed  with 
prickles  or  strong  spines.  Bark,  leaves  and  fruit  usually 
pungent  and  aromatic.  The  fruit  of  one  or  two  Asiatic  species 
is  used  in  China  and  Japan  as  an  antidote  for  nearly  all  kinds 
of  poisons,  and  one  as  a  substitute  for  pepper.  We  have  four 
indigenous  species. 

Xantlioxylnm  Caribaenm,  Lam. — Satin  Wood. — Branches  and 
leaf -stalks  unarmed  ;  leaflets  five  to  seven,  ovate-lanceolate,  on 
the  fertile  plant,  and  elliptical,  obtuse,  or  emarginate  on  the 
sterile.  Seed  solitary,  obovate,  black  and  shining.  Said  to  have 
been  discovered  at  Key  West,  Florida,  by  Dr.  Blodget,  and  to 
be  a  large  and  common  tree  in  that  region. 

X.  Clava-Herculis,  Linn.— Tooth-ache  Tree,  Prickly  Ash.— 
Branches  and  leaf-stalks  armed  with  long  prickles.  Leaves 
alternate,  seven  to  nine  f  oliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  cre- 
nate,  shining  above  ;  panicles  terminal.  Fruit  rather  downy, 
containing  black  seed.  A  small  tree,  about  twenty  feet  high 
in  Southern  Virginia  to  Florida,  but  in  the  West  Indies  it 
grows  forty  or  more  feet  high.  Wood  yellow,  close-grained, 
and  according  to  Sloane,  has  the  aromatic  odor  of  Sandal- wood. 
The  leaves,  bark  and  fruit  have  a  pungent  aromatic  taste. 

X.  Pterota,  H.,  B.,  K.-  Bastard  Iron  Wood. — Branches  very 
crooked,  armed  with  short,  curved  spines,  and  the  leaf-stalks 
winged  and  jointed.  Leaflets  seven  to  nine,  only  one  half  to 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  obovate  and  crenate  above  the 
middle.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  a 
grain  of  black  pepper,  containing  one  smooth  dark-brown  seed. 
A  small  shrub  or  tree,  with  very  hard,  yellow  wood.  Southern 
Florida,  west  to  Texas,  also  south  to  Brazil. 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

X.  Am  ei  loan  H  in,  Mill. — Northern  Prickly  Ash. — Leaves  com- 
posed of  four  or  five  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one  ;  ovate- 
oblong,  downy  when  young.  Flowers  minute,  yellowish- 
green,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Fruit  small,  in  clusters,  red, 
and  ripe  in  autumn,  very  pungent  tasted,  and  often  used  as  a 
medicine,  sometimes  for  tooth-ache,  hence  one  of  the  common 
names  of  this  shrub.  A  large  shrub,  ten  or  more  feet  high, 
with  prickly  branches  and  smooth  grayish  bark.  In  rocky 
woods,  often  along  roadsides.  Middle  and  Northern  States. 

XIMEJSTA,  Plumier. — Hog  Plum. 

A  genus  of  a  few  species  of  small  evergreen  trees,  mostly 
tropical,  with  thorny  branches,  producing  handsome  plum-like 
edible  fruit.  We  have  only  one  species. 

Ximenia  Americana,  Linn. — Hog-Plum,  Mountain  Plum.  — 
Leaves  two  inches  long,  oblong-obtuse,  short  petioled  ;  pedun- 
cles two  to  four  flowered.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  Fruit  yel- 
lowish, round,  as  large  as  a  plum,  edible.  Nut  round  and 
white.  A  small  tree  with  yellow  wood;  Key  West,  Florida, 
and  through  the  West  Indies. 

ZISYPHUS,  Juss. — Jujube. 

A  genus  of  some  fifty  species,  mainly  in  Egypt  and  Southern 
Asia.  The  Z.  jujube  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Southern 
Europe  and  Northern  Africa,  and  its  dried  fruit  well  known  in 
commerce.  The  species  in  general  are  spiny  shrubs  or  small 
trees  belonging  to  the  Rhamnacce  or  Buckthorn  Family,  and 
often  bearing  edible  fruit.  The  genus  is  represented  with  us  by 
two  species,  neither  of  any  especial  value.  One  in  Southern 
California,  the  Z.  Parryi,  Torrey,  growing  about  fifteen  feet 
high,  and  another,  the  Z.  obtusifolius,  Gray,  in  Western  Texas 
and  New  Mexico,  is  sometimes  a  small  tree,  twenty  feet  high, 
but  more  frequently  a  shrub. 


EVERGREEH  TREES.  233 

CHAPTER    XVI. 
EVERGREEN  TREES. 

TAXACEJE. — Yew,   Torreya,  Etc. 

An  order  of  several  genera,  principally  evergreen  trees  or 
shrubs,  closely  allied  and  usually  included  in  the  Coniferae  as  a 
sub-family,  but  as  their  fruit  resembles  the  drupaceous,  rather 
than  the  coniferous,  some  of  our  more  modern  botanists  have 
very  properly  placed  them  in  a  separate  group  or  order  preced- 
ing the  true  cone-bearing  genera.  They  are  but  slightly  res- 
inous. Flowers  dioecious,  the  sterile  ones  in  globose  catkins, 
the  fertile  solitary,  axillary,  and  the  fruit  drupe-like,  with  a 
pulp  surrounding,  but  not  always  quite  enclosing  the  bony  nut- 
like  seed.  This  order  is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  only 
two  genera,  and  four,  or  at  most  five  species. 

TAXUS,  Tour. — The  Yew. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  with  widely  spreading  branches  and 
linear,  rather  flat  rigid  leaves.  Fertile  flower,  scaly  bracted, 
consisting  of  a  single  ovule  or  cup-like  disk,  which  becomes 
large  and  berry-like,  surrounding  the  nut -like  seed.  There  are 
in  all  seven  recognized  species,  three  belong  to  the  United 
States,  one  in  Mexico,  and  the  others  to  the  cooler  regions  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Taxns  baccata,  Linn. — Var.  Canadcnsis,  Gray. — American  Yew. 
— The  American  or  Canada  Yew  was  by  the  older  botanists  con- 
sidered a  distinct  species  from  the  English  Yew,  T.  baccata,  but 
Dr.  Gray  and  others  of  our  times  give  it  no  higher  rank  than  a 
well  defined  variety.  It  is  in  every  way  quite  similar  to  the 
English  Yew,  except  it  is  merely  a  low,  straggling  shrub,  only 
three  or  four  feet  high.  It  is  common  in  our  Northeastern 
States,  and  occasionally  along  the  mountains  to  Virginia. 
Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  linear,  numerous,  mostly  arranged 
on  two  rows,  but  sometimes  scattered  thickly  around  the  termi- 
nal shoots.  The  fruit  consists  of  a  globular,  red  fleshy  disk  sur- 
rounding, but  not  quite  covering  at  the  top  the  nut-like  seed. 
The  species  or  English  Yew  grows  to  a  large-sized  tree,  and 
lives  to  a  great  age,  and  is  historically  one  of  the  most  noted 
trees  in  the  world.  There  are  many  varieties,  most  of  which 


234        PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

succeed  in  this  country  if  planted  in  a  half  shady  position  ot 
protected  from  the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  All  are  readily 
propagated  from  either  green  or  ripe  wood. 

T.  brevi  folia,  Nutt. — Western  Yew. — Leaves  nearly  an  inch 
long,  sharp-pointed,  the  margin  somewhat  revolute,  bright 
green  above,  pale  beneath,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
slender  petiole.  Fruit  amber-red,  much  flattened.  A  tree 
twenty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  long,  slender,  somewhat  droop- 
ing branches.  Wood  reddish,  hard  and  tough,  very  elastic,  and 
like  that  of  all  of  the  Yew  Family,  valuable  for  many  purposes. 
This  species  is  found  in  Central  California,  northward  to  British 
Columbia. 

T.  Floridana,  Nutt.— Florida  Yew.— Leaves  quite  narrow  and 
sharp-pointed,  with  revolute  margins,  closely  resembling  those 
of  the  last.  A  small  tree  on  the  banks  of  the  Apalachicola 
River  in  Florida,  and  may  prove  to  be  only  a  local  variety  of 
the  last. 

The  Mexican  Yew,  T.  globosa,  is  a  tender  species,  and  will 
not  thrive  in  the  open  air  in  the  mild  climate  of  England,  and 
is  of  no  especial  interest  to  any  one  except  the  botanist.  The 
Japan  species  are  more  hardy,  especially  a  dwarf  one  known  as 
T.  adpressa,  which  has  very  small,  oval  leaves,  short-pointed 
and  pale  pink  fruit.  Another,  the  T.  cuspidata,of  Siebold,  is  a 
much  taller  tree,  with  larger,  rather  thick  rigid  and  exceedingly 
sharp-pointed  leaves. 

TOKREYA,  Arnott. — Fetid  Yew. 

A  genus  of  evergreen  trees,  including  four  species  each, 
restricted  to  a  locality  of  limited  extent.  Leaves  larger  and 
longer  than  those  of  the  common  yews,  and  arranged  in  single 
rows.  Flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  Taxus,  and  seed  enclosed 
in  a  fibrous  fleshy  envelope  of  a  greenish-brown  color.  This 
genus  was  named  in  honor  of  the  late  Prof.  John  Torrey,  of 
New  York. 

Torreya  Californira,  Torr. — California  Nutmeg. — Leaves  one  to 
three  niches  long,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  broad,  nearly 
flat,  sharp-pointed,  the  petioles  somewhat  twisted,  bringing  the 
blades  into  two  ranks,  bright  green  above,  lighter  colored  be- 
neath. The  fruit  obovate  to  oblong-ovate,  one  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  the  fleshy  envelope  thin  and  somewhat  resin- 
ous. Wood  light-colored,  close-grained,  compact,  and  very 
fragrant.  A  large  troe  of  fifty  to  seventy-five  feet  high,  with 


EVERGREEK  TREES.  235 

stem  one  to  three  feet  in  diameter.     California,  from  Mendocino 
County  to  Mariposa  County. 

T.  taxifolia,  Arn. — Stinking  Cedar. — Leaves  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  very  sharp-pointed,  rigid,  almost  sessile,  pale  shin- 
Ing  green.  Branches  horizontal  spreading,  with  somewhat  two 
rounded  branchlets.  Fruit  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  nut- 
meg, with  a  smooth  bark  or  shell.  A  small  branchlet  is  rep- 
resented in  figure  50,  about  two-thirds  of  the  natural  size.  A 
small  tree,  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  odoriferous  and  very 


Fig.  50.— FLORIDA  TORREYA. 

durable  wood.  In  middle  Florida.  This  species  has  proved 
quite  hardy  in  favorable  soils  and  locations  as  far  north  as  the 
City  of  New  York,  and  in  a  few  instances  farther  north,  but 
cannot  be  recommended  for  general  cultivation  except  in  the 
South. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES. 

T.  nncifera,  Zuccarini. — Nut-bearing  Torreya. — Leaves  as  in  our 
native  species,  but  of  a  dark  glossy-green  color.  Branches 
numerous,  with  scaly  bark.  Fruit  egg-shaped,  and  about  an 
inch  long.  A  tree  from  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  native  of  the 
West  Coast  of  Nippon,  Japan.  Not  thoroughly  tested  in  this 
country,  its  hardiness  is  somewhat  doubtful  in  our  Northern 


236  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

States,  but  will  probably  succeed  south  of  the  latitude  of  Wash- 
ington. 

T.  grandis,  Fortune. — Tall  Torreya. — Leaves  slightly  shorter 
than  the  last,  slightly  convex  above.  Fruit  plum-shaped,  and 
about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long.  This  species  is  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  the  last.  Native  of  China  and  the  Hima- 
layas. A  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high. 

The  Chinese  Yews,  or  Cephalotaxus,  of  which  there  are  two 
or  three  species,  would  naturally  fall  into  this  group,  but  we 
have  no  representatives  nearer  than  the  Torreya's  in  our  flora. 

The  Podocarpece,  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  peculiar  to  the 
warmer  regions  of  Australia,  Africa,  and  Asia,  belong  to  this 
order,  but  only  a  few  are  of  any  special  interest,  except  for  or- 
namental purposes.  The  Japanese  species  (P.  Japonica)  Sie- 
bold,  thrives  moderately  well  as  far  north  as  New  York,  and  is 
an  interesting  plant  on  account  of  its  very  dark,  rigid  leaves. 
There  is  also  a  South  American  species  (P.  nubigcena),  that 
promises  to  be  even  more  hardy  than  the  one  from  Japan,  as  it 
is  a  native  of  the  cool  regions  of  Chili  and  Patagonia. 

The  New  Zealand  Pines,  or  Dacridiums,  also  belong  to  this 
order,  as  they  bear  drupaceous  fruit,  like  that  of  the  Yews. 
Some  are  large  trees,  and  the  wood  very  hard  and  durable.  They 
may  prove  valuable  for  cultivation  in  our  Southern  States  and 
•westward. 

Another  very  interesting  genus  of  this  order  is  represented 
by  only  a  single  species,  and  that  the  well  known  Ginkgo  or 
Maiden  Hair  Tree,  or  Salisbury  adiantifolia,  a  native  of  China 
and  Japan,  and  a  tree  that  grows  to  a  very  large  size,  or  in  some 
situations  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  five  to  ten  feet  in 
diameter.  Its  leaves  are  deciduous,  fan-shaped,  very  broad,  and 
cut  or  notched  at  the  apex.  Its  fruit  is  a  globular  ovate,  and 
an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  a  well  known  hardy  tree,  introduced 
into  this  country  a  century  ago,  or  in  1784,  by  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, who  planted  specimens  near  Philadelphia,  which  are  said 
to  be  still  alive  and  growing.  There  are  several  varieties,  but 
none  that  are  really  more  beautiful  than  the  species. 


CONIFER2E,    OR   CONE-BEARING  TREES.  237 

CHAPTER   XVII. 
CONIFERS,   OR  CONE-BEARING  TREES. 

Many  volumes  have  been  written,  avowedly  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  a  correct  classification  of  the  cone-bearing 
trees  of  the  world,  but  the  authors  of  no  two  of  them  agree, 
except  as  to  some  of  the  most  simple  characteristics  of  the  differ- 
ent genera  and  species,  and  the  result  is,  a  confusion  that  may 
well  astound  the  novice  who  desires  to  find  an  authority  at 
once  unimpeachable,  and  so  thoroughly  trustworthy,  that  it 
may  in  all  cases  be  quoted  without  fear  of  being  led  into  an 
error.  Even  in  such  a  simple  matter  as  names  of  the  different 
species  of  conifers,  authors  disagree,  and  often  so  widely  that  no 
one  but  a  student,  or  one  well  versed  in  the  literature  of  the 
subject,  can  possibly  reach  a  satisfactory  conclusion  as  to  the 
identity  of  any  but  the  oldest  and  most  familiar. 

It  is  true  that  such  European  botanists  as  Tournefert,  Lam- 
bert, Linnaeus,  Endlicher,  Loudon,  Lawson,  and  the  more  mod- 
ern writers  like  Gordon,  Masters,  and  Veitch,  have  aided,  and 
in  fact  have  done  some  good  work  in  elaborating  the  various 
genera  of  which  this  great  Natural  Order  of  plants  is  composed, 
but  there  is  yet  much  material  left  in  an  unsatisfactory  condi- 
tion, owing  probably  in  part  to  the  innate  difficulties  surround- 
ing the  subject,  and  partly  to  the  lack  of  the  scientific  knowl- 
edge necessary  to  trace  the  affinities  and  relationship  of  the 
different  species  and  genera.  But  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that 
much  of  the  confusion  that  exists  in  regard  to  the  classification 
and  the  names  of  the  different  species  of  conifers,  is  the  result 
of  prejudice  and  personal  opinion,  with  a  desire  on  the  part  of 
each  author  to  set  up  a  standard  of  his  own,  which,  to  be  satis- 
factory to  himself,  must  differ  more  or  less  from  that  estab- 
lished by  rival  authors.  I  may  be  wrong  in  this  matter,  but  I 
cannot  well  attribute  the  idiopathies  of  several  of  the  most 
noted  European  authors  to  any  other  cause.  We  certainly  can- 
not accuse  them  of  ignorance,  or  of  not  being  familiar  with  the 
writings  of  others  on  the  same  subject,  for  their  works  show 
quite  the  contrary.  Still,  when  we  find  men  ignoring  science, 
in  order  to  laud  a  hero  as  Veitch,  Gordon,  and  nearly  all  Eng- 
lish authors  do,  in  giving  the  generic  name  of  the  Mammoth 
Tree  of  California  as  Wellingtonia,  instead  of  the  correct  one  of 


238  PKACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

Sequoia,  we  cannot  but  distrust  them  in  other  matters.  But 
such  vagaries  of  authors  are  not  confined  to  those  of  our  times, 
for  even  the  revered  Linnaeus  reversed  the  generic  names  of 
the  Firs  and  Spruces,  ignoring  the  classification  of  those  who 
had  lived  long  before  his  time.  The  continental  botanists  and 
nurserymen,  however,  have  in  most  instances  retained  the  older 
classifications,  placing  the  Spruces  under  the  generic  name  of 
Picea,  and  the  Firs  under  Abies,  while  the  English  and  most  of 
our  American  authors  have  followed  Linnaeus,  although  there 
can  be  no  question  as  to  its  inaccuracy. 

The  North  American  Conif erae  have  been  carefully  elaborated 
in  the  works  of  Drs.  Gray,  Chapman,  Engelmann,  and  other 
botanists,  but  our  most  comprehensive  and  best  special  treatise 
on  the  coniferae,  is  "  The  Book  of  Evergreens,"  by  Josiah  Hoopes. 
This  is  a  work  that  I  can  confidentially  recommend  to  those 
who  may  desire  a  more  scientific  description  and  classification 
of  either  the  indigenous  or  foreign  species  than  will  be  given  in 
the  following  pages.  Owing  to  the  confusion  referred  to  in 
regard  to  the  classification  of  our  coniferae,  I  may  in  some  in- 
stances depart  from  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  pre- 
ceding pages,  and  place  the  different  genera  in  the  order  of 
the  relationship  instead. 

JUKLPERUS,  Linn. — Juniper. 

An  immense  genus  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  and  the 
species  widely  distributed,  and  in  almost  every  degree  of  lati- 
tude, although  principally  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  The 
wood  of  all  the  species  is  fine-grained,  hard  and  durable,  the 
heart  wood  usually  reddish  and  fragrant.  Flowers  dioecious  or 
sometimes  monoecious,  the  small,  solitary  catkins,  axillary  or 
terminal,  upon  short  lateral  twigs.  Fruit  a  scaly  bracted  drupe, 
and  in  some  species  resembling  a  berry,  more  than  a  true  cone, 
usually  emitting  a  strong  resinous  odor,  and  containing  one  to 
three  hard-shelled  seeds.  Leaves  small,  scale-like,  persistent 
and  rigid.  All  readily  propagated  by  seeds  or  cuttings  of  the 
small  branchlets,  also  by  layers  and  grafting. 

.1  ii  n  i  per  us  Calif ornica,  Carr. — California  Juniper. — Leaves  in 
clusters  of  three,  short,  thick,  and  mostly  acute.  Fruit  oblong- 
ovate,  of  six  or  rarely  four  scales,  usually  one-seeded,  and  of  a 
reddish  color  when  ripe.  A  small  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree, 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  rather  stout  branches.  Cali- 
fornia, in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  the  Sacramento  River  south- 
ward to  Sail  Diego. 


OR   COKE-BEARIXG  TREES.  239 

Var.  Utahensis,  Engelm.,  has  more  slender  branchlets.  Fruit 
round  and  smaller.  It  inhabits  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Southern 
Utah,  and  Arizona. 

J.  ntniimiiiis.  Linn. — Common  Juniper. — Leaves  rather  long, 
linear,  awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed,  upper  surface  white,  glau- 
cous, under  one  bright  green.  Fruit  small,  round,  dark  purple, 
covered  with  a  light  bloom.  A  low,  straggling  shrub  or  small 
tree,  seldom  more  than  ten  or  twelve  feet  high.  This  species 
may  well  be  called  common,  as  it  is  a  native  of  Asia,  Europe, 
and  extends  entirely  across  North  America.  The  berries  of  this 
species  are  employed  in  giving  the  peculiar  flavor  to  gin,  and 
an  oil  extracted  from  them  is  also  used  in  medicine.  There  is 
an  immense  number  of  varieties  of  this  species  in  cultivation, 
known  under  such  names  as  Irish  Juniper,  Swedish  Juniper, 
Spanish  Juniper,  Large-fruited  Juniper,  Weeping,  Creeping  or 
Prostrate,  and  many  others  more  or  less  common  in  nurseries 
and  ornamental  grounds. 

J.  occidentalism  Hook. — Western  Juniper. — A  species  very  much 
resembling  the  California  Juniper,  but  the  fruit  is  smaller, 
blue-black,  and  the  fleshy  envelope  resinous.  A  large  tree  in 
Oregon,  but  becoming  a  mere  shrub  further  south  in  California. 
There  are  several  natural  varieties.  Var.  monosperma,  Engelm. , 
is  a  small  shrub  in  Texas,  west  to  Arizona,  and  northward  to 
Colorado.  Var.  conjungens,  Engelm.,  is  said  to  be  quite  abund- 
ant in  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  in  fact  the  two  varie- 
ties as  well  as  the  species  appear  to  be  only  climatic  forms  of 
the  common  Juniper.  The  trees  are  usually  crooked  and  dis- 
torted, but  the  timber  is  hard  and  makes  excellent  fuel. 

J.  i  ai-liyplilcea, — Torr. — This  is  another  of  those  peculiar  west- 
ern forms  of  the  Juniper,  more  or  less  common  in  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  An  exceedingly  slow-growing  tree,  and  Dr.  En- 
gelmann  says  that  some  trees,  two  hundred  years  old,  have  a 
diameter  of  only  four  to  six  inches,  but  an  occasional  specimen 
is  found  with  a  diameter  of  two  to  three  feet,  but  these  arc* 
usually  found  in  rich,  rather  moist  soils,  and  in  sheltered  posi- 
tions. 

J.  Yirgliiiaiia,  L. — Red  Cedar. — Leaves  very  small,  scale-like 
on  the  older  branches,  but  larger  on  the  young  twigs  or  branch- 
lets  ;  very  numerous,  closely  imbricated,  and  of  a  dark  green 
color.  Branches  usually  horizontal,  but  in  some  soils  upright, 
covered  with  a  thin,  scaly  bark.  Fruit  small,  dark-purple, 
covered  with  a  whitish  bloom,  A  very  common  and  well 


240  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

known  tree,  the  heart  wood  of  reddish  color  and  very  durable. 
It  is  largely  employed  for  cabinet  work,  pencils,  fence  posts, 
etc.  A  very  widely  distributed  species,  extending  from  New 
Brunswick  to  Washington  Territory,  and  southward,  in  the 
East  to  Florida,  but  is  said  not  to  have  been  found  in  Calif ornia, 
and  is  rare  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  An  exceedingly  variable 
species,  sometimes  a  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  but  the  most 
usual  size  in  the  Eastern  States  is  between  thirty  and  forty.  I 
consider  this  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  Junipers,  adapted  to 
the  climate  of  the  United  States,  and  should  take  precedence  of 
others  for  planting  in  forests  or  for  other  useful  purposes. 

There  is  a  large  number  of  foreign  species  that  thrive  in  this 
country,  and  especially  those  inhabiting  China  and  Japan,  and 
while  they  are  of  interest  to  the  botanist,  and  are  desirable  for 
ornamental  plantations,  they  possess  no  valuable  economic 
properties  not  common  to  our  indigenous  species. 

CUPRESSUS,  Tour. — Cypress. 

A  genus  of  evergreen  trees  closely  allied  to  the  Junipers,  but 
with  monoecious  flowers,  with  the  aments  or  catkins  terminal, 
and  of  a  few  pairs  of  opposite  scales.  The  fertile  catkins  erect 
on  short  lai/eral  branchlets,  of  six  to  ten  thick  scales,  becoming 
a  roundish  woody  cone.  Seeds  acutely  angled.  Leaves  small, 
scale-like  adnate,  and  appressed,  opposite  and  imbricated. 

Cnpressus  Goveniaua,  Gordon. — California  Cypress. — Leaves 
bright  green,  quite  small,  thick,  and  without  lateral  depressions. 
Cones  small,  round,  a  little  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
composed  of  from  six  to  eight  scales.  A  shrub  or  small  bushy 
tree,  six  to  ten  feet  high  or  sometimes  more.  In  the  Coast 
Ranges  of  California.  Not  hardy  in  our  Northern  States. 

C.  Macnabiana,  Murr. — McNab's  Cypress. — Leaves  very  small, 
deep  green,  somewhat  glaucous,  conspicuously  pitted  on  the 
back.  Mature  cones  small,  round,  a  little  more  than  a  half  inch 
in  diameter.  A  shrub  six  to  ten  feet  high,  with  numerous 
slender  branchlets.  About  clear  lakes,  and  on  Mount  Shasta, 
California.  Hardy  in  England,  and  may  thrive  in  protected 
situations  in  our  Middle  States. 

C.  macrocarpa,  Hart  wig. — Monterey  Cypress. — Leaves  bright 
green,  acute,  obscurely  pitted  on  the  back,  often  with  a  longi- 
tudinal furrow  on  each  side.  Scales  of  young  cones  with  f olia- 
ceous  tips,  mature  cones  clustered  on  short,  stout  peduncles, 
one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  and  nearly  an  inch  in  diarne- 


CONIFER2E,    OB   CONE-BEARING   TREES.  24J. 

ter,  with  five  or  six  pairs  of  scales,  and  about  twenty  seeds  to 
each.  A  large  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with  rough 
bark  and  widely  spreading  branches.  On  granite  rocks  near  the 
sea,  in  California,  near  Monterey,  and  southward.  Hardy  in 
England,  and  thrives  in  our  Southern  States,  but  tender  in  the 
Northern.  This  species  was  early  introduced  into  Europe,  and 
from  which  several  varieties  have  been  produced. 

CHAM^ECYPARIS,  Spach. — Cypress. 

Trees  with  the  characteristics  of  the  Cupressus,  but  flattened 
two  ranked  branchlets,  and  the  small  globose  cones  maturing 
the  first  year.  The  seeds  are  also  less  numerous.  In  very  few 
botanical  works  are  these  trees  separated  from  the  Cypress,  and 
the  reader  can  take  his  choice  in  the  name  of  the  genus,  and 
still  have  excellent  authorities  for  establishing  the  correctness 
of  either. 

Chanuwyparis  Lawsoniaua,  Parlat. — Lawson  Cypress. — Leaves 
small,  deep  green,  with  a  whitish  margin  when  young,  mostly 
with  a  gland  on  the  back.  Cones  small,  about  a  third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  of  eight  or  ten  scales,  with  the  flattened  sum- 
mit terminated  by  a  narrow  transverse  ridge.  Seeds  two  to 
four  in  each  scale,  and  wing-margined.  A  magnificent  and 
most  graceful  tree  in  Northern  California  and  Oregon,  in  the 
Coast  Ranges,  growing  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  high.  Wood  excellent,  white,  close-grained,  compact  and 
fragrant,  and  is  known  by  the  local  name  of  Oregon  Cedar, 
White  Cedar,  etc.  Its  success  in  our  Northern  Atlantic  States 
has  been  rather  unsatisfactory,  for  in  some  soils  and  situations 
it  thrives  and  grows  rapidly,  while  in  others  near  by,  it  fails, 
burning  in  summer  and  killing  back  in  winter.  It  succeeds 
best  in  a  rather  moist  soil,  and  very  poorly  in  a  dry  one. 

C.  Nntkaensis,  Lam. — Nootka-Sound  Cypress. — Leaves  only 
one  eighth  of  an  inch  long,  sharp-pointed,  over-lapping  and 
appressed,  of  a  very  dark,  rich  green  color,  very  slightly  glau- 
cous, without  tubercles.  Cones  small,  globular,  solitary,  with 
a  fine  whitish  bloom.  Scales  four  in  number,  shield-shaped, 
rough,  and  terminating  in  the  center  with  a  thick,  obtuse, 
straight  point.  Seeds  about  three  to  each  scale.  Branches 
spreading  or  incurved  at  the  ends.  A  tree  sometimes  a  hun- 
dred feet  high  in  Sitka,  and  southward  to  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains on  our  northwest  coast.  Hardy  in  our  Northern  States, 
but  appears  to  suffer  more  from  heat  and  drouths  in  summer 
than  cold  in  winter. 
11 


242 


PEACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


C.  thnyoides,  Linn.— White  Cedar.— Leaves  very  small,  ovate, 
regularly  imbricated  in  four  rows,  and  of  a  light  glaucous-green 
color.  Branches  spreading  and  drooping.  Cones  very  small 
and  clustered.  Seeds  few,  very  small,  and  nearly  round.  A 
large  tree,  forty  to  eighty  feet  high,  and  stem  two  to  three  feet 
in  diameter,  usually  very  straight.  Wood  reddish,  light,  soft, 
but  fine-grained,  and  very  durable.  Used  for  a  great  variety  of 
purposes,  and  always  in  demand.  This  tree  is  always  fcund  in 


Fig.  51. — TWISTED  BRANCHED  CYPRESS. 

cold,  wet  lands  or  swamps,  and  widely  distributed  from  New 
England  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Wisconsin.  This  species 
was  made  the  type  of  the  new  genus  as  given  above  by  Spach, 
but  I  certainly  agree  with  Mr.  Hoopes  when  he  says  in  regard 
to  this  matter,  that  our  "American  botanists,  however,  who  have 
known  it  from  childhood,  and  whose  facilities  for  close  inves- 
tigation are  amply  sufficient,  refuse  to  accept  the  innovation,  and 
consequently  retain  it  in  Cupressus." 


CONIFERS,    OK   CONE-BEARING   TKEES.  243 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Of  these  there  are  quite  a  large  number,  but  very  few  if  any 
of  them  are  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  but  all  can  be  grown 
in  the  Southern,  as  well  as  in  the  milder  regions  of  California. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  species  is  the  Weeping  or  Funereal 
Cypress  of  Northern  China,  and  described  in  Robert  Fortune's 
work  on  the  tea  countries  of  China.  He  says  that  it  grows  to  a 
hight  of  sixty  feet,  with  weeping  branches,  resembling  in  this 
character  the  common  Weeping  Willow.  Another  curious  and 
interesting  species,  the  C.  torulosa,  Don.,  comes  from  India, 
where  it  grows  to  a  hight  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  with 
twisted  branchlets,  somewhat  like  ringlets.  The  cones  are 
quite  large,  and  of  the  size  and  form  shown  in  fig.  51.  This 
species  is  held  in  religious  veneration  by  the  natives,  and  the 
twigs  and  fruit  are  considered  a  valuable  medicine.  There  are 
many  other  species  and  varieties  described  by  botanists,  but 
are  of  no  especial  interest  to  the  practical  forester. 

LIBOCEDRUS,  Endlicher. — California   White  Qedar. 

A  small  genus  of  only  four  species,  two  in  South  America, 
one  in  New  Zealand,  and  one  on  our  Western  Coast.  It  is 
closely  related  to  the  common  Arbor  Vitae  (Thuya).  Cones  not 
reflexed,  solitary,  terminal,  and  composed  of  four  to  six  woody 
coriaceous,  concave  scales,  terminating  in  a  small  incurved 
spine.  Seed  unequally  winged,  usually  two  under  each  scale. 
Leaves  imbricated  in  four  rows. 

Liboeedrus  deenrrens,  Torr. — White  Cedar  of  California,— Leaves 
very  bright  green,  awl-shaped,  sharply  acute.  Cones  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  scaly-bracted  at  base,  ob- 
long, and  the  lower  scales  very  short.  Branches  spreading  and 
incurved  at  the  extremities.  A  very  large  tree,  one  hundred  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  by  four  to  seven  in  diameter. 
In  general  appearance,  this  tree  resembles  an  Arbor- Vitae,  in 
fact  has  been  placed  among  the  Thuya's  in  many  of  our  modern 
botanical  works.  The  wood  is  soft  and  light-colored,  not  dura- 
ble when  exposed  to  the  weather.  In  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Ore- 
gon, and  southward  to  San  Diego,  California.  The  cultivation 
of  this  species  in  the  Atlantic  States  has  not  been  very  satis- 
factory, but  occasional  specimens  has  lived  and  made  a  moder- 
ate growth  without  protection,  but  I  cannot  recommend  it  for 
planting  out  any  where  north  of  Washington. 

The  foreign  species  are  even  more  tender  than  the  native  one, 


244  PKACTICAL  FOBESTKY. 

but  are  worth  cultivating  in  the  South.  The  L.  Chilensis,  or 
Chilian  Arbor- Vitae,  is  a  handsome  tree  from  the  Andes  of 
Chili,  where  it  grows  to  a  hight  of  sixty  to  eighty  feet.  L.  Doni- 
ana,  the  New  Zealand  Arbor- Vitae  resembles  our  common  native 
species  of  the  Eastern  States,  but  is  tender  even  in  the  milder 
climate  of  England. 

L.  tetragona,  the  Alerze  of  the  Chilian's,  is  a  native  of  Chili 
and  Patagonia,  and  is  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  the 
country,  and  although  introduced  into  England  in  1849,  by 
James  Veitch  and  Sons,  they  remark  in  their  "  Manual  of  Coni- 
ferae,"  1881,  that  this  species  "  has  up  to  the  present  time  failed 
in  England,  and  has  now  become  quite  scarce." 

THUYA,  Tournefort. — Arbor-  Vitce. 

A  genus  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs  that  may  be  appro- 
priately termed  the  Shuttlecock  of  botanists,  at  least  among 
those  of  modern  times.  Even  the  spelling  of  the  name  has 
been  twisted  and  changed  in  almost  every  conceivable  way 
possible,  without  wholly  destroying  the  word.  Drs.  Gray  and 
Chapman,  also  Hoopes,  Paxton,  Gordon,  and  several  other 
equally  as  good  botanical  authorities,  give  it  as  Thuja,  while 
Veitch  and  Sons,  in  their  Manual  of  Coniferae,  spell  it  Tliuia. 
Masters  in  his  Monograph  on  the  "  Conifers  of  Japan,"  Watson 
in  Botany  of  California,  and  various  other  authors,  spell  it  as 
above  or  Thuya.  Linnaeus  in  his  Systema  Naturae,  1767,  and 
other  botanists  of  his  day,  and  before  it,  spell  the  word  with  a 
j  instead  of  a  y,  and  while  I  am  satisfied  that  the  weight  of 
authority  would  certainly  establish  the  j  as  being  the  correct 
orthography,  still  I  prefer  using  the  y,  because  it  accords  with 
the  proper  pronunciation.  But  if  our  botanical  authorities  are 
so  much  at  variance  in  the  name  of  the  genus,  we  must  expect 
a  still  wider  disagreement  in  regard  to  the  classification  or 
arrangement  of  the  species  and  varieties  belonging  to  it,  or  in 
closely  allied  genera. 

Masters  places  all  the  true  Arbor- Vitae's  or  Thuyas,  the  Bio- 
tas and  Retinisporas,  under  this  one  generic  name  of  Thuya, 
while  the  more  common  arrangement  is  to  divide  these  into 
three  genera  or  groups.  I  am  inclined  to  think  the  latter  is  the 
most  convenient  one,  and  that  there  are  good  and  well  defined 
characteristics  that  will  enable  almost  any  careful  observer  to 
separate  the  species,  even  if  he  has  no  great  amount  of  scien- 
tific intelligence  to  aid  him  in  the  work.  The  American  species 
belong  to  the  first  named  genera  or  group,  and  have  monoecious 


CONIFERS,    OR   CONE-BEARING   TREES.  245 

flowers  on  different  branches,  the  sterile  catkins  elliptical  ovoid, 
and  the  fertile  ones  ovoid  and  solitary.  Cones  small,  ovoid, 
with  four  to  six  rather  thin  scales  adhering  at  the  base,  and 
covering  two  flattish  seeds,  winged  all  round  the  margins. 
Leaves  small  and  scale-like,  in  four  rows  on  the  flat  thin 
branchlets.  Only  two  species  in  this  country. 

Thnya  gigautra,  Nutt. — Giant  Arbor- Vitae. — Leaves  acuminate, 
incurved  ovate,  somewhat  quadrately  and  closely  imbricated, 
and  obscurely  glandular ;  of  a  bright  green,  sometimes  of 
a  glaucous-green  color.  Branches  and  branchlets  erect,  the  lat- 
ter flattened  and  very  graceful  in  form.  Cones  more  or  less 
clustered,  and  slightly  longer  than  those  of  the  next  species. 
A  very  large  and  graceful  tree,  sometimes  two  hundred  feet 
high,  with  a  stem  ten  to  twelve  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  white, 
soft,  and  easily  worked,  said  to  be  very  durable.  In  the  Coast 
Ranges  and  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon,  and  in  Northern 
California.  Like  most  of  the  evergreens  from  the  Northwest 
Coast,  this  tree  is  often  injured  by  the  heat  of  summer  in  our 
Atlantic  States,  and  browned,  or  the  shoots  entirely  killed  in 
winter. 

T.  occidentalis,  L. — White  Cedar,  Arbor- Vitae. — Leaves  quite 
small,  rhombic,  ovate,  imbricated  in  four  rows.  Branches 
numerous,  slender,  upright,  or  widely  spreading.  Cones  small, 
oblong-ovoid,  with  thin  dry  spreading,  pointless  scales.  Seed 
with  a  broad  wing  all  round.  A  common  and  well  known  tree 
in  low,  moist  soils  throughout  Eastern  North  America.  Wood 
light-colored,  compact  and  durable.  Usually  a  small  tree, 
growing  to  a  hight  of  thirty  to  fifty  feet.  A  tree  largely 
employed  for  screens  and  ornamental  hedges,  as  it  thrives  in  a 
great  variety  of  soils.  There  are  many  varieties  in  cultivation, 
some  exceedingly  dwarf,  others  tall  and  quite  slender.  The  so- 
called  Siberian  Arbor- Vitas  of  nurseries,  is  only  a  compact  grow- 
ing variety  of  this  species.  There  are  several  golden-leaved 
arid  silver-tipped  varieties,  one  of  the  latter  originated  in  my 
grounds  some  ten  years  since,  and  is  now  in  the  collection 
of  Parsons  and  Sons,  Flushing,  N.  Y.  I  gave  it  the  name 
of  "  Columbia,"  as  there  is  another  silver- tipped  variety 
known  as  "Victoria."  But  these  garden  varieties  are  more 
interesting  as  ornamental  trees  than  for  practical  utility. 
BIOTA,  Don. — Oriental  or  Eastern  Arbor- Vita. 

Flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  Thuya,  but  leaves  small, 
ovate,  scale-like,  rough  and  hard  to  the  feel,  imbricated  in  four 


246  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

opposite  rows.  The  cones  elliptic,  with  thick  ligneous,  or 
leathery  scales  placed  in  opposite  pairs,  and  furnished  with  a 
recurved  short  or  long  horny  point.  Seeds  two  at  the  base  of 
each  scale,  large,  ovoid,  nut-like  and  without  wings.  There  is 
a  large  number  of  varieties,  by  some  authors  considered  spe- 
cies, the  most  familiar  are  Chinese  Arbor- Vitae  (Biota  orientalis), 
a  tall  growing  tree,  found  throughout  China  and  Japan,  and  of 
which  there  are  a  large  number  of  cultivated  varieties.  The 
Tartarian  Arbor- Vitae  (B.  Tartarica),  is  probably  only  a  variety 
of  the  Chinese,  although  quite  distinct  in  form  of  growth  and 
in  size  and  shape  of  the  cones.  There  are  also  golden-leaved, 
weeping,  dwarf,  and  other  forms  described  in  works  devoted 
exclusively  to  the  coniferse,  like  those  of  Hoopes,  Veitch,  Mas- 
ters, Gordon,  etc.,  etc. 

RETI:NISPORA,  Siebold. — Japan  Arlor-Vitce. 
A  genus  or  group  more  closely  allied  to  the  Chinese  than 
American  Arbor- Vitse,  having  small,  round  woody  cones,  with 
numerous  ovate  scales.  The  seeds  are  resinous,  and  with 
membraneous  wings  that  are  usually  deciduous,  when  fully  ma- 
ture. The  name  of  the  genus  derives  its  origin  from  the  resin- 
ous coating  of  the  seed.  There  is  a  very  large  number  of  varie- 
ties in  cultivation,  probably  all  descendents  from  one  original 
species,  but  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  it  would  be 
difficult  to  fix  upon  the  parent  stock.  M.  T.  Masters  in  Mono- 
graph already  referred  to,  names  R.  pisifera,  Siebold,  and  R. 
obtusa,  Sieb.,  as  the  two  species  from  which  the  almost  innu- 
merable varieties  have  descended.  The  last  species  grows  to  a 
large  size  on  the  Island  of  Nippon  in  Japan,  forming  trees  sixty 
to  eighty  feet  high.  All  the  species  and  varieties  are  really 
beautiful  trees  and  well  worth  cultivating  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses, if  for  no  other.  They  present  a  great  variety  of  foliage, 
both  in  form  and  color.  In  some  the  leaves  and  branchlets  are 
exceedingly  minute  and  feather-like,  either  dark  green  or  of  a 
silver  or  golden  color,  while  others  have  flattish  branchlets, 
somewhat  after  the  forms  and  character  of  pur  common  Arbor- 
Vitas.  Seedlings  often  vary  widely  from  the  parent  stock,  and 
what  are  termed  "sports,"  frequently  appear  among  old  and 
well  established  plants.  One  of  the  most  unique  varieties  in 
cultivation  originated  in  my  grounds  about  eight  years  ago,  and 
was  described  by  Prof.  Geo.  Thurber  in  the  American  Agricul- 
turist, 1881,  under  the  name  of  Fuller's  Japan  Arbor- Vitae.  It 
originated  from  a  sport  of  the  variety  known  as  R.  var.  aurea 


CONIFERS,   OB  COKE-BEARING  TREES.  24? 

plumosa,  a  single  branch  shooting  out  from  the  side  of  a  large 
plant,  and  instead  of  retaining  the  original  form,  it  pushed  out 
horizontally,  and  unlike  the  usual  light,  feathery  foliage,  char- 
acteristic of  the  variety,  the  leaves  in  this  were  flat  and  closely 
pressed  to  the  stems,  presenting  altogether,  in  the  form  at  least, 
the  appearance  of  a  Lawson  Cypress.  This  branch  was  layered 
and  removed,  and  is  now  a  tree  more  than  twice  the  hight  and 
size  of  the  parent  plant  at  its  side.  The  leaves  have  the  golden 
color  or  the  original,  but  the  plant  has  the  graceful  habit  of  the 
Lawson  Cypress.  Furthermore  I  have  found  it  quite  difficult 
to  propagate  from  cuttings,  while,  as  is  well  known,  the  parent 
is  almost  as  readily  propagated  in  this  way  as  a  willow.  This 
freak  among  the  Retinisporas  in  my  own  grounds  has  rather 
lessened  than  increased  my  confidence  in  some  of  the  attempts 
that  have  been  made  to  elaborate  or  correctly  classify  the  dif- 
ferent species  and  varieties  of  this  genus. 

SEQUOIA,  Endl. — Redwood — Mammoth  Tree. 

A  genus  of  only  two  species,  both  of  which  belong  to  Cali- 
fornia. Flowers  monoecious,  terminal,  solitary.  Staminate 
flowers  small,  partly  enclosed  with  scale-like  leases.  Fertile 
aments,  oblong-ovate,  erect,  the  cone  maturing  the  second  year, 
woody,  oval,  the  scales  divergent  at  right  angles  from  the  axis, 
thick  and  wedge-shaped.  Seeds  flat,  oblong-ovate,  with  a 
spongy  margin. 

Sequoia  sempenlrens,  Endl.— Red  Wood.— Leaves  a  half  inch 
to  an  inch  long,  bright  green,  slightly  silvery  beneath,  spread- 
ing in  two  rows.  Cones  oblong,  only  about  an  inch  long,  soli- 
tary and  terminal,  with  numerous  thick,  rough  scales.  Seeds 
three  to  five  under  each  scale.  One  of  the  most  valuable  trees 
in  California,  occupying  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Oregon  to  San 
Luis  Obispo,  appearing  to  thrive  best  where  exposed  to  the  fogs 
from  the  ocean.  A  tree  growing  from  two  to  three  hundred 
feet  high,  with  a  very  straight  cylindrical  stem.  Wood  a  rich 
brownish-red  color,  light,  but  strong  and  durable,  and  very 
straight  grained,  easily  worked,  and  takes  a  high  polish.  Only 
succeeds  in  our  Southern  States,  scarcely  hardy  even  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

S.  gigantea,  Decaisne.— Big  Tree,  Great  Tree  of  California.— 
Leaves  pale  green,  and  much  smaller  than  in  the  last,  not  in 
rows  or  ranks,  slightly  spreading  or  closely  appressed,  ovate  or 
acuminate,  or  lanceolate,  rigid  and  pungent.  Cones  ovate- 


248 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


oblong,  two  to  three  inches  long,  of  usually  twenty-five  to 
thirty  scales.  Seeds  three  to  seven  to  each  scale,  brownish, 
with  spongy  wing-like  margin.  Cone  and  a  small  branch  shown 
in  fig.  52,  each  about  one  half  natural  size,  with  seed  between 
full  size  of  nature.  This  is  called  the  "pride  of  the  California 
woods,"  and  it  occurs  only  in  groves  and  isolated  groups  that 
i  xtend  along  a  line  of  some  two  hundred  and  forty  miles.  The 

largest  and  tallest  one  yet 
discovered,  is  in  what  is 
called  the  Calveras  Grove, 
and  is  three  hundred  and 
twenty -five  feet  high. 
The  so-called  Grizzly  Gi- 
ant of  the  Mariposa 
Grove  is  a  little  over  nine- 
ty-three feet  in  circum- 
ference at  the  ground. 
Unfortunately  this  valu- 
able and  noble  tree  is  not 
a  success  in  our  Eastern 
States,  and  although  an 
occasional  specimen  will 
thrive,  it  does  not  appear 
to  be  adapted  to  our  cli- 
mate. I  raised  a  large 
number  of  seedlings  in 
1858,  which  were  distrib- 
uted among  my  acquaint- 
ances, but  I  very  much 
doubt  if  there  is  one  now 
alive.  I  have  also  pro- 
cured specimens  many 
times  since,  but  sooner  or  later  they  would  die  out.  A  cool, 
moist  soil,  and  climate,  where  the  winters  are  not  very  severe, 
appears  to  suit  it  best.  It  seems  to  thrive  well  in  England. 

TAXODIUM,  Richard. — Bald  Cypress. 
A  genus,  as  now  restricted,  containing  but  one  species,  and 
this  found  in  our  Southern  States,  and  westward  into  Mexico. 
The  flowers  are  monoecious  on  the  same  branch.  Sterile  cat- 
kins in  a  long,  spiked  panicle,  drooping  with  few  stamens,  fer- 
tile ones  with  low  ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Leaves 
deciduous,  and  set  in  two  ranks  on  the  branchlets. 


Fig.  52. — CONE,   BRANCHLET,   AND  SEED 
OF  SEQUOIA  GIGANTEA. 


CONIFERS,    OR   CONE-BEARING   TREES.  249 

Taxodinni  distidium,  Richard. — Deciduous  Cypress,  Bald  Cy- 
press, etc.,  etc. — Leaves  from  one  half  to  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  linear,  acute,  flat,  alternate  or  opposite,  occasionally 
in  whorls.  Cones  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  closed,  hard,  and 
rough,  with  thick  woody  scales.  Seeds  small,  hard,  with  nar- 
row wings.  While  this  is  a  strictly  Southern  tree,  it  thrives  in 
all  of  the  Middle,  and  many  of  the  Northern  States.  In  the 
alluvial  bottom  lands  of  the  South,  it  grows  to  a  hight  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet,  with  a  stem  ten  t:>  twelve  feet  in  diame- 
ter. Wood  reddish,  strong,  light,  easily  split  and  worked, 
extensively  used  for  shingles,  railway  ties  and  other  purposes. 
It  is  a  rapid  growing  tree  even  in  our  Northern  States,  and  a 
number  of  years  ago  I  raised  several  thousand  for  stakes,  com- 
mencing to  thin  out  the  young  trees  when  five  or  six  feet  high, 
and  I  found  that  it  was  cheaper  to  raise  stakes  on  my  own 
grounds  than  to  purchase  and  haul  them  ten  or  twenty  miles. 
This  tree  deserves  more  attention  from  those  who  are  cultivat- 
ing forest  trees  than  it  has  ever  received.  It  is  a  very  hardy 
tree  in  my  grounds,  and  grows  quite  rapidly,  even  in  a  dry, 
sandy  soil. 

There  are  several  ornamental  varieties  in  cultivation,  one  of  a 
dwarf  habit,  and  another  having  a  very  decided  pyramidal- 
shaped  top.  A  Mexican  variety  differs  from  the  species  in  hav- 
ing very  long  persistent  leaves,  and  somewhat  larger  cones, 
with  the  scales  armed  with  a  short,  stout  point. 

Before  leaving  this  genus  of  deciduous  conifers,  I  must  refer 
to  another  which  is  so  closely  allied  that  several  of  our  botani- 
cal authorities  have  placed  the  species  among  the  true  Taxo- 
diums,  and  classed  them  under  this  generic  name.  I  refer  to 
the  Glyptostrobus,  a  genus  containing  at  most  two  species,  both 
inhabiting  the  colder  parts  of  China  and  Japan.  The  G.  hetero- 
phyllus,  Endl.,  is  a  tree  with  very  small  leaves,  quite  variable 
in  form,  scattered  all  around  the  branchlets,  and  of  a  glaucous- 
green  color.  It  is  only  a  small  tree  with  ascending  branches 
recurved  at  the  extremities.  The  other  species  is  known  as  the 
"Weeping  Deciduous  Cypress"  (G.  pendulus,  Endl.)  It  has 
very  slender  branchlets,  drooping,  curved  or  twisted,  and  the 
leaves  are  long,  slender  and  compressed  when  young,  but 
spreading  at  maturity.  A  hardy  and  beautiful  rapid  growing 
tree,  although  it  probably  never  reaches  a  very  large  size. 


250  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

ABIES,  Tour. — Fir  Tree. 

Evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  with  flat,  somewhat  two-ranked 
leaves.  Flowers  monoecious,  or  male  and  female  on  the  same 
plant,  but  separate  ;  the  male  catkins  axillary  or  terminal,  the 
female  on  very  short  branchlets.  Cones  cylindrical,  erect,  and 
oil  the  upper  side  of  the  branches.  The  scales  of  the  cones  fall 
from  the  axis  at  maturity,  not  adhering  and  falling  together  as 
in  the  Pines  and  Spruces.  Seeds  with  very  thin  and  somewhat 
persistent  wings. 

Abies  lialsami'ii,  Marshall. — Balsam  Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir. — 
Leaves  an  inch  long,  or  a  little  less,  narrow  and  slender,  spread- 
ing, and  slightly  recurved,  dark  green  above  and  silvery 
beneath.  Cones  three  to  four  inches  long,  cylindrical.  Scales 
broad,  thin,  smooth  and  rounded.  Seeds  angular,  small.  A 
handsome  tree  when  young,  but  soon  loses  its  lower  branches, 
becoming  rather  naked  and  top-heavy.  A  moderate  sized  tree, 
usually  growing  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  but  sometimes  sixty 
or  seventy.  Wood  white,  soft,  and  of  little  value.  The  liquid 
resin,  known  as  "  Canada  Balsam,"  is  obtained  from  this  spe- 
cies. A  common  tree  in  cold,  damp  soils,  from  Canada  south- 
ward to  Virginia,  along  the  mountains. 

A.  bracteata,  Nutt. — Leaf  y-br acted  Silver  Fir. — Leaves  two  to 
three  inches  long,  linear,  and  crowded  in  two  rows,  flat,  and 
somewhat  rigid,  light  green  above,  silvery  beneath.  Branches 
in  whorls,  the  lower  ones  drooping.  Cones  three  or  four  inches 
long,  and  about  two  in  diameter,  solitary,  with  roundish  kid- 
ney-shaped, rigid,  and  three-lobed  bracts  ;  the  middle  one 
nearly  two  inches  long,  slender  and  recurved,  especially  those 
near  the  base  of  the  cone  ;  the  upper  ones  nearly  straight.  A 
slender,  but  very  tall  tree,  often  reaching  a  hight  of  one  hun- 
dred feet,  and  sometimes  more.  Wood  like  that  of  all  the  firs, 
and  of  little  value.  Found  in  Oregon,  and  southward  in  Cali- 
fornia, in  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  from 
three  to  six  thousand  feet. 

A.  con co lor,  Lindl. — White  Fir,  Black  Balsam. — Leaves  two  to 
three  inches  long,  mostly  obtuse,  but  on  young  trees  often 
long-pointed,  two-ranked,  pale  green,  or  silvery.  Cones  ob- 
long, cylindrical,  three  to  five  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  diameter,  pale  green  or  purplish.  Scales  twice  as 
broad  as  high,  bracts  short,  enclosed  within  the  scales  ;  wing  of 
seed  oblique  and  very  persistent.  Seeds  about  three-eighths  of 


CONIFERS,    OR  COKE-BEARING  TREES.  251 

an  inch  long,  somewhat  triangular  and  compressed  on  the 
edges.  A  large  tree,  seventy-five  to  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
high,  with  stem  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter,  covered  with  a 
rough,  grayish  bark.  Wood  very  white,  soft,  and  of  inferior 
quality.  Miners  in  New  Mexico  assured  me  that  this  tree  was 
known  as  the  "  Black  Balsam"  in  that  region,  but  they  could 
give  no  good  reason  for  such  a  name,  as  the  wood  is  very  white 
and  the  foliage  is  often  of  a  light  silvery  color.  A  common  tree 
from  Northern  New  Mexico,  northward  and  westward,  at  ele- 
vations of  from  three  to  ten  thousand  feet,  and  quite  abundant 
at  the  highest  elevation,  in  the  first  named  locality.  A  hand- 
some variety,  with  leaves  incurved  upward  along  the  branches, 
and  known  as  A.  C.  var.  Parsoniana,  is  far  more  abundant 
than  the  species  in  the  canyons  of  the  northwestern  part  of  Col- 
fax  County,  New  Mexico,  where  I  had  an  opportunity  of  exam- 
ining thousands  of  specimens  a  few  years  ago. 

A.  Eraser i,  Pursh. — Eraser's  Balsam  Fir. — Leaves  somewhat 
two-ranked,  linear,  flattened,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  whitened 
beneath,  the  lower  ones  usually  recurved,  and  the  upper  ones 
erect.  Cones  oblong,  one  to  two  inches  long ;  bracts  oblong, 
wedged-shaped,  short-pointed  and  reflexed  at  the  summit.  A 
rather  rare  little  tree,  growing  thirty  to  forty  feet  high  in  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  although  Pursh, 
who  first  described  it,  said  he  found  it  growing  on  Broad  Moun- 
tain in  Pennsylvania.  A  hardy  tree,  and  handsome  while 
young. 

A.  £  ran  dis,  Lindl. — Great  Silver  Fir. — Leaves  short,  slender, 
flat,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  deep-green  above  and 
silvery  beneath.  Cones  three  inches  long,  and  about  two  broad, 
cylindrical,  obtuse,  erect,  solitary,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color. 
Scales  very  broad,  and  incurved  on  the  margin.  Seeds  small, 
oblong,  with  a  brittle,  thin  wing.  The  largest  species  of  this 
genus  growing  from  two  to  three  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem 
four  or  five  feet  in  diameter.  California  to  British  Columbia, 
near  the  Coast.  Wood  soft,  white,  and  coarse-grained,  but  use- 
ful for  floors,  joist,  and  beams  in  buildings,  but  is  not  durable 
when  exposed  to  the  weather.  A  handsome  ornamental  tree, 
but  unfortunately  many  of  those  that  have  been  distributed 
from  our  nurseries  were  grafted  on  some  slower-growing  stock, 
and  these  failing  has  led  many  persons  to  think  that  this  spe- 
cies would  not  succeed  in  our  Eastern  States. 

A.  maguifica,  Murray. — Red  Fir. — Leaves  somewhat  quadrangu- 


262  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

lar,  curved  upward,  scarcely  an  inch  long,  somewhat  two- 
ranked.  Cones  six  to  eight  inches  long,  two  to  three  inches  in 
diameter,  purplish-brown  ;  bracts  lanceolate-acuminate,  and 
shorter  than  the  very  wide  scales,  which  are  from  one  to  nearly 
two  inches  long,  by  scarcely  an  inch  high.  Seed  slender,  with 
broad  wings.  Readily  distinguished  from  the  next  by  the  en- 
closed bracts.  A  large  tree,  two  hundred  feet  and  over  in  hight, 
with  stem  six  to  ten  feet  in  diameter,  at  elevations  of  six  to  ten 
thousand  feet  in  the  higher  Sierras.  This  may  be  only  a  local 
variety  of  the  next  species,  as  it  is  not  abundant,  and  no  forests 
of  it  have  as  yet  been  found. 

A.  nobilis,  Lindl. — Noble  Silver  Fir. — Leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  rigid,  curved  upward,  covering  the  underside 
of  the  smaller  branches,  whitish,  and  keeled  on  the  upper  and 
under  side,  rather  acute,  slightly  grooved,  and  somewhat  two- 
ranked.  Cones  cylindrical-oblong,  six  to  nine  inches  long,  and 
two  to  three  in  diameter,  and  almost  covered  with  the  reflexed 
bracts.  This  tree  is  also  known  in  Northern  California  under 
the  name  of  "  Red  Fir,"  and  grows  to  about  the  same  size  as 
the  last,  but  has  a  much  wider  range,  forming  extensive  forests 
at  the  base  of  Mount  Shasta,  California,  and  northward  in  the 
Cascade  Mountains  to  the  Columbia  River. 

A.  subalpina. — Engelm. — This  is  rather  a  doubtful  species,  but 
has  been  described  under  various  names  by  different  botanists, 
such  as- A.  lasiocarpa,  Hook.,  and  A.  amabilis,  Parl.,  etc.,  etc., 
but  it  is  probably  only  one  of  the  many  forms  or  varieties  of  A. 
concolor,  which  is  scattered  through  the  sub-alpine  regions  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Northern  New  Mexico,  and  northward 
to  Oregon. 

FOREIGN    SPECIES. 

Although  there  are  few  of  these  that  will  ever  be  planted  in 
this  country  as  forest  trees,  still  there  are  quite  a  number  that 
are  very  desirable  for  ornamental  purposes.  The  following  are 
among  the  best  known  species  : 

A.  Cephalonita,  Loudon. — Cephalonian  Silver  Fir. — Leaves 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  dagger-shaped,  sharp  and 
rigid.  A  beautiful  species,  from  the  highest  mountains  of 
Cephalonia,  and  other  parts  of  Greece.  A  free-grower,  and 
quite  hardy  in  our  Northern  States. 

A.  Cilicia,  Carriere. — Cilician  Silver  Fir.— Leaves  from  one  to 
two  inches  long,  and  a  tenth  of  an  inch  broad,  flat,  dark-green 


CONIFEJ^E,    OK   COKE-BEARING  TEEES.  253 

above,  slightly  silvery  beneath.  A  very  handsome,  compact 
growing  tree,  from  Asia  Minor.  Moderately  hardy,  but  occa- 
sionally the  foliage  has  been  browned  in  winter  on  my  oldest 
specimen,  now  fifteen  years  planted. 

A.  Nordinamiiana,  Link. — Nordmann's  Fir. — Leaves  an  inch  or 
a  little  more  in  length,  flat,  incurved,  dark,  glossy-green  above, 
pale  beneath.  A  handsome  large  tree,  discovered  by  Prof. 
Nordmann  in  the  Adshar  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  about 
six  thousand  feet.  It  is  common  in  the  Crimean  Mountains, 
and  those  east  of  the  Black  Sea.  A  hardy  and  highly  prized 
ornamental  tree. 

A.  pertinata,  DeCandolle. — European  Silver  Fir. — Leaves  about 
an  inch  long,  flat,  with  occasionally  an  incurved  point.  A 
rather  unreliable  tree  for  cultivation  in  this  country,  and  is 
usually  short  lived,  probably  on  account  of  the  heat  and  dry- 
ness  of  our  climate. 

A.  Pichta,  Fischer. — Siberian  Silver  Fir. — Leaves  about  an  inch 
long,  linear  and  flat,  obtuse  and  incurved  at  the  apex,  mostly 
scattered  or  crowded,  not  evenly  distributed,  very  dark  green 
above,  paler  below.  A  very  compact  growing  small  tree,  from 
the  mountains  of  Siberia.  A  hardy  tree  that  thrives  in  almost 
any  kind  of  soil  or  situation.  There  is  a  variety  known  as 
longifolia,  with  larger  leaves  and  more  silvery  foliage. 

A.  Pindrow,  Spach. — Upright  Indian  Fir. — Leaves  two  inches  or 
more  in  length,  two-ranked,  occasionally  scattered,  flat,  acute, 
deep  green,  slightly  silvery  on  the  underside.  A  very  hand- 
some Asiatic  species,  but  does  poorly  in  our  hot,  dry  climate. 

A.  Pinsiuo.  Boissier. — Pinsapo  Fir. — Leaves  less  than  an  inch 
long,  very  stiff  and  sharp-pointed,  scattered  regularly  round 
the  branches.  Branches  in  whorls,  and  branchlets  very  numer- 
ous. A  remarkably  handsome  tree  from  the  mountains  of 
Spain,  and  only  succeeds  in  somewhat  sheltered  situations  in 
our  Atlantic  States. 

A.  Webbiana,  Lindley. — Webb's  Purple-coned  Silver  Fir. — 
Leaves  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  mostly  two- 
ranked,  linear,  flat,  and  bright  glossy-green  above,  slightly 
silvery  beneath.  A  large  tree  from  the  Himalayas  and  Nepal. 
Wood  exceedingly  fragrant.  The  leaves  often  turn  brown  in 
summer,  owing  to  the  great  heat  to  which  they  are  subjected 
in  our  climate^ 


254  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

PSEUDOTSUG  A.  — Carriere. 

A  genus  of  a  single  species,  intermediate  between  the  Firs 
and  Hemlocks.  The  flowers  appear  from  the  axils  of  last  year's 
leaves.  Male  flowers  in  an  oblong  or  subcylindrical  stamineal 
column,  surrounded  and  partly  enclosed  in  bud  scales.  Female 
flowers  with  scales  much  shorter  than  the  long-pointed  bracts. 
Cones  mature  the  first  season,  with  persistent  protruding  bracts. 

Psendotsnga  Donglassi,  Carr. — Douglass  Spruce. — Leaves  linear, 
distinctly  petioled,  mostly  blunt  or  rounded,  nearly  an  inch 
long  on  old  trees,  but  a  little  longer  on  young,  thrifty  speci- 
mens. Cones  two  to  three  inches  long,  subcylindrical  bracts 
more  or  less  protruding  and  reflexed.  Seeds  triangular,  convex 
on  the  upper  side  and  reddish  ;  on  the  lower,  flat  and  white.  A 
gigantic  tree,  two  to  three  hundred  feet  high,  and  eight  to  fif- 
teen feet  in  diameter,  with  thick,  brown,  deeply  fissured  bark. 
Wood  reddish  or  yellow,  coarse-grained,  heavy  and  strong,  and 
considered  very  valuable.  Oregon,  and  throughout  the  Coast 
Ranges,  into  Mexico.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  important 
timber  trees  in  the  West.  Var.  macrocarpa,  Engelm.,  has 
smaller  and  more  acute  leaves,  and  the  tree  does  not  grow  to  as 
large  size  as  the  species.  It  occurs  in  the  foot  hills  of  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

TSUGA,  Carriereo — Hemlock  Spruce. 

A  genus  of  five  species,  one  in  the  Atlantic  States,  two  in 
Western  North  America,  and  two  in  Asia.  Male  flower  a 
sub-globose  cluster  of  stamens,  appearing  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves.  Female  catkins  terminal  on  last  year's  twigs, 
with  bracts  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scales.  Large  trees, 
with  very  slender  drooping  terminal  branches. 

Tsuga  Canadensis,  Michx. — Hemlock. — Leaves  linear,  a  half  inch 
long,  flat,  obtuse,  dark  green  above  and  whitish  beneath. 
Cones  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  composed  of  a  few 
roundish,  oblong,  thin  scales.  Seeds  quite  small,  with  thin 
wings.  A  large  and  most  graceful  tree,  with  a  light  spreading 
spray  of  delicate  foliage.  It  grows  to  the  hight  of  nearly  a 
hundred  feet,  with  stem  three  to  six  feet  in  diameter.  Wood 
light-colored,  very  coarse-grained,  but  extensively  employed  for 
roof  boards  and  sheathing,  as  it  holds  a  nail  well,  also  for  joists 
and  smaller  timber  used  in  buildings.  It  is  inferior  in  quality 
to  that  of  the  Pines  and  Spruces,  still  it  is  so  abundant  and 
cheap  that  it  is  largely  used  for  the  purposes  named.  The  bark 


CCXNIFER^l,    OR   COtfE-BEARING   TREES.  255 

is  rich  in  tannin,  and  it  is  in  great  demand  for  tanning  leather. 
A  strictly  Northern  tree,  succeeding  only  in  cool  climates. 
Very  abundant  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canadas,  and  along 
the  mountains  southward  to  Georgia.  There  are  quite  a  num- 
ber of  varieties  of  the  Canada  Hemlock  in  cultivation,  some 
with  broader  leaves  than  the  species,  and  others  with  smaller 
and  deeper  green,  ?.nd  several  of  a  dwarf  habit,  and  very  com- 
pact growth,  but  the  most  unique  of  all  is  Sargent's  Weeping; 
Hemlock,  a  very  graceful  tree,  with  pendulous  branches. 

T.  Mertensiana,  Bongard. — California  Hemlock. — Leaves  about 
three- fourths  of  an  inch  long,  flat,  obtuse,  crowded,  bright 
green  above,  slightly  whitish  below.  Branches  and  twigs  very 
slender,  drooping,  Cones  about  an  inch  long,  ovate,  with  a  few 
persistent  kidney-shaped  entire  scales.  A  large  tree,  one  to  two 
hundred  feet  high,  with  a  more  rounded  conical  head  than  our 
Eastern  Hemlock,  but  wood  quite  similar,  although  claimed 
by  some  to  be  of  better  quality.  Said  to  be  hardy  in  England, 
but  the  foliage  often  burns  badly  in  our  Eastern  States  during 
the  hot  weather  in  summer.  Native  of  California,  and  north- 
ward to  Alaska,  in  the  Coast  regions. 

T.  Pattoniana,  Engelm. — Patton's  Hemlock. — Leaves  mostly 
convex  or  keeled  above,  somewhat  sharp-pointed,  about  an  inch 
long.  Cones  cylindrical-oblong,  two  to  three  inches  long, 
seeds  larger  than  in  the  last  species,  and  the  wings  shorter.  A 
very  tall,  strictly  pyramidal  tree,  one  hundred  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  high,  and  growing  at  elevations  of  eight  to  ten 
thousand  feet  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  northward  through  the 
Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon. ' 

The  Asiatic  species  of  the  Hemlock  have  frequently  been  in- 
troduced, and  so  long  as  kept  in  a  conservatory  or  carefully 
protected  in  winter,  they  thrive,  but  do  not  succeed  when 
planted  out  and  exposed  to  our  severe  climate. 

PICE  A. — Spruce. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species  peculiar  to  the  mountainous 
regions  of  America,  Europe  and  Asia.  Male  flowers  axillary 
or  sometimes  terminal  on  last  year's  branchlets.  Female  cat- 
kins at  the  end  of  short  or  long  twigs,  with  scales  much  larger 
than  the  bracts.  Cones  maturing  the  first  year,  and  pendulous. 
Scales  and  enclosed  bracts  persistent  on  the  axis,  the  cones  fall- 
ing off  entire  after  the  seed  have  dropped  out.  Leaves  usually 
keeled  above  and  beneath,  disposed  somewhat  spirally  all 


256  PKACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

around  the  branches,  seldom,  in  rows  or  ranks  as  in  the  Firs. 
We  have  five  native  species. 

Ficea  alba,  Michx. — White  Spruce. — Leaves  needle-shaped, 
four-angled,  one  half  to  an  inch  long,  and  distributed  all 
around  the  branch,  those  on  the  underside  curving  upward ;  of 
a  light  silvery-green  color.  Cones  one  to  two  inches  long, 
oblong-cylindrical,  with  entire  scales.  Seeds  small,  with  thin 
wings,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long.  A  very  beautiful 
tree,  especially  while  young.  A  rather  small  tree,  but  some- 
times fifty  feet  high.  Native  of  the  northern  portion  of  the 
United  States,  extending  far  northward  into  British  America. 
Wood  light-colored,  rather  tough  and  flexible,  sometimes  used 
for  masts  and  spars  for  boats  and  small  vessels  on  our  lakes. 
There  are  a  few  handsome  cultivated  varieties,  the  best  known 
are  the  Blue  Spruce  (var.  cceruled),  with  dark  bluish-green 
leaves,  and  the  "Glory  Spruce"  (var.  aurea),  with  golden- 
tinted  leaves. 

P.  Engelmanni,  Parry. — Engelmann's  Spruce. — Leaves  nearly 
an  inch  long,  strongly  keeled  below,  abruptly,  but  not  sharp- 
pointed.  Cones  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  and 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  ovate-cylindrical, 
and  very  much  scattered  on  the  tree.  Scales  rhombic,  with 
upper  ends  appearing  as  though  broken  off. 

In  general  outline  this  species  resembles  the  next,  but  grows 
to  a  larger  size,  or  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet  high,  with 
stem  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  white,  soft,  or  in 
very  old  trees,  reddish  and  rather  coarse-grained,  resembling 
that  of  the  Eed  Spruce  of  the  Eastern  States.  In  Northern 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Colorado,  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia,  in  the  mountains  at  high  elevations,  often  reaching 
up  to  the  very  border  of  what  is  termed  "  timber  line,"  or  be- 
tween eleven  and  twelve  thousand  feet. 

P.  nigra,  Poiret. — Black  or  Double  Spruce.— Leaves  very  short 
or  about  a  half  inch  long,  stiff  and  somewhat  quadrangular, 
very  dark  green.  Cones  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong,  dull  reddish  brown  when  mature. 
Scales  very  thin,  roundish,  with  an  uneven  margin.  Seeds 
small,  with  rigid  wings.  A  large  tree,  seventy-five  feet  high, 
sometimes  higher  in  deep  woods.  Wood  light-colored,  but 
sometimes  reddish,  light,  strong,  well  known  in  all  of  our 
Northern  States  under  the  name  of  Eed  or  Black  Spruce  tim- 
ber, and  lumber  of  various  forms.  The  Red  or  Black  Spruce 


CONIFERS,    OB   CONE-BEARING   TEEES.  257 

(as  it  is  equally  well  known  under  both  names),  is  not  a  hand- 
some evergreen  under  cultivation,  as  it  soon  loses  its  lower 
branches  and  becomes  rather  a  ragged  and  unsightly  tree. 

P.  pnngens,  Engelm. — Silver  Spruce. — Leaves  about  an  inch 
long,  rather  broad,  rigid,  stout,  sharply  acute,  usually  incurved, 
pale  green  above,  and  silvery-glaucous  below.  Cones  three  to 
four  inches  long,  cylindrical  and  pendulous,  as  in  all  of  the  true 
species,  very  abundant,  with  elongated  rhombic,  truncate 
scales.  Seeds  small,  with  somewhat  triangular  obovate  wings. 
This  species  was  formally  considered  as  only  a  variety  of  P. 
Menziesii,  Douglass,  but  has  recently  been  raised  to  the  posi- 
tion of  a  species,  and  the  Menzies'  Spruce  placed  as  a  synonym 
of  the  next.  A  large  and  beautiful  tree  in  Colorado,  Wyoming 
and  Idaho,  but  no  where  in  great  abundance.  Succeeds  admira- 
bly in  the  more  Northern  of  our  Atlantic  States. 

P.  sitehensis,  Bongard. — Sitcha  Spruce. — Leaves  a  half  inch  or 
more  in  length,  flat,  with  a  sharp  point,  whitish  on  the  upper 
surface  when  young.  Cones  cylindrical,  oval,  one  and  a  half 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  and  about  one  inch  in  diameter, 
pale  yellowish.  Bracts  rigid,  lanceolate,  and  about  one  half  the 
length  of  the  oblong-rounded  scales.  A  large  tree,  one  hundred 
and  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet  high,  with  stem  five  to  nine  feet 
in  diameter.  Wood  said  to  be  superior  to  any  other  species  of 
the  Spruce.  Peculiar  to  the  Northern  Pacific  Coast,  mainly  in 
wet,  sandy  soils  near  streams  in  Mendocino  County,  California, 
northward  to  Alaska. 

FOREIGN1   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

Among  these  the  best  known  is  the  Norway  Spruce  (P.  ex- 
celsa],  which  has  long  been  a  favorite  ornamental  tree  in  this 
country,  and  probably  more  extensively  planted  than  any  other 
conifer.  It  is  really  a  handsome  tree,  and  being  a  native  of 
Northern  Europe  and  Asia,  it  is  quite  hardy  in  all  of  our  North- 
ern States,  except,  perhaps,  on  the  western  praries,  where  the 
winds  are  more  injurious  than  low  temperatures.  There  are 
an  immense  number  of  varieties  in  cultivation,  in  fact,  more 
than  I  can  spare  room  to  name,  and  for  this  reason  must  refer 
the  reader  to  the  catalogues  of  nurserymen  or  special  works  on 
the  coniferae,  for  names  and  descriptions. 

There  are,  however,  several  other  foreign  species  and  varie- 
ties not  so  well  known  as  the  Norway  Spruce,  but  equally 
worthy  of  cultivation,  and  among  them.  I  will  name  the 


258 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


P.  Orientalis.— -Oriental  Spruce.— A  beautiful  tree,  with  very 
short,  dark  green  leaves,  about  half  an  inch  long,  which  entire- 
ly surround  the  branches.  A  regular  conical  growing  tree,  but 
not  a  rapid  grower. 

P.  polita. — Tiger's  Tail  Spruce. — A  native  of  the  mountains 
of  Japan,  is  very  distinct,  with  strong,  rigid,  sharp-pointed 
leaves,  somewhat  sickle-shape,  on 
sturdy,  strong  branchlets,  with 
very  prominent  buds,  as  shown  in 
figure  53.  Cones  four  or  five  inches 
long,  of  the  shape  shown  in  figure 
54.  It  is  a  rather  slow-growing  M'"  - 


Fig.  53. — BRANCH  LET  OF   TIGER'S  TAIL 
SPRUCE. 


Fig.  54. — CONE  OF  TIGER'S 

TAIL   SPRUCE. 


species,  but  of  a  very  sturdy  habit.  My  oldest  specimen,  ten 
years  planted,  is  only  about  eight  feet  high.  This  spruce 
would  make  an  excellent  hedge  plant,  owing  to  its  sharp- 
pointed  rigid  leaves. 

P.  firma  is  another  Japan  species  from  the  mountains  of  Ja- 
pan, that  promises  to  be  a  valuable  addition  to  our  list  of  East- 


CONIFERS,    OR   COKE-BEARING   TREES.  259 

ern  conifers,  but  none  of  these  and  several  other  species  and 
varieties  that  have  been  introduced  from  abroad,  are  abundant 
enough  as  yet  to  be  admitted  into  a  list  of  available  forest  trees. 

LARIX,  Tournefort. — Larch. 

A  genus  of  deciduous  cone-bearing  trees,  closely  allied  to  the 
Firs  (Abies),  but  distinguished  by  smaller  cones,  with  persistent 
scales  and  bracts ;  usually  erect,  on  slender,  rather  drooping 
branches.  Sterile  flowers,  nearly  as  in  the  Pine,  but  pollen 
grains  solitary  and  round.  Fertile  catkins  lateral  and  scatter- 
ing, bright  crimson  when  in  bloom.  Leaves  slender,  soft,  de- 
ciduous, mostly  in  clusters  or  bundles  at  the  ends  of  the  short, 
undeveloped  branches.  Only  about  a  half  dozen  species,  and 
these  confined  to  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  but  extending 
entirely  around  the  world,  through  Asia,  Europe,  and  North 
America. 

Larix  Americana,  Michx. — American  Larch,  Tamarack,  Hack- 
matack.— Leaves  from  one  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
slender  and  thread-like,  light  bluish  green.  Cones  about  an 
inch  long,  ovoid,  scales  few,  slightly  reflexed  and  rounded. 
Seed  small,  with  short,  thin  wings.  Branches  slender  and 
drooping,  and  the  tree  while  young  has  a  very  graceful  habit,  but 
as  they  grow  older  the  lower  branches  die,  and  break  off,  and 
the  persistent  cones  adhere  to  those  above,  until  the  trees  seem 
to  be  loaded  down  with  them,  and  they  are  quite  conspicuous 
and  not  very  ornamental,  during  the  winter  months.  A  hand- 
some ornamental  tree  while  young,  but  soon  becomes  too  tall, 
slender  and  naked,  as  the  lower  branches  soon  cease  to  enlarge 
or  lengthen.  A  large  tree  in  the  cold  northern  woods  and 
pwamps,  sometimes  reaching  a  hight  of  a  hundred  feet,  with  a 
stem  two  feet  in  diameter.  Always  a  slender  tree,  with  light 
colored,  strong  wood,  which  is  moderately  durable,  and  used  in 
ship  building,  posts  and  fencing.  The  quality  of  the  wood  de- 
pends somewhat  upon  the  soil  or  locality  where  grown,  that 
from  British  America,  Labrador,  and  Newfoundland,  is  said  to 
be  much  superior  to  that  grown  within  the  United  States.  The 
Larch  is  of  little  value  on  dry  soils,  and  we  have  many  far 
more  valuable  trees  for  cultivating  in  moist  ones. 

L.  Lyallii,  Parlat. — Lyall's  Larch. — A  smaller  species  than  the 
last,  found  a  number  of  years  ago  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  of 
Washington  Territory,  by  Dr.  Lyall,  and  described  in  the  "  Gar- 
dener's Chronicle  "  by  Professor  Parlatore.  A  small  tree,  growing 


260  PBACTICAL  FOBESTRY. 

only  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  and  remarkable  on  account  of 
the  cobweb-like  wool  that  clothes  the  leaf-buds  and  young 
shoots.  Its  cones  are  larger  and  more  oblong  than  those  of  our 
other  native  Larches.  It  is  found  at  elevations  of  six  to  seven 
thousand  feet. 

L.  occiden tails,  Nutt— Western  Larch.— Leaves  a  little  less 
than  an  bach  long,  thick,  and  quite  rigid,  terminated  with  a 
sharp  point,  doubled  channeled  above  and  below,  somewhat 
four-angled,  but  flat.  Cones  ovoid,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long, 
reflexed,  scales  short,  ovoid,  edges  thin.  Bracts  a  half  inch 
long,  fringed,  and  terminating  in  a  long  awn.  A  large  tree, 
sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory, 
where  it  grows  up  to  an  elevation  of  some  five  thousand  feet. 
This  species  will  probably  thrive  in  our  Atlantic  States. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AND   VARIETIES. 

The  common  European  Larch  (L.  Europea),  has  long  been  a 
favorite  forest  tree  in  Europe,  not  only  on  account  of  its  valua- 
ble timber,  but  because  of  its  rapid  growth  under  cultivation. 
It  is  found  abundantly  through  Central  Europe  at  high  eleva- 
tions, where  it  grows  to  a  large  size,  sometimes  a  hundred  feet 
high.  During  the  past  two  centuries  extensive  Larch  planta- 
tions have  been  established  in  Great  Britain,  especially  in  Scot- 
land, where  this  tree  appears  to  thrive  as  well  as  in  its  native 
mountains.  Its  timber  is  extensively  used  for  naval  purposes 
on  account  of  its  lightness,  toughness,  and  durability.  It  is 
also  employed  for  hop-poles,  mill-work,  beams,  joists  in  build- 
ings, docks,  and  various  other  purposes.  The  cultivation  of 
the  European  Larch  in  this  country  has  often  been  attempted 
on  quite  a  large  scale,  and  at  one  time  it  was  thought  that  it 
would  prove  a  valuable  tree  for  planting  on  the  high  and  dry 
prairies  of  the  west,  but  the  climate  of  those  regions  does  not 
appear  to  be  as  congenial  as  that  of  Great  Britain,  and,  upon  the 
whole,  the  Larch  plantations  in  the  west  have  not  been  as  great 
a  success  and  was  expected,  although  the  tree  thrives  in  almost 
any  good  and  moderately  moist  soil  in  our  Northern  States,  but 
is  scarcely  adapted  to  planting  on  the  higher  and  drier  plains 
and  prairies.  There  are  several  handsome  ornamental  varieties 
in  cultivation,  and  they  may  be  found  described  in  nursery- 
men's catalogues  under  such  names  as  the  Weeping  Larch, 
Smooth-leaved,  Compact  or  Pyramidal,  etc. 

L,   Dahnrica,    Turz. — Dahurian  Larch. — A    small    tree   from 


,   OR  CONE-BEARIKG  TREES.  261 

Northern  Siberia,  growing  on  the  bleak  mountains  of  Dahuria, 
also  found  in  the  Ural  Mountains  and  Kamtchatka,  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  European  Larch,  and  may 
only  be  a  northern  form  of  the  same  species. 

L.  (irillif  liiana.  Hook. — Sikkim  Larch. — This  was  discovered  by 
Dr.  Hooker,  and  as  growing  in  Bhotan,  Sikkim,  and  Nepal,  at 
elevations  of  six  to  twelve  thousand  feet,  it  is  a  large,  sprawl- 
ing, irregular  growing  tree  of  some  fifty  or  sixty  feet  high, 
with  rather  long  leaves,  and  cones  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
long. 

L.  Leptolepis,  Gordon. — Japan  Larch. — This  is  a  very  hand- 
some species  from  the  mountains  of  Northern  Japan,  where  it 


Fig.  55. — GOLDEN  LARCH  (L.  Kcempferi). 

grows  to  a  hight  of  forty  feet.  The  leaves  are  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  long,  slender,  and  of  a  pale  green  color.  Cones 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  with  about  sixty  scales. 
Young  branches  smooth,  with  ash-colored  bark,  rather  rigid, 
and  spreading  branchlets.  A  very  handsome,  erect  growing 
tree,  and  very  hardy,  at  least  I  have  never  seen  a  twig  injured 
by  cold  in  my  grounds. 

L.    Rsempferi,    Gordon.  —  Golden  Larch.  —  A   very  distinct 
species  from  China,  and  by  some  botanical  authorities  placed 


262  PRACTICAL   FORESTRY. 

in  a  genus  by  itself,  under  the  name  of  Pseudolarix,  or  False 
Larch.  It  inhabits  Northeastern  China,  at  elevations  of  about 
three  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  where  it  grows  to  a  hight  of 
a  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  with  a  stem  three  feet  in  diameter,, 
The  leaves  grow  in  bundles,  like  the  common  Larch,  but  one  to 
two  inches  long,  and  the  cones  nearly  three  inches  long,  with 
thick,  woody,  somewhat  divergent  scales.  The  leaves  in  spring 
are  of  a  pale  pea-green  color,  becoming  darker  in  summer,  and 
changing  to  a  bright  golden  color  in  autumn.  A  catkin  bear- 
ing twig  is  shown  in  fig.  55,  the  leaves  somewhat  reduced  in 
size.  This  is  as  yet  a  rather  scarce  tree,  in  both  European  and 
American  gardens,  although  it  was  introduced  into  England  in 
1852,  and  soon  after  into  the  United  States,  but  owing  to  the 
difficulty  of  procuring  seed,  and  propagating  by  other  means, 
the  number  produced  has  been  quite  limited. 

Tournefort.  —  Pine. 


An  extensive  genus  of  evergreen  trees,  containing  a  larger 
number  of  species  than  any  other  of  the  coniferous  group. 
There  are  in  all  between  sixty  and  seventy  species  described  in 
botanical  works,  eleven  of  which  belong  to  our  Atlantic  States, 
fifteen  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions,  and  westward  to  the 
Pacific,  and  about  the  same  number  to  Mexico  and  the  West 
Indies  —  the  remainder  to  the  Old  World,  extending  from  Great 
Britain  to  China  and  Japan.  Some  of  the  species  thrive  in  the 
poorest  and  lightest  soils,  which  are  almost  worthless  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  while  others  grow  on  rocky  cliffs  and  in 
bleak  and  exposed  situations  or  among  stone  that  are  merely 
covered  with  a  thin  film  of  vegetable  matter.  The  genus  as  a 
whole  may  be  said  to  contribute  more  to  the  comfort,  welfare 
and  prosperity  of  civilized  man  than  any  other  order  or  class  of 
forest  trees,  while  occupying  the  least  valuable  portions  of  the 
earth's  surface. 

Flowers  monoecious,  male  catkins  exceedingly  numerous  in 
spikes  or  clusters,  female  catkins  solitary,  or  several  together, 
and  scales  much  longer  than  the  bracts.  Fruit  a  cone,  matur- 
ing the  second  year,  spreading  or  reflexed,  rarely  erect,  and  com- 
posed of  woody  imbricated  scales.  Seeds  nut-like,  situated  in 
an  excavation  or  depression  at  the  base  of  the  scales,  mostly 
winged,  but  the  wings  only  persistent  in  ,a  few  species.  The 
cones  of  many  of  the  species  remain  attached  to  the  branches 
until  they  decay  and  fall  to  pieces  when  several  years  old. 
Leaves  needle-shaped,  cylindrical  or  somewhat  triangular,  in 


,    OR  COKE-BEARING  TREES.  263 

clusters  of  two,  three,  or  five,  enclosed  in  a  thin  sheath  at  the 
base.  The  number  of  leaves  in  a  sheath  not  only  aid  in  separat- 
ing and  determining  the  different  species,  but  the  practical  for- 
ester knows  that  there  is  a  great  difference  in  the  character  of 
the  wood  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  different  groups  or  di- 
visions. Those  with  five  leaves  in  a  sheath,  like  our  common 
White  Pine,  have  much  finer  grained  and  softer  wood  than 
those  with  two  leaves,  and  so  far  as  my  personal  observations 
have  extended,  this  holds  good  with  the  Pines  of  all  countries. 

Pinus  Arizouita,  Engelm. — Yellow  Pine. — A  new  species  of 
which  little  is  known,  probably  Mexican,  but  collected  in 
Southern  Arizona  in  1874,  by  Dr.  Rothrock,  and  described  in 
Wheeler's  Reports.  Said  to  be  a  small  tree,  growing  forty  feet 
high,  and  yielding  the  best  lumber  of  that  region  of  country, 
which  is  certainly  not  very  high  praise,  as  there  are  very  few 
valuable  lumber  trees  in  Southern  Arizona. 

P.  AiislralK  Michx. — Long-Leaved  Pine,  Southern  Yellow 
Pine,  Georgia  Pine. — Leaves  three  in  a  sheath,  ten  to  fifteen 
inches  long,  bright  green,  and  somewhat  crowded  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  Cones  six  to  ten  inches  long,  cylindrical,  with 
thick  scales  and  very  small  recurved  spines.  A  large  and  com- 
mon tree  throughout  the  Southern  States,  growing  sixty  to 
eighty  feet  high,  with  stem  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter. 
Wood  hard,  fine  grained  and  durable,  extensively  employed  in 
ship  building,  floors,  fencing,  and  inside  finishing  of  buildings. 
Sometimes  containing  so  much  resin  as  to  be  of  little  value, 
except  for  burning  and  making  lamp-black.  From  this  species 
the  greater  part  of  the  turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  and  resin  pro- 
duced in  this  country  is  obtained.  This  tree  thrives  in  the  poor, 
light  soils  of  the  South,  but  is  not  hardy  in  the  North,  although 
I  have  known  specimens  to  live  for  several  years  in  the  suburbs 
of  New  York. 

P.  Balfonriana,  Jeffrey.— Fox-Tail  Pine,  Cat-Tail  Pine,  Hickory 
Pine. — Leaves  in  fives,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long, 
rigid,  and  usually  curved  or  twisted,  crowded  and  appressed  to 
the  stem,  and  remaining  on  the  branches  ten  or  more  years. 
Cones  three  to  four  inches  long,  dark  purple  or  brown  when 
ripe,  and  usually  attached  to  long,  slender  branchlets.  Scales 
thick,  with  ishort,  very  brittle  prickles.  Seeds  small,  whitish, 
with  wings  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Wood  reddish,  hard, 
tough,  and  close-grained,  very  durable,  and  that  from  slow- 
growing  old  trees  almost  equal  to  Red  Cedar.  Quite  a  variable 


264  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

species,  sometimes  a  wide-spreading,  open-headed  tree,  with 
long,  flexible,  drooping  branches,  while  other  trees  near  by  will 
assume  a  pyramidal  form,  or  even  fastigiate,  the  latter  form 
more  abundant  on  the  dry,  rocky  sides  of  canyons  in  New 
Mexico  than  I  ever  found  it  elsewhere.  A  small  tree,  seldom 
over  fifty  feet  high,  with  stem  three  or  four  feet  in  diameter, 
in  California  at  elevations  of  five  to  eight  thousand  feet,  form- 
ing extensive  forests,  also  in  the  high  mountains,  eastward 
through  Southern  Utah,  Colorado,  and  southward  to  New 
Mexico,  growing  at  elevations  of  from  seven  to  twelve  thou- 
sand feet,  or  up  to  what  is  called  timber-line.  Var.  aristata, 
Engelmann,  is  described  as  having  more  ovate  cones  with  thin- 
ner scales  and  shorter  recurved  or  awn-like  prickles.  The  spe- 
cies, however,  is  so  variable,  that  a  large  number  of  varieties 
can  be  easily  found  in  the  region  named,  and  I  have  often  re- 
gretted, when  examining  them  in  their  native  habitats,  that  I 
could  not  transplant  some  of  them  to  my  garden  in  New  Jer- 
sey. A  few  specimens  that  I  sent  home  at  the  time  of  my  last 
visit  to  the  mountains,  two  years  since,  have  lived,  and  ^ere 
not  in  the  least  injured  by  the  cold  of  the  past  two  winters,  and 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  this  very  distinct  western  pine  will 
succeed  in  our  Eastern  States  if  planted  in  a  light,  dry,  or  well- 
drained  soil. 

P.  Banksiana,  Lam. — Gray  Pine,  Scrub  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos, 
from  a  very  short  sheath,  only  an  inch  long,  quite  rigid,  and 
evenly  distributed,  and  of  a  grayish-green  color.  Cones  about 
two  inches  long,  ovate-conical,  curved  or  bent  to  one  side, 
smooth,  of  a  light  gray  color,  scales  almost  or  quite  pointless. 
A  small,  low  tree,  twenty  feet  high,  or  only  a  low,  straggling 
shrub.  Common  far  North,  and  barely  reaching  our  northern 
borders  in  Maine.  Michigan,  and  westward  to  Dakota. 

P.  Chihuahuaiia,  Engelm. — Chihuahua  Pine. — This  is  another 
Mexican  Pine  that  barely  extends  across  the  line  into  Southern 
Arizona,  on  the  mountains.  A  small  tree,  growing  thirty  to 
forty  feet  high,  and  of  little  value,  except  where  wood  is  quite 
scarce. 

P.  contorta,  Dougl. — Twisted -Branched  Pine. — Leaves  in  pairs, 
an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  strongly  and  closely  serru- 
late. Cones  clustered,  oval  or  cylindrical,  two  to  two  and  a 
half  inches  long,  scales  smooth,  or  furnished  with  a  very  deli- 
cate prickle.  Two  cones  and  a  pair  of  leaves  are  shown  in  fig- 
ure 56,  cones  somewhat  reduced  in  size.  Illustration  from 


CONIFERS,    OR  COtfE-BEARING  TREES. 


265 


"  Tlie  Garden,"  London,  accompanying  an  article  on  this  Pine  by 
Andrew  Murray,  Esq.  Cones  often  remain  closed  for  a  year  or 
two  after  they  are  mature.  A  small  tree,  rarely  more  than 
thirty  feet  high,  with  wide  spreading  and  somewhat  twisted 
branches.  Wood  light-colored,  straight-grained,  but  usually 
too  small  to  be  of  much  value.  A  tree  found  in  swampy 
grounds  near  the  sea  coast, 
f rom  Calif  ornia  northward 
to  Alaska.  Var.  Murray- 
ana,  Engelm.,  is  a  much 
taller-growing  tree,  some- 
times reaching  a  hundred 
feet  high,  and  stem  four 
to  six  feet  in  diameter, 
with  longer  leaves  and 
cones,  opening  at  matu- 
rity, all  of  which  may  be 
due  to  a  more  favorable 
soil  and  climate,  as  it  is 
found  in  the  higher  Sierra 
Nevada,  eastward  to  Utah, 
Colorado,  and  Northern 
New  Mexico,  but  an  oc- 
casional specimen  will  be 
met  in  these  regions,  cor- 
responding in  almost  every 
particular  with  the  description  of  the  species  as  it  is  found  on 
the  Northern  Pacific  Slope.  Both  species  and  variety  succeed 
in  our  Atlantic  States. 

P.  Coulter i,  Don.— Coulter's  Pine,  Hooked-Cone  Pine.— Leaves 
in  threes,  six  to  eleven  inches  long,  quite  large  and  coarse. 
Sheath  an  inch  and  a  half  long  while  young.  Male  flowers  cy- 
lindrical and  almost  or  quite  two  inches  long,  surrounded  by 
eight  or  ten  bracts,  Cones  very  large,  on  short  stems,  long, 
oval-pointed,  ten  to  fourteen  inches  long,  and  four  or  five  in 
diameter,  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  each  scale  terminated  by 
a  long,  very  strong  incurved  point,  in  some  instances  this  horn- 
like point  is  two  inches  long.  Seed  oval,  dark -colored,  nearly 
black,  and  a  half  inch  or  more  in  length.  Nuttall  says  that 
this  tree  was  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Coulter  on  the  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains,  near  the  Mission  of  San  Antonia,  in  the  thirty-sixth 
degree  of  latitude,  and  within  sight  of  the  sea,  at  an  elevation 
13 


Fig.  56.— LEAVES  AND  CONES  OP 
PINUS  CONTORTA. 


266  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

three  to  four  thousand  feet  above  it.  Found  in  California,  only 
in  the  Coast  Ranges,  principally  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State.  I  obtained  cones  of  this  species,  and  several  others  grow- 
ing in  the  same  region  some  twenty  odd  years  ago,  at  a  cost  of 
ten  dollars  each,  but  have  no  personal  acquaintance  with  the 
•wood,  but  it  is  said  to  be  brittle.  The  tree  reaches  a  hight  of  a 
hundred  feet  in  favorable  situations.  Too  tender  for  cultivation 
in  our  Northern  States,  but  may  succeed  south  of  Washington. 

P.  ednlis,  Engelm. — Pinon,  Nut  Pine. — Leaves  variable  in 
number,  usually  three  in  a  sheath,  but  often  only  two  ;  about 
two  inches  long,  rigid,  and  sharp-pointed.  Cones  two  to  three 
inches  long,  composed  of  numerous  small  scales  at  base,  and  a 
few  larger  ones,  nearly  an  inch  broad  above.  Scales  blunt, 
with  a  yellow  reflexed  resin-covered  tip.  Seed  a  half  inch  or 
more  in  length,  cylindrical,  shell  thin  and  brittle,  kernel  white, 
sweet,  and  excellent  flavored.  Seeds  two  at  the  base  of  the  up- 
permost scales,  and  usually  only  one  in  the  lowest  fruiting 
row.  This  is  the  most  highly  prized  of  all  the  nut  pines  for  its 
seeds,  of  which  large  quantities  are  gathered  by  the  Indians 
residing  in  the  regions  where  the  tree  abounds.  The  cones  are 
whipped  from  the  trees  and  then  spread  out  in  the  sun,  where 
they  soon  open,  allowing  the  nut-like  seeds  to  drop  out.  The 
trees  are  not,  however,  regular  bearers,  and  in  some  localities  a 
full  crop  is  only  produced  every  five  to  seven  years.  A  low- 
growing  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  stem  a  foot  in 
diameter.  Wood  most  excellent  fuel.  In  groves,  or  scattering 
along  the  dry  banks  of  canyons,  and  in  stony  soils,  from  Colo- 
rado, through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  Hardy  in  our  North- 
ern Atlantic  States,  but  foliage  sometimes  burns  in  summer. 

P,  Elliottii,  Engelm. — Elliott's  Pine. — A  species  said  to  be  more 
or  less  common  near  the  coast  in  South  Carolina  and  Florida, 
growing  among  and  often  confounded  with  the  common  Old 
Field  Pine  (P.  Tceda).  It  may  prove  to  be  the  P.  Tceda,  var. 
heterophylla,  of  Elliott,  described  in  his  Botany  of  South  Caro- 
lina, Vol.  II,  p.  636.  Leaves  not  of  a  uniform  number  in  a 
sheath. 

P.  flexilis,  James. — Western  White  Pine.— Leaves  in  fives,  two 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  somewhat  rigid  and  triangular, 
sharp-pointed,  and  densely  crowded  on  the  branchlets,  of  a 
rich,  dark-green  color.  Cones  cylindric  tapering,  four  to  six 
inches  long,  and  two  to  three  in  diameter.  Scales  thick,  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  broad,  woody,  and  of  a  greenish -yellow  color 


CONIFERS,    OR   CONE-BEARING   TBEES.  267 

when  mature.  Seeds  rather  large,  irregular  obovate,  with 
firm-keeled  margins.  A  handsome  tree,  resembling  the  White 
Pine  of  the  Eastern  States,  but  of  a  more  compact  habit,  and 
the  foliage  darker  green.  It  grows  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with 
a  very  straight  stem  and  smooth  bark,  until  the  trees  become 
old.  Wood  white,  soft,  and  easily  worked,  closely  resembling 
the  White  Pine  of  the  East.  This  species  inhabits  the  moun- 
tain ranges  from  Montana  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  on  the 
Inyo  Mountain  in  California,  at  high  elevations,  or  from 
eight  to  ten  thousand  feet.  Var.  albicaulis,  Engelm.,  is  a 
smaller  tree  with  more  oval  cones,  and  not  quite  as  long, 
thicker  and  somewhat  pointed  scales.  An  alpine  form  found  in 
Montana  and  British  Columbia,  also  in  some  of  the  mountains 
of  California.  A  handsome  and  hardy  tree,  worthy  of  extended 
cultivation. 

P.  glabra,  Walter. — Spruce  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos,  three  to 
four  inches  long,  slender,  scattered.  Cones  about  two  inches 
long,  solitary,  spines  nearly  obscure  ;  wings  of  seed  light- 
colored,  long  and  tapering.  Branches  and  branchlets  smooth 
and  light-colored,  or  whitish.  A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high, 
with  soft,  white  wood.  A  somewhat  rare  tree  in  swampy 
grounds  through  South  Carolina,  Florida,  and  westward. 

P.  mops,  Ait. — Jersey  Pine,  Scrub  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos,  and 
from  two  to  three  inches  long,  from  a  short  sheath,  scattered, 
rigid,  and  flat  on  the  innor  surface.  Cones  light-brown,  oblong- 
ovoid,  two  to  three  inches  long,  often  curved  to  one  side. 
Scales  armed  with  a  straight,  strong  spine.  The  cones  open 
when  mature,  allowing  the  small-winged  seeds  to  fall  out. 
Branches  spreading  and  flexible,  covered  with  a  smooth,  whitish 
bark  while  young,  but  becoming  dark-colored  and  rough  witji 
age.  A  small  tree,  fifteen  to  forty  feet  high.  Wood  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel.  A  widely  distributed  species  on  Long 
Island,  Staten  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  to  Florida. 

P.  insiiiiih,  Dougl. — Monterey  Pine. — Leaves  in  threes,  four  to 
six  inches  long  and  very  slender,  very  closely  serrate,  bright 
green.  Cones  on  short  stems,  in  clusters,  deflexed,  three  to  five 
inches  long,  and  two  to  three  in  diameter  ;  deep  chestnut- 
brown,  persistent,  and  remaining  closed  for  several  years. 
Scales  near  the  base,  very  thick  and  roundish.  Seeds  grooved 
and  rough,  black,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  wings 
nearly  an  inch  long,  broadest  above  the  middle.  A  large  tree, 
eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  high  near  the  coast  in  California, 


268  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

south  of  San  Francisco.  A  rapid-growing  tree,  with  a  beauti- 
ful fresh  green  foliage,  but  tender,  except  in  our  Southern 
States. 

P.  Lambertiana,  Dougl. — Lambert's  Pine,  Sugar  Pine. — Leaves 
in  fives,  three  to  four  inches  long,  from  short  deciduous  sheaths, 
with  five  or  six  lines  of  stomata  on  each  side.  Cones  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  three  or  four  in  diameter,  gradually 
tapering  to  a  point  on  peduncles  three  inches  in  length,  pendu- 
lous when  mature,  and  of  a  brown  color,  destitute  of  resin. 
Scales  loosely  imbricated,  rounded  above,  without  spine  or 
prickle.  Seeds  oval,  nearly  a  half  inch  long,  kernel  sweet ; 
wing  almost  twice  as  long  as  the  seed,  of  a  dark  color.  A  very 
large  tree,  one  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet  high,  and  ten  to 
twenty  feet  in  diameter,  with  branches  in  whorls,  bark  smooth 
and  light-colored,  except  on  the  stem  and  larger  branches. 
Wood  white,  soft,  resembling  that  of  the  White  Pine,  but  a  lit- 
tle coarser-grained.  More  or  less  abundant  throughout  Cali- 
fornia and  northward  to  the  Columbia  Eiver,  on  both  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  at  elevations  of  from  three  to  eight 
thousand  feet.  The  exudations  from  the  partly  burned  trees 
acquires  a  sweetish  taste,  whence  the  name  of  "Sugar Pine." 
A  valuable  forest  tree,  and  seems  to  be  as  hardy  in  my  grounds 
as  the  common  White  Pine,  which  it  very  much  resembles 
while  young,  but  when  well  established,  grows  far  more  rapidly, 
becoming  rather  tall  and  naked  in  appearance,  unless  the  lead- 
ing shoots  are  headed  back. 

P.  mitis,  Michx. — Yellow  Pine,  Short-Leaved  Pine. — Leaves  in 
twos,  three  to  five  inches  long,  with  long  sheath,  slender,  some- 
what channelled,  and  of  a  dark  green  color.  Cones  oval  or  ob- 
long, about  two  inches  long,  usually  solitary,  with  a  short, 
incurved  spine  on  each  scale.  Seed  very  small,  with  a  reddish 
wing.  A  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  stem  one  to  two 
feet  in  diameter.  Wood  yellow,  hard,  durable,  and  employed 
for  ship  building,  spars,  masts,  plank,  etc.  In  New  Jersey,  and 
southward  to  Florida,  also  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

P.  inonopli ylla,  Torr.  and  Frem. — Fremont's  Pine,  Nut  Pine. — 
Leaves,  one  or  two  in  a  sheath,  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  and 
a  half  inches  long,  when  in  pairs,  flat  on  the  inner  side,  single 
ones  round,  very  rigid,  and  sharp-pointed.  Leaves  on  terminal 
branchlets,  often  bluish,  glaucous-green  or  silvery.  Cones  two 
inches  long,  or  a  little  more,  nearly  round,  of  a  light  brown 
color,  scale  thick,  recurved,  without  spines.  Seed  quite  large, 


CONIFERS,    OR   CONE-BEARING   TREES.  269 

wingless,  and  kernel  sweet,  edible,  used  for  food  by  the  Indians. 
A  small  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  stem  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  but  often  only  a  low,  straggling 
bush.  Wood  white  and  soft,  resinous,  making  good  fuel.  In 
the  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  Arizona,  Southern  Utah,  and 
Nevada.  Plants  raised  from  seed,  from  the  higher  mountains 
of  Nevada,  have  proved  perfectly  hardy  in  my  grounds,  neither 
receiving:  protection  from  the  sun  in  summer.  Plants  of  slow 
growth,  but  are  unique,  differing  widely  from  all  the  other 
species  of  pine  with  which  I  am  familiar. 

P.  mon ti cola,  Dougl. — Mountain  Pine. — Leaves  in  fives,  three 
to  four  inches  long,  obtuse,  smooth,  glaucous-green.  Cones 
cylindrical,  slender,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  yellowish-brown, 
with  loosely  imbricated,  pointed,  but  spineless  scales.  Seed 
small,  with  large  wings.  A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  and 
sometimes  three  feet  in  diameter.  A  species  closely  allied  to 
the  White  Pine,  and  resembles  it  in  growth,  leaves  and  wood. 
California,  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  and  northward  to  Washing- 
ton Territory,  at  elevations  of  from  seven  to  ten  thousand  feet. 
Hardy,  and  thrives  in  light,  sandy  soils,  better  than  in  those 
that  are  moist  and  heavy. 

P.  mnriiata,  Don. — Bishop's  Pine. — Leaves  in  pairs,  four  to  six 
inches  long,  quite  broad,  rigid,  and  strongly  serrulate,  and  of  a 
bright-green  color.  Cones  sessile,  about  three  inches  long, 
ovate,  in  clusters,  crowded  with  thick,  wedge-shaped  scales, 
with  stout,  short  prickles.  The  cones  are  very  persistent,  re- 
maining on  the  trees  for  many  years,  and  the  scales  remaining 
closed  for  a  long  time.  I  have  cones  of  this  species  in  my  cabi- 
net, gathered  twenty  years  ago,  and  although  kept  in  a  warm 
room,  only  a  few  of  them  have  opened  sufficient  to  show  the 
seed.  A  medium  sized  or  large  tree,  varying  in  hight  in  dif- 
ferent regions,  from  twenty-five  to  over  a  hundred  feet  high, 
with  reddish-brown,  roughish  bark.  In  California,  only  near 
the  coast,  where  it  is  exposed  to  the  wind  and  fogs  of  the 
ocean,  and  principally  in  swamps  and  wet  soils. 

P.  Parryami,  Engelm.— Parry's  Pine. — Leaves  three  to  five  in  a 
sheath,  mostly  four,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Cones 
sub-globose,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  thick,  with 
strongly  elevated  knobs.  Seed  oval,  about  a  half  inch  long, 
with  a  thin,  light  brown  mottled  shell.  A  small  tree,  twenty 
to  thirty  feet  high,  collected  only  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  forty 
miles  southeast  of  San  Diego,  across  the  border  in  Mexico,  ancl 


270  PEACTICAL  FOEESTKY. 

at  an  altitude  of  two  or  three  thousand  feet.  This  species  is 
unknown  to  me,  and  the  above  description  is  taken  from 
Botany  of  California,  Vol.  II,  p.  124. 

P.  poiiderosa,  Dougl. — Yellow  Pine,  Heavy  Wooded  Pine. — 
Leaves  in  threes,  five  to  nine  inches  long,  broad,  coarse,  twisted, 
flexible,  and  of  a  deep  or  grayish-green  color.  Cones  oval,  three 
to  four  inches  long,  ovate,  reflexed,  clustered,  scales  with  a 
stout,  straight,  or  recurved  prickle.  Seeds  dark  brown,  with 
long,  yellowish  wings.  Branchlets  very  thick,  with  a  reddish- 
brown  bark  ;  that  on  the  old  stems  very  thick  and  deeply  fur- 
rowed. One  of  the  largest  and  most  common  pines  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  regions,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific.  Trees  of 
these  species  have  been  found  that  were  three  hundred  feet 
high,  with  stem  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  but  the  more 
usual  size  is  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet.  The  wood  is 
quite  variable,  but  usually  it  is  rather  coarse-grained,  hard,  and 
heavy,  seldom  soft,  or  as  easily  worked  as  the  White  Pine  or 
closely  allied  species.  I  have  examined  and  used  many  thou- 
sand of  feet  of  lumber  from  this  tree,  and  while  admitting  its 
value  for  coarse  work,  it  is  inferior  as  a  finishing  lumber  to 
many  other  species.  I  think,  however,  that  this  tree  is  well 
adapted  to  dry,  windy,  and  exposed  situations,  and  should  be 
tried  on  the  western  prairies,  especially  on  light,  dry,  or  stony 
soils.  Several  varieties  are  described  in  botanical  works,  but 
Dr.  Engelmann  only  recognizes  two,  viz.,  var.  Jeffreyi,  a  tree 
with  a  more  rounded  top,  darker  bark  and  paler  leaves  than  the 
species.  Cones  also  longer  and  lighter  brown.  Var.  scopu- 
lorum,  is  a  smaller  tree,  only  growing  about  a  hundred  feet 
high,  with  shorter  leaves,  and  these  often  in  pairs.  Cones  only 
two  or  three  inches  long,  grayish-brown,  with  stout  prickles. 
The  last  variety  is  found  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
from  British  Columbia,  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

P.  pungens,  Michx. — Table  Mountain  Pine. — Leaves  two  in  a 
sheath,  and  about  two  inches  and  a  half  long,  rigid,  stout,  and 
of  a  pale  yellowish-green  color.  Cones  three  inches  long,  ovate, 
sessile,  usually  three  or  four  in  a  cluster,  with  woody  scales, 
armed  at  the  apex  with  a  stout,  slightly  incurved  spine  on  the 
upper  scales,  and  recurved  on  the  lower  ones.  Trees  with  very 
irregular-growing  branches,  and  the  buds  covered  with  resin. 
A  small  tree,  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  stem  a  foot  or  a  lit- 
tle more  in  diameter.  It  is  not  a  handsome  or  rapid-growing 
tree,  but  quite  a  rare  one,  or  at  least  somewhat  limited  in  its 


,    OR   CONE-BEARING   TREES. 


271 


range,  being  found  rather  sparsely  in  Southern  Pennsylvania, 
North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

P.  resinosa,  Aiton. — Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos, 
five  to  six  inches  long,  nearly  cylindrical  from  long  sheaths, 
rigid  and  straight,  dark  green.  Cones  two  inches  long,  conical, 
usually  in  clusters,  scales  without  points.  Branchlets  with  red- 
dish smooth  bark.  Wood  hard  and  compact,  light-colored  and 
quite  durable.  A  rather  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  in 
the  Eastern  States,  but  specimens  have  been  found  in  Michigan 
measuring  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  No  large  forests  of  this 
species  are  known,  but  it  is  found  in  Pennsylvania,  northward 
to  the  Canadas,  and  west  to  Minnesota. 

P.  ritridn,  Miller. — Pitch  Pine. — Leaves  in  threes,  and  from 
three  to  five  inches  long,  from  very  short  sheaths,  rigid  and 
flattened,  or  slightly  angled  on 
one  side,  of  a  bright,  but  not 
very  dark-green  color.  Cones 
ovoid-conical,  and  of  the  size 
and  form  shown  in  figure  57, 
mostly  solitary,  but  occasional- 
ly clustered,  three  or  four  to- 
gether ;  the  scales  terminated 
with  a  small,  stout  prickle. 
Seed  small,  winged.  A  medium 
sized  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet 
high,  with  stem  two  to  three 
feet  in  diameter.  Wood  hard, 
coarse-grained,  full  of  resin, 
and  generally  so  well  studded 
with  knots  as  to  be  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel.  A  rather 
handsome  tree  when  found 
in  good  soil  and  with  room 
enough  to  grow  without  being 
crowded.  More  abundant  in 
swamps  and  low  grounds  than 

Fiff.  57.— CONE  OP  PINUS  EIGIDA. 

elsewhere,  but  often  found  of 

large   size  on  high,  sandy  land,  slate  and  sandstone   ridges. 

From  Maine  to  Georgia,  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 

Var.  Serotina,  Michx.  (Pond  Pine),  has  a  little  larger  leaves 
and  more  ovate  cones,  otherwise  the  same  as  the  species.  Dr. 


272 


PRACTICAL   FOKESTBY. 


Chapman  and  Mr.  Gordon,  of  England,  recognize  the  variety 
as  a  distinct  species. 

P.  Sabiniana,  Dougl.— Sabine's  Pine,  Great  Prickly-Coned  Pine. 
— Leaves  in  threes,  eight  to  twelve  inches  long,  slender-droop- 
ing, of  a  light  glaucous-green  color.  Cones  eight  to  ten  inches 
long,  and  four  to  six  in  diameter,  of  a  deep  mahogany -brown 
color,  with  large,  projecting  incurved  points.  Seed  large, 
almost  an  inch  long,  sub-cylindric,  with  a  hard,  dark  brown 
shell,  and  a  stiff  wing,  only  about  a  half  inch  long,  with  a  stiff 


Fig.  58. — PINUS    SABINIANA. 

rim.  A  large,  round-topped  tree,  with  thick,  rough  bark,  and 
rather  slender,  graceful  branchlets.  Seed  used  as  food  by  the 
Indians,  but  are  not  so  pleasant  tasted  as  those  of  P.  edulis.  A 
large  tree,  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  and  stem  two  to  four 
feet  in  diameter.  Wood  white,  soft,  rather  even-grained,  but 
contains  a  large  amount  of  resin.  Inhabits  California  in  the 
Coast  Ranges,  and  the  foot  hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  up  to  an 
altitude  of  about  four  thousand  feet.  Like  most  of  the  Pines 
from  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  this  species  does  not  thrive 
in  the  climate  of  our  Northern  Atlantic  States,  but  will  proba- 


CONIFER^    OR   CONE-BEARING   TREES. 


bly  thrive  further  South.  The  general  form  of  Sabine's  Pine, 
when  young,  is  shown  in  figure  58,  taken  from  a  cultivated  spe- 
cies at  the  time  the  new  growth  is  pushing  out  in  spring. 

P.  Strobes,  Linnaeus. — White  Pine,  Weymouth  Pine. — Leaves 
five  in  a  sheath,  as  shown  in  figure  59,  and  from  three  to  four 
inches  long,  slender,  soft,  and  slightly  whitish  on  the  under  side. 
Cones  from  four  to  six  inches  long,  cylindrical,  somewhat  bent 
to  one  side,  slightly  drooping  on  rather  short  stalks,  with 
smooth,  thin  scales,  unarmed.  Seed  small, 
with  a  long  wing.  A  well  known  and  valu- 
able tree,  growing  from  one  hundred  to  a 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  with  stem  some- 
times four  feet  in  diameter.  Wood  white, 
soft,  and  free  from  knots,  and  the  most  ex- 
tensively used  of  ^ny  lumber  in  America. 
But  the  extensive  forests  of  White  Pine, 
which  were  to  be  found  in  our  Northern 
States  a  half  century  ago,  are  rapidly  disap- 
pearing, and  first-class  pine  lumber  is  al- 
ready both  scarce  and  dear.  There  are  still 
several  large  forests  of  the  tree  both  in  the 
United  States  and  the  Canadas,  but  they  will 
not  last  long  at  the  rate  at  which  they  are 
being  cut  off  at  the  present  time.  The  White 
Pine  will  grow  rapidly  on  light,  poor,  sandy 
soils,  and  there  are  millions  of  acres  of  such 
lands,  that  could  not  be  put  to  a  better  use 
than  planting  it  with  White  Pine.  It  is  not 
only  a  useful  and  handsome  forest  tree,  but 
very  valuable  for  ornamental  purposes.  There 
are  several  handsome  ornamental  varieties  in 
cultivation,  the  most  distinct  is  the  var.  alba 
or  nivea,  with  silvery -white  foliage,  and  var. 
nana,  a  dwarfish,  compact  little  bush,  with  a  broad,  flattish  head. 

P.  Taerta.  Linn.— Loblolly  Pine,  Old  Field  Pine,  Frankincense 
Pine. — Leaves  in  threes,  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  from  rather 
long  sheaths,  slender,  and  of  a  light  green  color.  Cones  three 
to  four  inches  long,  oblong-conical,  the  scales  armed  with  a 
short,  rigid,  straight  spine.  The  cones  are  usually  solitary,  but 
sometimes  in  pairs.  A  tree  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  high,  but 
in  some  favorable  situations  even  larger,  with  stem  two  to  three 
feet  in  diameter.  Wood  var  able,  but  usually  rather  coarse- 


Fig.  59. 

WHITE  PINE. 


274  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

grained  and  much  inclined  to  warp  and  shrink  when  cut  into 
boards  and  plank.  A  common  tree  in  swamps,  and  old  fields 
and  woods  throughout  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  from  the 
southern  part  of  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  south  to  Florida,  and 
also  sparingly  westward  to  Eastern  Texas. 

!  P.  tubercnlata,  D.  Don. — Tuberculated-Coned  Pine,  California 
Pine. — Leaves  in  threes,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  from  a  short, 
smooth  sheath,  slightly  serrulate,  and  of  a  bright-green  color. 
Cones  three  to  four  inches  long,  oblong-conical,  and  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  in  small  clusters,  very  persistent,  pendu- 
lous, of  a  gray  color,  the  scales  angular- tipped,  with  a  sharp, 
stout  prickle.  A  small  tree,  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  stem 
eight  to  twelve  inches  in  diameter.  Wood  hard,  dark-colored, 
but  too  small  to  be  of  much  value,  except  for  fuel.  In  the 
Coast  Ranges  of  California  and  southward. 

FOREIGN   SPECIES   AXD   VARIETIES. 

Of  the  foreign  species  of  the  Pine  there  are  quite  a  large  num- 
ber that  thrive  equally  as  well  with  us  as  those  from  our  own 
forests,  and  a  few  of  them  may  prove  even  better  adapted  to 
certain  soils  or  situations  than  any  of  our  indigenous  species, 
but  this  can  only  be  determined  through  more  extended  ex- 
perience with  the  latter.  A  few  species  of  the  European  Pines 
have  been  quite  extensively  cultivated  in  this  country  for  orna- 
mental purposes,  as  well  as  for  screens  and  wind-breaks,  proba- 
bly because  they  were  to  be  obtained  more  cheaply  at  the  nur- 
series than  the  best  of  our  native  species,  but  whatever  the 
cause,  the  fact  is  quite  apparent  that  several  of  the  European 
Pines  have  long  been  favorite  ornamental  trees  in  our  Atlantic 
States,  where  large  and  old  specimens  can  be  seen  in  great 
abundance.  Nearly  all  the  species  of  the  Pine  indigenous  to 
the  cooler  region  of  Europe  and  Asia,  are  quite  hardy  in  our 
Northern  States,  while  those  from  warmer  climates,  including 
Mexico,  do  well  in  the  South,  but  I  shall  only  refer  to  a  few  of 
the  best  known,  and  to  these  very  briefly. 

P.  Austriaca,  Hoess. — Austrian  Pine.— Leaves  two  in  a  sheath, 
long,  slender,  rigid,  incurved,  and  sharply -pointed.  Cones  two 
to  three  inches  long,  conical,  slightly  recurved.  Scales  smooth, 
with  a  dull  spine  in  the  center.  A  well  known  and  now  com- 
mon tree,  but  of  comparative  recent  introduction,  and  said  not 
to  have  been  known  in  Great  Britain  previous  to  1835,  but  has 
been  raised  in  such  immense  quantities  that  for  many  years  the 


S,    OR   COXE-BEARING   TREES.  275 


plants  could  be  purchased  in  the  nurseries  of  Europe  and  in  this 
country  for  a  few  dollars  per  thousand.  The  Austrian  Pine 
grows  to  a  very  large  size,  often  more  than  a  hundred  feet. 
Wood  rather  coarse-grained,  but  strong  and  moderately  durable. 
The  general  habit  of  the  tree  is  broad  and  massive,  and  it  is  of 
a  very  rapid  and  sturdy  growth.  Native  of  Lower  Austria, 
Styria  and  adjacent  regions. 

P.  Ayafahuitp,  Ehrenberg.  —  Mexican  White  Pine.  —  Leaves  in 
fives,  long,  very  slender  and  drooping.  One  of  the  few  Mexi- 
can Pines  that  have  proved  moderately  hardy  in  the  latitude  of 
New  York.  It  is  a  large  tree  in  its  native  country,  growing  a 
hundred  feet  high,  resembling  both  in  growth,  foliage,  and 
wood,  our  common  White  Pine,  although  the  leaves  are  longer 
and  more  pendulous. 

P.  Ccmbra,  Linn.  —  Swiss  Stone  Pine.  —  Leaves  in  fives,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  very  slender,  triangular,  straight,  very  nu- 
merous and  crowded  on  the  branches,  and  of  a  dark  green  color. 
Cones  three  inches  or  more  in  length,  ovate,  erect,  with  short 
but  slightly  hooked  scales.  Seeds  large  and  nut-like,  kernel  edi- 
ble. A  very  compact-growing,  handsome  tree,  in  its  native 
country  reaching  a  hight  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  Na- 
tive of  the  Alps,  at  elevations  of  four  to  six  thousand  feet,  also 
from  the  Tyrol  to  Mount  Cenis,  in  Au-tria,  forming  large  for- 
ests. Wood  resembling  the  White  Pine  of  this  country,  and 
quite  valuable.  This  species  was  early  introduced  into  the 
United  States,  and  has  long  been  a  favorite  ornamental  tree, 
but  I  regret  to  say  that  many  of  the  oldest  and  finest  specimens 
in  the  country  have  been  killed  by  some  disease,  the  origin  of 
which  is  as  yet  unknown.  Sometimes  all  the  large  trees  in  a 
neighborhood  will  die  out  very  suddenly,  the  cause  of  this  death 
being  involved  in  mystery.  A  specimen  in  my  grounds  twenty 
years  old,  is  perfectly  healthy,  but  I  have  no  great  confidence 
in  its  longevity,  for  the  reasons  given. 

Var.  Mandshuriat  Regel.,  is  found  in  Japan,  and  of  a  more 
dwarf  and  compact  habit  than  the  species,  otherwise  scarcely 
distinguishable. 

P.  di'iMflocii.  Siebold.  —  Japan  Pine.  —  Leaves  in  twos,  about 
four  inches  long,  rather  large  and  rigid,  convex  above  and  con- 
cave beneath,  very  smooth,  and  dark,  shining  green  ;  sharp- 
pointed  and  crowded  on  the  smaller  branchlets,  dropping  from 
below  when  one  or  two  years  old,  giving  to  the  older  branches 
a  rather  naked  appearance.  A  common  tree  throughout  Japan, 


276  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

but  most  abundant  in  the  northern  and  colder  regions  of  the 
country.  A  small  tree,  only  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  Wood 
excellent  in  quality,  but  not  large  enough  for  lumber.  Hardy, 
and  of  quite  rapid  growth,  while  young. 

P.  excelsa,  Wallich. — Bhotan  Pine. — Leaves  five  in  a  sheath, 
and  six  or  seven  inches  long,  very  slender,  and  of  a  glaucous, 
green  color,  and  very  pendulous.  Cones  six  to  nine  inches 
long,  and  only  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  drooping  and 
clustered,  with  broad,  thick,  wedge-shaped  imbricated  scales. 
One  of  the  most  graceful  of  all  the  White  Pines,  but  very  sub- 
ject to  blight  in  this  country,  and  for  this  reason  cannot  be 
recommended  for  general  cultivation.  Native  of  Nepal  and 
Bhotan  on  the  Himalayas,  at  elevations  of  six  to  ten  thousand 
feet. 

P.  Laricln,  Poiret. — Corsican  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos,  four  to 
six  inches  long,  slender,  and  very  wavy  or  somewhat  twisted. 
Cones  two  to  three  inches  long,  conical-oblong,  recurved,  and 
of  a  light  brown  color  ;  scales  with  a  minute  prickle  or  none  at 
all.  A  large  and  noble  tree,  somewhat  resembling  in  general 
appearance  the  Austrian  Pine,  but  leaves  of  a  slightly  lighter 
green  color,  and  readily  distinguished  by  their  shape.  A  valua- 
ble, hard,  and  rapid-growing  tree  from  the  South  of  Europe,  in 
the  Island  of  Corsica,  where  it  is  said  to  grow  to  a  hight  of  a 
hundred  and  fifty  feet.  There  are  several  varieties  described  in 
botanical  works,  but  none  equal  in  value  to  the  species. 

P.  Massoniana,  Siebold.—  Masson's  Pine.— Leaves  in  twos,  four 
to  six  inches  long,  rather  stiff,  twisted,  convex  on  the  outer 
side  and  concave  within,  quite  straight,  sharp-pointed,  and  of  a 
bright  green  color.  Cones  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
conical,  incurved,  solitary,  but  usually  very  numerous,  with 
closely  imbricated  scales,  terminated  with  slender  prickles. 
An  upright,  compact-growing  tree,  from  forty  to  fifty  feet 
high,  native  of  Japan,  and  very  widely  distributed  from  the  sea- 
coast  to  the  mountains.  The  Japanese  have  several  varieties  uf 
this  species  in  cultivation,  and  one  known  as  "The  Sun  Ray 
Pine,"  was  introduced  a  few  years  since  by  the  Messrs.  Parsons 
&  Sons,  Flushing,  N.  Y. ,  and  who  have  propagated  it  to  a  limit- 
ed extent.  The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  variegated  with 
golden-yellow,  a  most  distinct  and  unique  variety. 

P.  Mngho,  Bauhin. — Mugho  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos,  one  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  long,  rigid,  twisted,  and  of  a  very  dark  green 


CONIFERS,   OB  COKE-BEAHIKa  TUBES.  %W 

color.  Cones  small,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  and 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  dark-mahogany  color  ; 
scales  thin,  with  a  triangular  point,  and  a  very  minute  prickle. 
A  dwarfish  tree  or  shrub  with  numerous  ascending  or  widely- 
spreading  branches.  Quite  a  variable  species  when  raised  from, 
seed,  some  plants  assuming  an  erect  habit,  others  spreading  and 
dwarfish.  My  oldest  specimen,  twenty-five  years  from  seed,  is 
eight  feet  high  and  about  ten  feet  in  diameter. 

P.  pyrenaita,  La  Peyrouse. — Pyrenean  Pine. — Leaves  two  in  a 
sheath,  and  from  four  to  seven  inches  long,  usually  crowded  in 
tufts  at  the  extremities  of  the  branchlets.  The  color  of  the 
bark  on  the  young  growth  is  a  bright  orange  color,  an  excellent 
character  by  which  the  species  may  be  distinguished  in  sum- 
mer. Cones  two  to  three  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  in  diameter  at  the  broadest  part ;  scales  usually  with- 
out prickles'.  A  large  tree  growing  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high, 
and  native  of  the  forests  of  Southern  France  and  Spain,  in  the 
Pyrenees,  mostly  on  the  Spanish  side. 

P.  sylvestiis,  Linn. — Scotch  Pine. — Leaves  in  twos,  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  long,  twisted,  quite  rigid,  and 
of  a  glaucous-green  color,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  a  gray- 
ish-green. Cones  two  to  three  inches  long,  of  a  grayish-brown 
color,  with  a  quadrangular  recurved  point.  Cones  ripen 
the  second  year,  but  do  not  usually  open  until  the  following 
spring.  An  old  and  well  known  tree,  inhabiting  the  colder 
regions  of  Central  Europe,  especially  in  the  Tyrolian,  Swiss, 
and  Vosgian  Mountains.  In  Europe  the  economic  value  of  this 
tree  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any  other  tree  known,  but  the 
wood  is  not  equal  to.  our  White  or  Southern-yellow  Pine, 
although  it  is  employed  for  similar  purposes.  There  are  a  large 
number  of  varieties  of  the  Scotch  Pine,  principally  cultivated 
in  Europe  as  ornamental  trees. 


278  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
ADDITIONAL  LIST  OF  CONIFERJE. 

There  are  several  genera  of  exotic  conifers  that  are  not  rep- 
resented in  the  United  States  by  any  indigenous  species,  and 
while  they  may  never  be  planted  here  as  forest  trees,  still  quite 
a  number  have  already  been  introduced  and  cultivated  for 
ornament,  and  a  few  among  them  are  no  doubt  "worthy  of  a 
passing  notice  on  this  account,  if  not  for  their  economic  value. 

AURICARTA   IMBRICATA,    Pavon.  —Chili  Pine. 

The  leaves  have  little  or  no  resemblance  to  those  of  the  com- 
mon Pines,  but  are  more  like  immense  scales,  from  one 
to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  very  broad  at  the  base, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  and  closely  imbricated  on 
the  large,  cane-like  branchlets,  which  are  completely 
covered  with  the  dark  green,  and  very  rigid  leaves.  The  cones 
are  large,  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  nearly  round,  but  usually 
a  little  broader  than  long.  The  seeds  are  large,  wedge-shaped, 
and  one  to  two  inches  long.  A  large  tree,  from  one  hundred  to 
a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  and  native  of  the  Andes  of  South 
America.  Not  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  but  often  raised 
in  pots  and  boxes,  and  given  protection  in  winter.  Said  to  be 
perfectly  hardy  in  England,  where  it  is  quite  extensively  planted 
for  ornament. 

Anricaria  Cookii,  Brown. — Captain  Cook's  Auricaria. — Leaves 
smaller  and  more  slender  than  those  of  the  last,  and  somewhat 
needle-shaped.  Branchlets  numerous  and  slender,  the  tree  hav- 
ing quite  a  graceful  habit.  Cones  three  to  four  inches  long,  oval, 
and  each  scale  terminated  with  sharp  reflexed  spine  as  shown 
in  figure  60.  A  remarkable  tall-growing  tree,  sometimes  two 
hundred  feet  high,  with  a  very  slender  stem.  A  native  of  New 
Caledonia  and  New  Hebrides,  and  first  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook  in  1774.  Quite  tender  even  in  England. 

A.  Cnnninghamii,  Aiton. — Moreton  Bay  Pine. — Also  from  Aus- 
tralia, where  it  is  found — forming  large  forests,  and  growing 
one  hundred  or  more  feet  in  hight.  Leaves  small,  stout,  and 
very  closely  appressed.  Cones  the  smallest  of  any  species  in 
the  genus. 


ADDITIONAL  LIST   OF   CONIFERJE.  279 

A.  exoelsa,  Brown. — Norfolk  Island  Pine. — An  enormously 
large  tree,  some  specimens  having  been  measured  that  were 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  stems  eleven  feet 
in  diameter.  Tender,  like  all  of  the  Australian  species. 

A.  Raid,  Mueller.— Rule's  Auricaria.— A  rather  small,  dense, 


Fig.  60. — CONE  OF  COOK'S  AUBICA.RIA. 

and  compact  tree,  with  dark,  glossy-green  leaves,  and  large 
globular  cones.     From  Australia. 

CEDRUS  ATLANTIC  A,  Manetti. — African  or  Mount  Atlas 

Cedars. 

Leaves  from  one  half  to  an  inch  long,  almost  cylindrical, 
straight,  rigid  and  sharp-pointed.     Cones  two  to  three  inches 


280  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

long,  oval,  resinous.  Scales  flat,  smooth,  and  closely  appressed. 
A  large  tree,  somewhat  of  the  habit  of  the  common  Larch 
white  young,  but  more  spreading  as  they  become  old.  From 
the  Atlas  Range  in  Northern  Africa,  where  it  grows  to  a  hun- 
dred feet  high.  Hardy  in  England,  but  not  in  the  United 
States,  north  of  Washington,  but  often  succeeds  in  sheltered 
positions,  somewhat  further  north. 

Cedrns  Deodora.  London.— Deodar  Cedar.— A  tree  closely  re- 
sembling the  last,  but  with  slightly  longer  and  nearly  four- 
angled  leaves.  Branches  spreading  and  drooping.  Cones  four 
to  five  inches  long,  ovate,  scales  thin  and  closely  appressed.  A 
noble  tree,  from  the  Himalayan  Mountains.  It  has  been  in 
cultivation  for  many  years  in  this  country,  and  at  one  time 
gave  promise  of  being  quite  hardy,  even  in  our  Northern  States, 
but  now,  few  persons  would  care  to  risk  it  in  any  considerable 
number,  even  in  the  Middle  States.  When  planted  in  sheltered 
positions,  it  may  occasionally  thrive  as  far  north  as  New  York, 
but  is  is  not  to  be  depended  upon  much  north  of  Washington. 

C.  Libani,  Barrelier. — Cedar  of  Lebanon. — Leaves  about  an 
inch  long,  needle-form,  very  much  like  those  of  the  Larch,  but 
slightly  more  rigid  and  sharper  pointed.  Cones  similar  to  the 
last,  but  scales  with  slightly  denticulate  margins.  A  tree  of 
great  historical  interest,  from  the  mountains  of  Lebanon  in  Asia 
Minor,  also  in  the  mountains  of  Amanus  and  Taurus.  Early 
introduced  into  England,  where  it  appears  to  thrive  as  well  as 
in  its  native  country.  This  species  is  probably  the  hardiest  of 
the  genus,  and  succeeds  moderately  well  as  far  north  as  New 
York  in  sheltered  positions,  and  in  dry,  well-drained  soils. 
There  are  a  few  old  specimens  of  this  Cedar  in  the  suburbs  of 
New  York  City,  that  have  fruited  for  many  years. 

CRYPTOMERIA  JAPONIC  A,  Don. — Japan  Cedar. 

A  genus  of  only  this  one  species,  which  is  a  lofty  tree  in  its 
native  countries,  China  and  Japan,  where  it  grows  to  a  hight 
of  a  hundred  feet.  Wood  similar  to  our  White  Pine,  and  held 
in  great  esteem  by  the  Chinese  and  Japanese.  The  leaves  are 
small,  from  one  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  somewhat 
quadrangular,  and  sharp-pointed.  Cones  small,  or  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  with  numerous  loose  scales.  There  are  quite 
a  number  of  varieties  in  cultivation.  A  handsome,  but  rather 
uncertain  tree  in  our  Northern  States,  and  while  an  occasional 


ADDITIOKAL  LIST  OP  COKIFEILffl.  281 

specimen  succeeds  without  protection  as  far  north  as  New 
York,  it  cannot  be  considered  as  hardy  north  of  Washington. 

CUNNINGHAMIA   si^ENSis,    K.    Brown. — Lance-Leaved 

Pine. 

This  is  another  genus  of  oaly  one  species.  A  small  tree, 
growing  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  high  in  Southern  China, 
where  it  often  covers  the  sides  of  the  mountains,  forming 
almost  impenetrable  thickets.  Its  leaves  are  from  one  to  two 
inches  long,  flat  and  thin,  tapering  to  a  point.  Cones  an  inch 
to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  oval,  and  mostly  in  clusters.  Scales 
very  small,  and  almost  obscure,  forming  merely  a  ridge,  adher- 
ing to  a  large,  prominent,  triangular  bract.  A  very  common, 
low-spreading  shrub  in  nurseries  and  pleasure  grounds,  but  sel- 
dom seen  in  good  form  or  large  enough  to  be  classed  among 
trees.  Probably  a  little  more  hardy  than  the  Auricarids,  which 
it  resembles,  but  I  cannot  recommend  it  for  planting  out  in  ex- 
posed situations  in  any  of  our  Northern  States. 

SCIADOPITYS    VERTICILLATA,,    Siebold   and  Zuccarini. — 
Umbrella  Pine. 

A  very  curious  and  remarkable  conifer,  from  Mount  Koja- 
san,  in  the  Island  of  Nippon,  Japan,  where  it  forms  a  large 
spreading  tree,  a  hundred  feet  high.  Introduced  into  England 
in  1861,  and  a  few  years  later  into  this  country.  The  leaves  are 
from  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  one-eighth  broad, 
double-ribbed,  leathery,  and  blunt-pointed  ;  dark-green,  and 
crowded  in  whorls  of  thirty  to  forty  at  the  joints  or  nodes  of 
the  branchlets.  Cones  about  three  inches  long,  and  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  diameter,  solitary,  with  wedge-shaped  corrugated, 
persistent  scales.  This  curious  and  unique  conifer  gives  prom- 
ise of  being  quite  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  but  so  few  have 
as  yet  been  tested  in  exposed  situations,  that  a  decision  on  this 
point  might  be  considered  as  premature.  It  is  a  rather  slow- 
growing  tree  while  young,  but  may  improve  with  age. 


282  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY . 

TREES    NOT    GENERALLY    KNOWN. 

Bronssonetia  papyrifera,  Vent. — Paper  Mulberry. — A  rather 
common,  small  tree,  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  our  Eastern 
States,  and  formerly  quite  extensively  planted  for  ornament, 
but  its  popularity  appears  to  be  waning  of  late  years.  It  is  a 
low-growing  tree,  with  a  broad-spreading  head,  large,  rough, 
ovate,  or  slightly  heart-shaped  leaves,  often  three  cleft,  or  vari- 
ously lobed.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  Osage  Orange.  Bark 
very  fibrous.  There  are  several  species  or  varieties,  all  native 
of  Japan. 

Cedrela  Sinensis,  Juss. — Chinese  Cedrela. — A  strong-growing 
tree,  native  of  China,  with  foliage  resembling  the  ailantus,  but 
bearing  long  trusses  of  fragrant  white  flowers.  Its  resemblance 
to  the  ailantus,  led  Carriere  in  "  Revue  Horticole,"  1865,  to  give 
it  the  name  of  Ailantus  flavescens,  but  it  is  more  closely  relat- 
ed to  to  the  Melia  azedarach,  or  China  Tree,  described  on  page 
172.  It  will  probably  prove  to  be  as  hardy  as  the  common 
Ailantus. 

Cercidiphyllnm  Japonicmn,  Sieb.  and  Zucc. — A  tall,  slender- 
growing  tree,  with  smooth  bark,  and  medium  sized  heart-shaped 
leaves,  of  a  purplish  color  when  young,  but  becoming  bright, 
glossy-green  with  age.  Flowers  very  small  and  inconspicuous. 
A  rare  tree  from  Japan,  and  although  introduced  some  twenty 
or  more  years  ago,  it  has  not  as  yet  become  common  or  even 
plentiful  in  nurseries.  It  is  quite  hardy  in  the  neighborhood 
of  New  York  City,  where  the  oldest  specimens  in  this  country 
are  now  growing. 

Encalyptus  globnlns. — Fever  Tree. — A  large  leaved,  strong- 
scented  evergreen  tree,  introduced  from  Australia,  and  exten- 
sively planted  in  California,  where  it  has  been  much  praised  on 
account  of  its  rapid  growth.  In  its  native  country  it  is  said  to 
grow  two  hundred  feet  high,  but  the  wood  is  soft,  and  of  little 
value.  There  are  an  immense  number  of  species  of  the  Euca- 
lyptus, ail  native  of  Australia,  Hew  Holland,  and  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  consequently  tender  in  climates  where  there  are  frosts  in 
winter.  Their  only  merit  is  rapid  growth  and  probably  some 
slight  curative  properties  in  the  balsamic  odors  emitted  by  the 
leaves. 

Idesia  polycarpa. — Maxim. — A  large  and  handsome  tree,  native 
of  Japan,  with  large,  sub-cordate  leaves,  and  compound  racemes 


TfcEES  NOT  GENERALLY   KNOWN.  283 

of  dioecious,  one-petaled  flowers.  Fruit  an  oranged-colored  edi- 
ble berry,  with  many  seeds  imbedded  in  a  pulp.  Cultivated  in 
Japan  for  ornament  and  its  edible  fruit.  Propagated  readily 
from  seed  and  cuttings  of  the  roots.  Thrives  splendidly  in  the 
Southern  States,  but  I  am  not  fully  satisfied  of  its  hardiness  in 
the  North,  although  it  is  reported  to  have  withstood  the  cold  of 
winter  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston,  while  unprotected  speci- 
mens have  been  winter-killed  in  the  suburbs  of  New  York  City. 

Phellodendron  Amnrense,  Rupr. — Chinese  Cork  Tree. — A  medium- 
sized  tree  from  China.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  Prickly  Ash 
(Xanthoxylum),  having  large  pinnate  leaves,  which  become 
bright  red  in  autumn,  remaining  on  the  tree  quite  late.  Another 
species  is  found  in  Japan,  the  P.  Japonicum.  Both  species  are 
in  cultivation  in  this  country,  and  are  apparently  quite  hardy, 
at  least  they  have  not  been  injured  by  cold  in  my  grounds. 

Pterocarya  fraxinifolia. — Spach. — A  medium-sized,  but  rapid- 
growing  tree  from  Russia  and  Asia.  It  is  closely  related  to  the 
Walnuts,  and  De  Lamarck  describes  it  under  the  name  of  Jug- 
lans  fraxinifolia  or  Ash-leaved  Walnut.  The  Pterocaryas  are 
moderately  hardy  in  our  Northern  States,  two  species  having 
been  introduced,  the  above  and  P.  stenoptera,  Cas.  DC.,  but 
the  latter  is  usually  mentioned  in  nurserymen's  catalogues  un- 
der the  name  of  P.  Icevigata. 

ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

Cercoearpus,  HBK. — Mountain  Mahogany. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees  belonging  to  the  RosacecB  or  Rose  Family,  only  four  or 
five  species  in  the  genus,  all  inhabiting  the  interior  of  North 
America,  and  only  one  large  enough  to  be  classed  among  trees. 

C.  ledifolius,  Nutt. — Mountain  Mahogany. — Leaves  thick, 
single,  evergreen,  narrow  lanceolate,  with  more  or  less 
revolute  margins.  Flowers  small,  without  petals.  Fruit 
roundish,  long,  hairy,  included  in  the  enlarged  calyx  tube. 
Seeds  linear,  with  thin  wings.  A  small  tree  or  shrub,  but  some- 
times thirty  to  fifty  feet  high.  Wood  very  hard,  dark  ma- 
hogany-colored, rather  brittle,  and  usually  too  small  to  be  of 
value.  Native  of  Oregon,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

C.  parvifolins. — Nutt. — Leaves  more  or  less  silky,  and  not  so 
thick  as  the  last,  and  broader  or  cuneate-obovate,  one  to  one 


284  PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 

inch  and  a  half  long,  on  short  stalks.  Flowers  velvety,  on  short 
steins.  A  large  shrub,  but  sometimes  twenty  feet  high.  Wy- 
oming Territory,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges 
of  California. 

Fraxinns  qnadrangnlata,  Michx.— Blue  Ash.— Leaflets  five  to 
nine,  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-pointed,  sharply  serrate,  downy 
beneath  when  young,  becoming  smooth  when  mature.  Branch- 
lets  square.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  blunt  at  both  ends  and  winged 
all  round.  A  large  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  a  wide 
spreading  top,  and  leaves  large,  sometimes  eighteen  inches 
long.  Wood  similar  to  that  of  the  White  Ash,  and  excellent. 
Moist,  rich  woods,  in  the  Middle  and  Western  States. 

Porleria  angnstifolinm,  Gray. — A  genus  closely  related  to  the 
Larrea  and  Guiacum,  and  found  along  the  boundary  between 
Mexico  and  the  United  States,  from  Southern  Texas  to  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  dry  plains.  It  is  a  small  tree,  with  hard  and 
heavy  wood  with  a  brownish  color.  It  has  a  local  reputation  as 
a  medicine  for  certain  diseases  of  the  urinal  organs. 

Ptelea  trifoliata,  Linn. — Hop-Tree. — Leaflets  ovate -pointed, 
downy  when  young.  Fruit  a  two-celled  and  two-seeded 
samara-winged  all  round,  resembling  an  exaggerated  elm  seed. 
They  contain  a  bitter  principle,  and  have  been  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  hops,  hence  the  common  name.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  common  ailantus.  Generally  a  large  shrub,  but  occa- 
sionally a  tree  twenty-five  feet  high.  Pennsylvania,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  Southward  to  Florida. 


INDEX. 


Common  and  Scientific  names  in  Roman.    Synonyms  in  italics. 


Abele  Tree   189 

Abies  buleamea,  Marshall... 250 

Finn*  balsamea,  L. 

A.  balsamifera,  Michx. 

Picea  balsamea.  Loud. 
A.  bracteata,  Nutt, 250 

Pimts  vennsta.  Dousfl. 

Pinus  bracteata.  Don. 

Picea  bracteata,  Lincll. 
A.  cephalonici),  London 252 

Picea  cephfilonica,  Loud. 
A.  concolor,  Lindl 250 

Picea  concolor,  Gordon. 

Pimis  concolor.  Bngelm. 

A.  Lowiana,  MIIIT. 

A.  grandis,  of  California  botanists. 

A.  amabilis,  Watson. 

Var.  A.  Parsoniana,  Hort. 
A.  Frascri,  Lindl 251 

Pinus  Fraseri,  Pursh. 
A.  grandis,  Lindl 251 

Pinus  grandis,  Dongl. 

Pinus  amabilis.,  DougL 

Picea  grandis.  Loud. 

A.  Gordoniana,  Carrie  re. 
A.  maguiflca,  Murr 251 

A  amabilis,  of  California  botanists. 
A.  nobilis,  Lindl 252 

Pinus  nobilis.  Douijl. 

Picea  nobUis,  Loud. 
A.  Nordinanniana,  Link 353 

Picea  Nordmanniana,  Loud. 
A.  pectinata,  DC 253 

Picea  pectinata,  Loud. 

A.  picea.  Lindl. 

Pinus  picea,  Willd. 
A.  Piciita,  Fischer 253 

Abies  Sibirica,  Ledeb. 

Picea  Pichta,  Loud. 
A.  Pimlrow.  Spach 253 

Picea  Pindrow,  Loud. 

P  Hcrbertiana,  Madd. 

P.  Naptha,  Knight. 
A.  Pinsapo.  Boi** 253 

Picea  Pinsapo,  Loud. 
A.  Biibalnina,  Enjrelm 252 

A.  bifolia,  Murr. 

A.  amabilis,  Parl. 

A.  lasiocarpa,  Hook. 

A.  grandis,  of  Colorado  botanists. 

Var.  fallax,  Engeiin.    A.  amabilis, 
Newberry. 

(285) 


A.  Webbiana,  Lindley 253 

A.  spectabilis,  Spacli. 

Picea  Webbiana,  Loud. 

Acacia  Greggii,  Gray 88 

A.  Three-ttiorned 152 

Acer,  Maple,  species  of 88 

A.  campestre,  Linn..   ..   96 

A.  circinatum,  Pursh 92 

A.  dasycarpom,  Elirhart 89 

A.  eriocarpum,  Michx. 

A.  glaucum,  M.  Bieb. 

A.  glabram.  Ton 93 

A.  <rrandidentatuin,  Nutt 93 

A.  Japonicum,  Thunberg 98 

A.  Lobelii,  Ten 97 

A.  macrophyllum,  Pursh 92 

A.  moiispiiSiMilamim,  Linn 97 

A.  Negundo,  Linn 93 

A.  Pennsylvanicuin,  Linn 92 

A.  striatum,  Lain. 

A.  canadense,  Duham. 

A.  hybridtim,  Bosc. 

A.  Plantanoides,  Linn 96 

A.  polymorphum,  Sieb.  &  Zucc  ...  98 

A.  Pseudo  Plataims,  Linn 95 

A.  montanum,  Laink. 

A.  rubnun,  Linn 91 

A.  Drummondii,  Hook,  and  Am. 

A.  rubrum  fuljrens 92 

A.  rubrum  globosnm 92 

A.  rubrum  pyramidalis 92 

A.  niflncrve,  Siebold 98 

A.  saccharinuin,  Wan<r 89 

A.  spicatuin,  Laink „  92 

A.  mordanum,  Ait. 

A.  Tartaricuin,  L'nn 97 

A.  Tartaricnm  Ginnala 97 

^Esculcs,  Liniieaus 98 

M.  Californica,  Nutt 99 

M.  flava,  Ait 99 

d$.  Pama  fidva.  Moench. 

^E.  sargufa.  Buckley. 

Pavia  tntea.  Poir. 

M.  glabra.  Willd 99 

JE.  Ohioensis,  Michx. 

Parvia  glabra,  Spach. 

M.  Hi|)pocai<tanum,  Linn  100 

M.  parvi flora,  Walt 99 

^2.  macrostachya,  Michx. 

M.  Pavia.  Linn 100 

jE.  Pavia  rubra,  Lamk. 

M.  rubicuuda,  Lois 100 


286 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


JE.  cornea,  Willd. 

Ailantus  glandulosa,  Desf 101 

Alder 103 

Black 103 

Green  or  Mountain 104 

Hoary 103 

Oblong-leaved 104 

Red 105 

Sea-side 104 

Smooth 104 

Speckled  ...   103 

White 104 

Alerze 244 

Algaroba  190 

Alligator  Tree 164 

Alnus,  Tournefort 103 

A.  iiiciiw.  Willd 103 

A.  ylauca,  Michx. 

A.  alpina,  Bork. 

A.  maritima.  Mnhl 104 

A.  onlongifolia,  Torr 104 

A.  rhombitblia,  Nutt 104 

A.  rubri,  Bongard 105 

A.  serrulata,  Aiton ..  104 

A.  (ilt'tinosa,  var.  aculifolia,  Spach. 

A.  htjbrida,  Reich. 

A.viridis,  DC 104 

A.  undulata,  Willd. 

Betula  crispa,  Miclix. 

A.  fruticosa.  Ledb. 

Amelanchier.  Medicus 105 

A.  alnifolia,  Nutt 106 

Aronia  alnifolia.  Nntt. 

Amelanchier  Jlorida,  Lindl. 

A.  canadenfiis,  var.  alnifolia,  Torr. 

and  Gray. 

A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  and  Gray 105 

ifespHuf  arbor ea,  Miclix. 

American  cotinus      211 

Amyris,  Linn 106 

A.  sylvatica,  Jacq 106 

A.  Floridana,  Nutt. 

Angelica  Tree 107 

Annular  Buddinar 3?> 

Anona  glabra,  Linn 111 

Aralia.  Linn 107 

A.  species  of 107 

A.  spinosa.  Linn 107 

Arancaria  Cookii,  Brown 279 

A.  Cunninghami.  Ait 278 

A.  excelsa.  Brown 279 

A.  imbricat'i,  Pavon 278 

A.  Rulei,  Mueller 279 

Arbol  DC  Hierro 176 

Arbor  Vitae 244 

A.  Chinese 246 

A.  Columbia 245 

A.  Cutting 52 

A.  Eastern 248 

A.  Giant        245 

A.  Siberian 245 

A.  Tartarian 246 

Arbutus  Tree,  Tour 108 

A.  Menzi«*fi.  Pursh 103 

A.  Ici'irifa'ia.  Lindl. 

A.  procera,  Doiiirl. 

A.   Texana,  Buckley. 

Arcttwtaphylos,  Adanson 108 


A.  Anderson??,  Gray 109 

A.  bicolor,  Gray 109 

A.  glauoa.  Lindl 109 

A.  polifolia,  HBK 1()9 

A.  pumila,  Nutt 109 

A.  pungei.s,  HBK 109 

A.  tomentosa,  Dougl 1()9 

A.  Uva-ursi,  Sprengel 109 

Ardisia,  Swartz 109 

A.  Pickenngia,  Torr.  and  Gray..  .  109 
CyrUla  paniculat,a,  Nutt. 
Pickeringia  imniculata,  Nutt. 

Arrow  Wood 230 

Ash,  American 147 

Black 149 

Blue 283 

European 150 

Foreign  Species  and  Varieties.  150 

Golden 150 

Green 149 

Oregon 148 

Red 149 

Remilly,  Weeping 151 

The  Flowering 150 

Water 149 

Weeping 150 

Willow-leaved 150 

Asimina,   Adanson 110 

A.  grandiflora,  Dunal 110 

A.  parviflora,  Dunal 110 

A.  pygmsea,  Dunal Ill 

A.  triloba,  Dunal 10!) 

Anona  triloba,  L. 

Uvuria  triloba,  Torr.  and  Gray. 

Aspen.  American 18 

Large-toothed 187 

Avicennia,   Linn Ill 

A.  nitida,  Jacq Ill 

A.  foment  osa,  Meyer. 

A.  oblonqifolia,  Nutt. 

Bald  Cypress 249 

Balmol'Gilead 186,250 

Balsam  Fir 250 

Balsam  Tree 134 

Bass,  Sweet 169 

Bass  Wood 225 

Bastard  Iromvood 231 

Bear  Berry 109,  208 

Bear  Berry,  Buckthorn 208 

Beech,  American 145 

Antarctic 146 

Crested-leaved 146 

Copper-leaved 146 

Cunningham's 146 

Cut-leaved 146 

European 148 

Fern-leaved    146 

Golden-leaved 146 

Oak-leaved 146 

Wei-pins..... 146 

Best  Time  to  Cut  Timber 72 

Betula,  Tour Ill 

B.  alba,  L.,  var.  populifolia,  Spach  111 

/?.  acuminata,  Ehrh. 

B.  ciispidatd,  Schrad. 
B.  populifolia,  Ait. 

B.  lenta.  Linn 113 

B,  carpinifolia,  Ehrh. 


ItfDEX. 


287 


B.  lenfa,  Regel. 

B.  lutea,  Michx 112 

B.  exceka,  Pursh. 

B.  nigra.  Linn 113 

B.  rubra,  Michx. 

B.  occiden'alis.  Hook 113 

B.  pap\racea,  Ait 113 

Big  Tree.... 247 

Bifsted U54 

Birch,  Black 112 

Canoe 112 

Cherry 112 

Cut-leaved 113 

Gray Ill,  112 

Mahogany 112 

Paper? 112 

River 113 

Sweet 112 

Weeping 113 

Western 113 

West  India 114 

White Ill 

Biota,  Don 245 

B.  Orientalis 24(5 

B.  Tartaricii 210 

Bitter  Wood 2-22 

Black  Button  Wood 104 

Black  Gum 176 

Black  Haw 230 

Black  Walnut 159 

Blue  Beecn 115 

Blue  Wood 135 

Bristly  or  Rose  Acacia 215 

BroUBSonetia  papyril'era,  Vent 282 

Bois  D'Arc 167 

Bourreria  Havaneiisis.  Miers 113 

Ehretia  Havanensis,  Willd. 

B.fotnetitosa.vi\r.Havanensis,Gr\8eb. 

Ehretia  tomentosa,  Lam. 

Pittonia  siiirilis,  Catesb. 

Ehr>-tia  Bewreria,  Chapman. 

B.  succulenla,  Jacq. 

Var.  rad'tla.  Gray. 

B.  radf/la.  Don. 

B.  virgata,  Griseh. 

Ehretia  radula,  Poir. 

Cordia  Floridana,  Nutt. 

Box  Elder 93 

Buckeye,  Fetid  99 

Dwarf 99 

Ohio...  99 

Red 100 

Sweet'. 99 

Buds  of  Trees 23 

Budding  and  Grafting 36 

Budding  Knife 41 

Buckthorn,  common 209 

Buckthorn,  southern 113 

Buckwheat  Tree .134 

Buu'ilo  Berry 221 

Bumelia,   Swartz 114 

B.  cnneata,  Swartz 114 

B.  myrsinifolia,  A.DC 
B.  parvifolia.  A.DC. 
B.  angusfifolia,  Nutt. 
B.  redinata.  To  IT. 
B.  lanuginosa,  Pers 114 

B.  tomentoea,  A.DC. 


B.  obtongiftfiS,  Nutt. 

B.ferruyinea,  Nutt. 

B.  lycioides,  Gaertn 1  u 

B.  tenax,  Willd '...  113 

Bursera,  Jacquin 114 

B.  gummifera,  Jacq 114 

Butternut    159 

Button  Tree 135 

Buttonwood 184 

Buttonwood,  California 185 

Calico-bush , 163 

California  Cedar 343 

California  Horse  Chestnut 99 

California  Laurel 228 

California  Lilac 129 

California  Nutmeg 234 

California  Olive.. ~~. 228 

Cajeput 228 

Calyptranthes,  Swartz 114 

C.  Chytraculia,  Swartz 114 

Eugenia  patterns,  Brown. 
Myrtus  chytracula,  Swartz. 

Canoe  Wood 166 

Carolina  Gum  Tree 175 

C.irpinus,  Linn 114 

C.  American,  Michx. 115 

Carya,  Nutt 115 

C.  alba,  Nutt 117 

C.  amara,  Nutt 118 

Juglans,  amara,  Michx. 

Juglans  angustifolia,  Lain. 
C    aquatica,  Nutt 119 

Juglans  aquatica,  Michx. 
C.  inyristicaeformis,  Nntt 119 

Juglans  myrtsticatfarmis,  Michx. 
C.  porcina,  Nutt 118 

Juglans  glabra,  Wang. 

Juglans  porcina,  Michx. 

Juglans  obcordata,  Willd. 

C.  glabra,  Torr.  and  Gray. 

C.  olivaeformis,  Nutt 118 

C.  sulcata,  Nutt  117 

C.  tomentosa,  Nutt 117 

Castanea,  Tour 121 

C.  American,  Michx 123 

C.  vesca.  Gaertn . 

Fagus  Castanea,  L. 

C.  Japonica 125 

C.  pumila,   Michx 124 

Fagus pumila,  L. 
C.vesca 123 

Castanea  vidgaris,  Lam. 

Castanopsis,  Spach 121 

C.  chrysophylla,  A.DC 121 

Castanea  chrysophylla,  Hook. 

C.  semjwvirens,  Kellogg. 

Catalpa,  Scopoli 125 

C.  bignonioidee,  Walt 125 

Bigncmia  Catalpa,  L. 

C.  cordifolia,  Jeaume. 

C.  syrinycefolia  Sims. 

C,  speciosa.  Warder. 

C.  Bungei,  C.  A.  Mey 128 

C.  common 125 

C.  Golden 128 

C.  Japan 128 

C.  K;empferi.  DC 128 

C.  Japonica., 


288 


PEACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


C.  ovata,  Geo.  Don. 

C.  Speciosa,  Warder 125 

Cat's-Claw 183 

Ceanothus,  Linn 128 

C.  spinosus,  Nutt     129 

C.  thyrsiflorus,  Eschscholtz 124 

Cedar,  Deodar 280 

Japan 282 

Lebanon 280 

Mount  Atlas 279 

Red 239 

White 242 

Cedrela  sinensis,  A.  Juss  282 

C.  Atlantica,  Manetti 279 

C.  Deodora,  Loud 280 

C.  Libani,  Bour 280 

Celtis,  Tour 129 

C.  brevipes,  Watson 129 

C.  MississippieiiPis,  Bosc 129 

C.  occident.alis,  var.  tenuifolia,  Pers. 

C.  Icevigata,  Willd. 

C.    occidentals,   var.    integrifolia, 
Nutt. 

C.  integrifolia,  Nutt. 

C.  longifolia,  Nutt. 
C.  occidentals.  Linn 129 

C.  crassifolia,  Lam. 

C.  occidentals,  var.  crassifolia,  Gray. 
C.  Tala,  Gillies,  var.  pallida.  Planch  131 

C.  (Momisia)  pallida,  Torr. 

Cercidiphyllura  Japonicura 282 

Cercis,  Linn 131 

C.  Canadensis,  Linn.. 131 

C.  Japonica,  Siebold 132 

C.  Chinensis,  Bunge. 
C.  occidentals,  Torr 131 

C.  Californium,  Torr. 

C.  siliquastrum.  Linn 131 

Cercocarpus,  HBK 283 

C.  ledifolius,  Nutt 283 

C.  purvifolius,  Nutt 283 

Chamsecyparis,  Spacli 241 

C.  Lawsoniana,  Parl 241 

Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Murr. 

Cupressus  Nutkaensis,  Torr. 

Cup?wsus  fragrans,  Kdlogg. 

Cupressus  altenuata,  Gordon. 
C.  Nutkaensis,  Lam... 241 

Tliuya  excelsa,  Bong. 

Cupressus  Nutkaensis,  Lamb. 

Cupressus  Americana,  Trautv. 

C.  excelsa,  Fisch. 

Thuyopsi*  borealis,  Hort. 

Ttiuyopsis  Tchugatskoy,  Hort. 
C.  thuyoides,  Lain 242 

Thuya  sphceroidalis,  Rich. 

C.  toralosa,  Don 243 

Characteristics  of  Trees,  The 19 

Cherry.  Anderson's 192 

California 193 

Dwarf  or  Sand 195 

Holly-leaved 192 

Laurel 192 

Wild,  Black 195 

Wild,  Red 192 

Chestnut,  American 123 

California 121   I 

Chinquapin.... 124 


Cut-leaved 125 

Dwarf 124 

European 121 

Golden 121 

Japan 125 

Numbo 123 

Chilopsis  saligna,  Don 132 

C.  linearis,  DC. 

Bignonia  Unearis,  Cav. 

C.  glutinosa,  Engelni. 

China  tree 172 

Chinquapin 124 

Chionantlius  Virginica,  Linn.   ..   .  132 

C.  var.  augustifolia 133 

Choke  Berry. 182 

Chrysophyllum  microphyllum,  DC.  !• 
C.  oliviforme.  Lam 133 

C*.  monopyremmi,  Svvartz. 
Cladrastis  tinctoria.  Raf 133 

Virgilia  lutea,  Michx. 
C.  Amurensis,  Benth.  and  Hook. ..  134 

Maackia  amurensis,  Rupr. 

Clammy  Locust 215 

Cliftonia  ligustrina,  Banks 134 

Mylocarium  ligustrinum,  Willd. 

Clusia  flava,  Linn 134 

Coccoloba,  Jacq 135 

C.  Ploridana,  Muisner 135 

C.  parvifdia,  Nutt. 

C.  unifera,  Jacq 135 

Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky 154 

Condalia,  Cavan 135 

C.  obovata,  Hook 135 

Coni ferae 237 

Cone-bearinq;  Trees 237 

Coniferae  from  Cuttings 51 

Conocarpu55,  Linn 135 

C.  erecta,  Jacqu 135 

Coral  Sumach 214 

Cordia,  Linn— Plumier 136 

C.  Boissieri,  DC 136 

C.  Bebertena,  L 136 

C.  speciosa,  Willd. 

Cornus,  Tour 136 

C.  florida,  Linn 136 

C.  Nuttallii,  Audubon 136 

Cotton  Gum 176 

Cottonwood 187 

Crab  Apple,  American  182 

Narrow-leaved 181 


Oregon. 
Wood. 


Crab  Wood .  ..  220 

Cranberry  Tree 230 

Cratsegus,  Linn 138 

C.  sestivalis,  Torr.  &  Gray 138 

C.  apiifolia,  Michx 139 

C.  arborescens,  Elliott 139 

C.  berberifolia.  Torr.  &  Gray 139 

C.  coccinea.  Linn 139 

C.  cordata,  Ait 139 

C.  Crus-galli 139 

C.  Dougfasii.  Lindl 139 

C.   sanguinea,  var.  Douglasii, 

Tor r.'&  Gray 139 

C.  flava.  Ait 139 

C.  parvi flora,  Ait 140 

C  Pyracantha 141 

C.  rivularis,  Nutt 140 


INDEX. 


289 


C,  spathulata,  Miehx 140 

C,  microcarpa,  I.indl. 
C.  BUbvillosa,  Schrad 140 

C.  coccinea,  var.  mollis,  Torr.  & 
Gray. 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  mollis,  Gray. 

V.  molli*,  Scheele. 

C.  tomentosa,  L 140 

Cryptomeria  Japouica,  Don 280 

Cucumber  Tree 168 

Cunningham!  Sinensis,  R.  Brown.  281 

Cupressus,  Tour 240 

C.  (Joveniaua,  Gordon 240 

C.  Macnabiana,  Muir 240 

C.  macrocarpa,  Hartvv 240 

C.  lambertiana,  Gord. 

C.  Hartwegii,  Carriere. 

Custard  Apple 110 

Cutting  of  Cypress 53 

Cypress,  Bald 248 

C    California 240 

C.  deciduous 249 

C.  Lawson's 241 

C  McNab's  240 

C.  Monterey 240 

C.  Nootka  Sound 241 

C.  Twisted-branched 242 

C.  Weeping 249 

Cyrilla,Linn 141 

C.  r&cemiflora.  Walt 141 

C.  Carolinians,  Richard. 

Dacridium 236 

Dahoou  Holly. 157 

Deciduous  Cypress 249 

Deciduous  Trees  from  Cuttings...     54 

Desert  Willow 132 

Devil  Wood 176 

Diospyrus,  Linn 142 

D.  Texana,  Scheele 142 

D.  Virginiana,  L 142 

Dogwood,  Flowering 137 

D.  Nuttall's 137 

D.  Weeping 137 

I).  Western  Species 137 

Dipholis  salicifqlia,  A.  DC 143 

Achras  salicifolia,  L. 
Bumelia  salicifolia,  Swartz. 
Drypetes.  Vahl 143 

D.  crocea,  Poit 143 

Sclmfferia  lateriflora,  Sw. 
Ehrctia,  Linn. t. 143 

E.  ellipfrica,  DC 144 

Elder  Tree 218 

E.  Black-berried 211) 

E.European  21!) 

Elm,  American 227 

E.  Dutch  Cork-bark 228 

E.  Exeter 22!) 

E.English 228 

E.  English  Cork-bark 228 

E.  Opaque-leaved 227 

E.  Red  227 

E.  Slippery 227 

E.  Scotch     228 

E.  Small-leaved 227 

E.  Weeping 228 

E.  Wych..? 228 

Enciiio 147 


Establishing  New  Forests 80 

Eucalyptus  globulus 282 

Eugenia,  Micheli 144 

E.  Box-leaved 144 

E.  buxifclia,  Willd 144 

Myrtus  buxifolia,  Swartz. 

M.  axillaris,  Poiret. 
E.  dichotoma,  DC ..  144 

Myrtus  dictwtoma,  Vahl. 

Eugenia  fragrans,  Willd. 

E.  montana.  Aubl. 

E.  divaricqta,  Lam. 

E.  procera,  Poir 144 

Myrtus  jwocera,  Swartz. 
E.  Small-leaved 144 

E.  Tall 144 

Evergreens  from  the  Forests 64 

Fagus,  Tour 144 

F.  antarctica,  Forst 146 

F.  betuloides,  Mirb 146 

F.  Cunninghami,  Hook 146 

F.  ferruginea.  Ait  145 

Fagus  sylvestris,  Michx. 

F.  /Sylvatica  Americana,  Loud. 
F.  alba,  Rafinesque. 

F.  sylvatica,  Linn        145 

Castanea  Fagus^  Scop. 

FalseAcaciu 215 

Box 220 

Elm 129 

Fever  Tree 282 

Ficus,  Tour     146 

F.  aurea,  Nutt 146 

F.  brevifolia,  Nutt     146 

F.  pedunculata,  Ait 147 

Fig,  Cherry 147 

F.  Short-leaved 146 

F.  Small-fruited 146 

Fir,  Balsam 250 

Black  Balsam 250 

Cephalonian 252 

Cicilian  Silver 252 

European  Silver 253 

Eraser's  Balsam 251 

Great  Silver 251 

Leafy-bracted  Silver 250 

Noble  Silver 252 

Nordmanu's 253 

Pinsapo 253 

Upright  Indian 253 

Red.   251 

Siberian  Silver 253 

Webb's  Purple-coned 253 

White 250 

Florida  Myrtle 174 

Forest  Trees,  Description  «f 87 

Forests  and  Insects 18 

Forests  and  Streams 15 

Forked  Calyptrantnes 114 

Fraxinus,  Tour 147 

F.  Americana.  Lim ....  147 

F.  acuminata.  Lam. 
F.  alba,  Marsh. 
F.  jii  (flan  dif alia,  Lam. 
F.  emptera.  Michx. 
F.  Uurtissii,  Vasey. 

F.  anoaiala,  Torr 148 

F.  cuspidata,  Torr 148 


290 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


P.  dipetala,  Hook.  &  Arn 148 

Ornus  dipetala,,  Nutt. 

F.  Greggii.  Gray 148 

F.  Oregoua,  Nutt 148 

F.  grandifolia,  Benth. 

F.  pubescens,  var.,  Hook. 
F.  pistacise folia,  Torr 148 

F.  velutina,  Torr. 

F.  coriacea,  Watson. 
F.  platycarpa,  Michx 149 

F.  Carottniana,  Lam. 

F.  Americana,  Marsh. 

F.  pallida,  Bosc. 

F.  paucijiora,  Nutt. 

F.  t/iptera,  Nutt. 
F.  pubescens.  Lam 149 

F.  Pennsylvanica,  Marsh. 

F.  nigra,  DuRoi. 

F.  toinentosa,  Michx. 
F.  quadran^ulata,  Michx 283 

F.  tetagona,  Cels. 
F.  sambucifolia,  Lam 149 

F.  viridis,  Michx 149 

F.  concolor,  Muhl. 

F.  juglandifolia,  Willd. 

F.  Caroliniana,  Willd. 

F.  expansa,  Willd. 

F.  Berlandieriana,  DC. 

Fringe  Tree,  White 132 

GenipTree 157 

Georgia  Bark  180 

Ginkgo 236 

Gleditscbia.  Linn 152 

G.  Carpica,  Desf 153 

G.  monosperma,  Nutt 153 

G.  Sinensis,  Lamk 153 

G.  triacanthos.  L 152 

G.  var.  Bujoti  pendula 152 

G.  var.  inermis 152 

Glyptostrobus,  Endl 249 

G.  heterophyllns,  Endl 249 

G.  pendulus.  Endl 249 

Gordonia,  Ellis 153 

G.  Lasianthus.  L 153 

G.  pubescens,  L'Her 153 

Great  Laurel 204 

Great  Tree  of  California  247 

Grafting  Clef t, 45 

G.  Conifers 48 

G.  Crown 46 

G.  Deciduous  Trees 42 

G.  Pine 49 

G.  Splice  or  Tongue 47 

G.  Terminal 50 

G.  Side  or  Triangular 47 

G.  Wax 43 

Guaicum,  Phonier 154 

G.  sanctum,  L . .  154 

Guilder  Rose 231 

Gymnocladus,  Lam 154 

G.  Canadensis,  Lam 15-1 

Hackberry 129 

Hackmatac 259 

Halesia,  Ellis 155 

H.  diptera,  Linn 155 

H.  Four  winged.        .   155 

H.  parviflora,  Michx 155 

H.  tetrapiera,  L ...........    155 


H.  Small-flowered 155 

H.  Two-winged 155 

Hemlock,  California .  255 

Canada 25i 

Patton's 255 

Hercules'  Club 107 

Heteromeles  arbuti folia,  Roemer..  156 
Aronia  arbutifoiia,  Nutt. 
Cratoegus  aibutitolia,  Poir. 
Photinia  arbutifoiia,  Lindl. 
Mespdus  arbut  folia,  Link. 
Photinia  salicifolia.  Presl. 
H.  Fremontiaita  Dcsne. 

Hickory.  Bitter  Nut 118 

Brown 118 

Hales,  Paper  shell 11!, 

Nutmeg.... 119 

Mocker  Nut 117 

Pecan  Nut 118 

Pig  Nut 118 

Shag-bark 117 

Shell-bark 117 

Swamp 118 

Thick  Shell-bark 117 

Western  Shell-bark 117 

White-heart 117 

Hippomane  Mancinella 156 

Hog-plum 232 

Holly,  American 157 

Dahoon 1 57 

European 157 

Yaupon 158 

Honey  Berry 156 

Locust 152 

Mesquit 190 

Hop-hornbeam.  American 177 

Hornbeam,  American 115 

European 177 

Horse-chestnut,  Cut-leaved 100 

Double  White 100 

European.... 100 

Memminger  s 100 

Horse  Sugar 224 

Hypelate  paniculata,  Cambess 57 

Melicocca  paniculata,  Juss. 

H.  trifoliata,  Swartz 157 

Idcsia,  polycarpa,  Maxim 282 

Ilex.  Linn 157 

I.  Cassine,  Linn 158 

I.  coracea,  Ell 158 

I.  Dahoon.  Nutt 157 

1.  ligustrina,  Ell. 
L  laurrfolia.  Nutt. 
1.  myrlifolia,  Walt. 

I.  glabra,  Gray 158 

I.  opaca.  Ait 157 

I.  verticillata.  Gray 158 

Influence  of  Forests  on  Climate...      9 

Ink-berry  158 

Implements  Used  in  Pruning  ....     71 
Importance  of  a  Supply  of  Wood.     75 

Inga  Unguis,  Cati 183 

Iron  Wood 115,122,176,177 

Jamaica  Dogwood 182 

Judas  Tree 131 

California 131 

European 131 

Japan .  —  132 


INDEX. 


291 


Juglans,  Linn 159 

J.  Calif ornica,  Watson 159 

J.  rupestris,  var.  major,  Torr. 
J.  cinerea,  L 159 

J  oblong  /,  Mill. 

J.  cathartica,  Micbx. 

J.  nigra,  L 159 

J.  regia.  Linn 100 

J.  rupestris,  Engelin 160 

Jujube 23-2 

June  Berry 105 

Juniper 238 

J.  California 239 

J.  Common 236 

J.  Western 239 

Juniperus,  Linn. 238 

J.  Californica.  Carriere 238 

J.  tetragona,  var.  osteosperma, 
Ton-. 

J.  Cerrosionus,  Kellogg. 

J.  occidentalis,  Parl. 

Var.  Utnhemis,  Engolm. 

J  occidentalis,  Watson. 

J  andina.  Nutt. 
J.  communis,  Linn  239 

J.  depressa,  Pursh. 

J.  Cinadtntis,  Ladd. 
J.  occidentalis,  Hook 239 

J.  excelsa.  Pursh. 

Var.  conjunqens.  Enu'elm. 

Var.  monospe/ma,  Engelm. 
J.  pachyphlcea.  Torr 239 

J.  plochyderina,  Torr. 

J.  Virginiana,  Linn 239 

Kalmia.  Linn 163 

K.  angustifolia.  Linn 163 

K.  Broad-leaved 163 

K.  cuneata,  Michx 163 

K.  glauca,  Ait     163 

K.  Hairy-leaved 153 

K.  hirsuta,  Walt 163 

K.  latifolia,  Linn 163 

K.  Narrow-leaved 163 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 154 

Kiaka  Elm 181 

Kinnikinick ...  109 

Ladder,  A  Handy  . .   71 

Laguncularia  racemosa,  Gaertn 164 

Larch,  American 259 

L.  Dahurian 260 

L.  Golden 261 

L.Japan...   261 

L.  Sikkim 261 

Lai  is,  Tour 259 

L.  Americana,  Michx 259 

Finns  pendula.  Ait. 

L.  pendula,  Sahsb. 

L.  macrocarpa.  Forbes. 

L.  intermedia,  Lodd. 

Pinus  microcarpa.  Lamb. 

L.  Dahurica,  Turz 260 

L.  Grifflthiana.  Ho  >k 261 

L.  Ktempferi.  Gordon 261  i 

L.  Leptolepsis.  Gordon 261  j 

L.  Lyallii,  Parl 239  i 

Pinus  Lyallii,  Parl. 
L.  occidentalis,  Nutt    260  I 

L-  Americana,  var.  brtmfoiia,  Car.  ' 


Pinus  NuttalHi,  Parl. 

Lath-covered  Frame 

Laurel,  American 

Carolina 

Pale "... 

Sheep 

Layers , 

Layer  in  a  Pot 

Layering  a  Branch 

Lever-wood 

Libocedrus,  Endl     

L.  decurrens.  Torr 

Thuya  Craiylana,  Balfour. 

Thuya  gigantea,  Carriere. 

Heyderia  decurrens,  Koch. 

L.  tetragona,  Endl 

Lignum  Vitae 

Lilac,  California "  ". .' 

Linden  Tree 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  Linn '.'.'.'. 

L.  imberbe,  Ait 

L.  Longwortbii,  Thurber 

L.  orientalis.  Mill 

Piataaus  orientalis,  Pocke. 
Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Linn 

Loblolly  Bay '.'.'. 

Locust 

Tree 

Carpian  Honey 

Chinese  Honey 

Honey 

Water..., 


.  59 

163 

..163 

163 

.163 

.  54 

.  57 

.  56 

177 

.243 

.243 


Logwood 

Lombardy  Poplar 

Madura  aurantiaca,  Nutt.  ' 

Madeira  Wood 

Madrono "..!!!!!!!!!* 

Magnolia,  Linn *'.'.  ..'.*.".'. 

M.  acuminate,  Linn. . . 

M.  cordata,  Michx     

M.  Fraseri,  Walt 

M.  arriculata,  Lam. 

M.  pi/rimidata,  Bartram. 

M.  glauca.  L 

M.  u  rand  i  flora,  L ...   . 

M.  macrophylla.  Michx 

M.  Umbrella,  Lam  

M.  tripetala,  L. 

M.  Thr/mpsoniana 

Magnolia,     Chinese    Species   and 

Varieties 

M.  atropurpurea 

M.  conspicua 

M.  hypoleuca 

M.Kobus !. 

M.  Lennei 

M.  Norbertiana 

M.  parvi flora 

M.  purpurea 

M.  ?peciosa 

M.  Sr>ulanu;eana 

M.  stdla ta 

M.  letricta     . 

M.  superba :  

Magnolia,  Chinese  White 

Chinese  Superb 

Ear-leaved 


.244 
.154 
129 
225 
164 
.166 
165 
166 

.166 
153 
214 
215 
153 
.153 
152 
153 
155 
189 
167 
157 
108 
167 
168 
168 
1C8 


16 
169 
170 

170 

170 
170 
170 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
171 
170 
170 
163 


292 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


Great  Chinese 171 

Great-leaved 169 

Hall's  Japan 171 

Japan  Purple 171 

La  rife-flowered 169 

Lenne's  Hybrid 171 

Norbert's 171 

Showy 171 

Small-flowered 171 

Sonlauge'a  Hybrid 171 

Star 171 

Swamp 169 

Thompson's 170 

Mahogany  Tree 224 

Maiden  Hai r  Tree 236 

Management  of  Forests 79 

Manchineel 156 

Mangrove 209 

Manzanita.... 108 

Manzanita,  California 109 

Maple 88 

Ash-leaved 93 

Black 89 

California 92 

Crisp-leaved 90 

Cut-leaved  Norway 96 

Eagle's-claw 96 

English  Field 96 

European 95 

Foreign  Species  of 95 

Ginnala 97 

Golden-leaved 95 

Hard 89 

Japan 97 

Lar>;e-leaved 92 

Lobel's 97 

Lorberg's 96 

Montpelier 97 

Mountain 92 

Mountain  Sugar 93 

Negundo 93 

Norway 96 

Purple-leaved 95 

Red 91 

Rock 89 

Round-leaved 92 

Schwerdler's  Norway 96 

Silver 89 

SilverStriped 95 

Smooth-leaved  Mountain 93 

St.ri  ped-bark . .      92 

Sugar 89 

Swamp 91 

Tartarian 97 

Three-colored  leaved 95 

Three-lobed 97 

Velvet-leaved 95 

Vine 92 

Warner's  cut-leaved 90 

Weir's  cut-leaved. 90 

White 89 

Meliix,  Linn 171 

M.  Azedrach,  Cav 172 

Mesquit 189 

Mesqnit  Tree 191 

Mimnsops,  Linn  172 

M.  Sieberi,  A.DC 172 

M-  disMcta,  Griseb. 


Acras    Zapotilla,    var.  parviflora. 
N»tt 

Mock  Orange 192 

Moose  Wood 92 

Mortis,  Tour 172 

M.  alba,  Linn  173 

M.  microphylla,  Buckley 173 

M.  rahra,  L 172 

M.  Canade/isis,  Lain. 

Mountain  Ash,  Amei  ican 181 

Mountain  Ash,  Western 182 

Mountain  Mahogany 28 

Mountain  Manchineel 156 

Movement  of  Sap  in  Trees 52 

Mulberry,  Downing's 173 

Red 172 

Russian 173 

Tartarian 173 

West  Indian 173 

White 173 

Myri(5a,  Linn 174 

M.  California,  Cham .  174 

Myrsine,  Linn 174 

M.  Rapanea,  Roem.amlSchult 174 

M.  floribunda,  Griseb. 
M.  Floridana,  A.DC. 
Rapanea  ffuyanauta.  Aubl. 
Semara  floribunda,  Willd. 

Naseberry 172 

Negundo  aceroides,  Mcench 93 

N.  Californicum,  Torr.  and  Gray...    94 

Nettle  Tree 129 

Nettle  Tree,  Southern 129 

New  Forests,  Establish!  ng  of 80 

Northern  Prickly  Ash 232 

Nuttallia   cerasiformis,  Torr.  and 

Gray 174 

Nyssa,  Linn 175 

N.  capitata,  Walt 172 

N.  candicans,  Michx. 

N.  Caroliniana,  Poir 175 

iV.  aquatica. 

N.  multiflora,  Wang 175 

N.  aquatica,  L. 
N.  biflvra,  Michx. 

N.  sylvatica.  Marsh 176 

If.  vUlona.  Michx. 

N.  mult/flora,  var.  sylvatica,  Wat- 
son. 

N.  uniflora,  Wane 176 

N.  aquatica,  L 

N.  tom'nfosa,  Michx. 

N.  yrandidentata,  Michx 

Oak,  Barren 204 

Bartram 201 

Boar...  ..  202 

Black 205 

Black  Jack 204 

Black  Scrub. 202 

Biue  200 

Brewer's 1H8 

Burr 203 

California  Chestnut 203 

California  Live 199 

Chinquapin   204 

Cut-leaved 207 

Daimio 207 

Pwarf  Evergreen... 20J 


INDEX. 


293 


Evergreen,  White  .............  201 

Geonria  ......................  201 

Golden-leaved  .................  207 

Holly-leaved....  ..............  197 

Hybrids     ...................  207 

Kellogg's  .....................    202 

Laurel-leaved  ......  .  ...........  202 

Live  ......................  206 

Lobed-leaved  ..................  203 

Mosgy-cup     ...................  203 

Mottled-leaved  ...............  207 

Mountain  White  .........  .....  200 

Ornamental  ..................  207 

Over-cup  ________  ...  ...........  203 

Palmer's  ...................  204 

Post  ......................  203,204 

Quercitron  ..........  -  .........  204 

Red  .........  ...........  205 

Rocky  Mountain  Scrub  .......    206 

Scarlet  ........................  199 

Scrub  .....  .  ....................  199 

Shingle  .....................  202 

Small-leaved  ...............    200 

Spanish  ......................  201 

Swamp  .......................  204 

Swamp  Chestnut  .............  204 

Swamp,  White  ...............  198 

Turkey  ...................  199,207 

Water  .........................  198 

Western  ......................  201 

White  .......................  197 

Willow  .....................  204 

Yellow-barked  .................  204 

Yellow  Chestnut  .............  504 

Otreechee  Lime  ....................  175 

Olea,  Linn..  .......         .........  176 

Olneya  Tesota,  Gray  .............  176 

O  sage  Orange  ....................   167 

Osier  ...........................  215 

Osmanthus  Americanus,  Benth.  and 

Hook  .....................  176 

Olea  Americana,  L. 
Oso  Berry  ........................  174 

Oritrya.  Mlcheli  ..................  177 

O.  Virginica,  Wilkl  ..............     177 

Carpimts  Ostrya,  L. 
Carpinus  Virginiana,  Lam. 
O.  Americana,  Michx. 
O.  vulgaris,  Watson. 
Carpinus  Iriflora,  Moench. 
Oxydendrum  arboreum,  DC  ......  179 

Andromeda  arborea,  L. 
Palo  verde  ......................  180 

P.ipaw  .............................  110 

Dwarf  ........................  Ill 

Large-flowered  ...............  110 

Small-flowered  .................  110 

Park!  nsonia,  Linn  ................  179 

P.  aculeata,  Linn  ..........  ........  179 

P.  florid*,  watnon  ..............  179 

Cercidium  florid  urn,  Benth. 
P.  macrophylla,  Torr  .............  179 

P.  Torreyana,  Watson  .............  179 


Paulownia,  Siebold  ................  180 

P.  imperialis,  Siebold  ............  180 

Bignonia  tomentosa,  Thunb. 

Pepperidge  ........................  175 


Persea,  Gaertn 180 

P.  Carolinonsis,  Nees 180 

Lauras  Borbciiica,  L. 
Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesb. 
P.  Borbonica,  Spr. 

P.  Catesbyana,  Michx 180 

Lauras  Catesbyana,  Miclix. 

Persimmon,  common . . ; 142 

Persimmon,  Mexican 142 

Phellodendron  amurense,  Rnpr. ...  283 

Picea  alba,  Michx 256 

Pinus  alba.  Ait. 
Abies  alba,  Michx. 

P.  Engelmanni,  Parry 256 

Abies  nigra,  Engelm. 
Abies  Engelmanni,  Parry. 
Pinus  commutata,  Par]. 

P.  excelsa.  DC 257 

P.  firma,  Gord 258 

P.  nigra,  Poiret 256 

Pinus  nigra,  Ait. 
Abies  nigra,  Michx. 
Pinus  rtfftra,  Lamb. 
Abies  rubra,  Poir. 
Abie*  nigra,  Michx. 
P.  rubra,  Link. 

P.  orientalis,  Poirut 258 

P.  polita,  Sieb.  and  Zucc 258 

P.  pungens,  Engelm 257 

Abies  Menziesii  of  Colorado  botan- 
ists. 

P.  Sitchensis.  Bongard     857 

Pinus  Sitchensis,  Bong. 
Pinus  Menziesii,  Dougl. 
Abies  Menziesii,  Lindl. 

Pi geon  Plum 135 

Pinckneya  pubens,  Michx 180 

Pine.  Austrian 274 

Bhotan 276 

Cat-tail ...  263 

Chihuahua        264 

Chili 278 

Corsican.   ;..  276 

Coulter*!. 265 

Elliott's 266 

Fox-tail 263 

Frankincense 273 

Fremont's 268 

Georgia 263 

Gray! 254 

Great  Prickly-coned 272 

Heavy  Wooded 270 

Hickory 263 

Hooked-cone 265 

Japan 275 

Jersey 267 

Lambert's 268 

Lance-leaved 281 

Loblolly 273 

Long-leaved  263 

Mandshurian 275 

Masson's 276 

Mexican  White 275 

Monterey  267 

Moreton  Bay 278 

Mountain 2(59 

Mmrho 276 

Norfolk  Island 279 


294 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


Norway  ......................  271 

Nut...  ....  ........  266,  '2(18 

Old  Field  ......................  273 

Parry's  .................  .   .  ..  209 

Piuon...  ...........  26(5 

Pitch  .........................  271 

Pond  .........................  271 

Pyrenian  ......................  277 

Red  Pine  ....................  271 

Sabine's  ......................  272 

Scotch  ........................  277 

Scrub  .....................  264,267 

Short-leaved  ..................  268 

Southern  Yellow  .............  263 

Spruce  .............  ...........  267 

Sugar  ....................  ....  268 

Swiss  Stone  .................  275 

Table  Mountain  ...............  270 

Tuberculated-coned  ...........  274 

Twisted  Branched  .............  264 

Umbrella  .....................  277 

Western  White  ...............  266 

Weymouth  ....................  273 

White  .......................  273 

Yellow  ................  263,  268.  270 

Finns.  Tour  .....................  262 

P.  Arizonica,  Engehn  ............  263 

P.  anstralis,  Miclix  ...............  263 

P.palusfris,  Mill. 
Var.  excelsa,  Loud. 
P.  palustris  excelsa,  Booth. 
P.  Aust  riaca,  Hoess  ...............  274 

P.  nigra,  Link. 
Laritio  Austriaca,  Endl. 
P.  Ayacahuite  ....................  275 

P.  Balfoiiriana,  Jeffrey  ...........  263 

Var.  aristata,  Engelm. 
P.  aristata,  Engelm. 
P.  Banksiana,  Lamb  ...............  264 

P.  Hudsonica,  Poir. 
P.  rupestris,  Michx. 
P.  cembra,  Li  nn  ...................  275 

Var.  Mandshuria,  Regel. 
P.  Chihiialiuana,  Engehn  .........  264 

P.  contorta.  Dougl  ..............  264 


. 

Var.  Murrayana,  Engelm. 

P.  contorfa,  N-ewberry. 

P.  inops,  Beiith. 

P.  contorta,  var.  latifolia,  Engelm. 

Murrayana,  Murr. 
P.  Coulteri,  Don  ..................  265 

P.  macrocarpa,  Lindl. 
P.  densiflora,  Siebold  ..............  275 

P.  Japonica,  Antoine. 

P.  Pinea,  Gordon. 
P.  edulis,  Ensrelm  .................  266 

P.  cembroides,  Gordon. 
P.  Elllottii,  Engelm  .....  ________  266 

P.  excelsa,  Wall  ..................  276 

Strnbus  excelsa,  Gordon. 
P.  floxilis,  Jamrs  .................  266 

Var.  albicaulis,  Engelm. 

P.  cembroides,  New  berry. 

P.  albicaulis,  Engelm. 

P.  Shasta,  Carrie  re. 
P.  glabra,  Walt  ....................  267 


P.  inops,  Ait 267 

P.  inHignis.  Dougl 267 

P.  Calif  arnica,  Lois. 

P  adtinca,  Bosc. 

P.  radtata,  Don. 

P.  tuberculata,  Don. 
P.  Larnbertiana.  Dougl 268 

P.  Strobns  Lambertiana,  Gord. 

P.  Liricio,  Poiret 276 

P.  Massoniana,  Sieb 276 

P.  sylvestris,  Thunberg. 

P.  r ubra,  Siebold. 

P.  Pinaster,  Loud. 
P.  mitis,  Michx 268 

P.  variabilia,  Pursh. 
P.  monophylla,  Torr.  and  Frem....  268 

P.  Fremontiana,  Endl. 
P.  monticola,  Doug! 269 

P.  Strobus  Monticola,  Lond. 
P.  Mueho,  Biinhin 276 

P.  Mughus.  Loud. 

P.  Sylvestris,  Mujrho  Bauhin. 

Var.  rostrat.a,  Antoine. 

Var.  rotundata,  Link. 
P.  muricata,  Don 269 

P.  Murrayana,  Balfonr. 

P.  Edgarinna,  Hartw. 
P.  Parryana,  Engelm 269 

P.  Llaveana,  Torr. 
P.  Ponderosa,  Dougl 270 

P.  Benthandana,  Hartw. 

P.  B^ardsleyi,  Murr. 

P.  Craig  ana,  Murr. 

Var.  scopulorum.  Engelm. 

Var.  Jeffreyi.  Engelm. 

P.  pungens,  Michx ...   270 

P.  pyrenaica,  LePey 277 

P.  Hispanica,  Cook. 

P.  penicelltis,  Le  Pey. 

P.  Laricio  Pyrenaica,  Loud. 
P.  re-inosa,  Ait 271 

P.  rubra.  Michx. 
P.  risida,  Mill 271 

Var.  Serotina,  Michx. 

P.  Sibiniana,  Dougl 272 

P.  Strobus,  Linn... 273 

P.  sylvestris,Linn 277 

P.  Tseda,  Linn 273 

P.  tnbercnlata.  D.  Don 274 

P.  Californica,  Hartw. 

Pirus 181 

P.  Americana,  DC 181 

Sorbus  Americana,  Marsh. 
P.  angustifolia,  Ait.   181 

Mains  angusUfolia,  Michx. 
P.  arbutifolia,  Linn 182 

Aro/iia  arbutifolia,  Ell. 
P.  coronaria,  L 182 

Mains  coronaria.  Mill. 
P.  rivularis,  Dougl 182 

Malas  rivularis,  Dcsne. 

Pirus  diversifolia,  Bongard. 
P.  sambucifolia.  Cham,  and  Schlect  182 

Sorbus  sambucifnlia,  Roam. 

Piscidia  Erythriiia,  Linn 182 

Pistacia,  Will las 

P.  Mexicana,  HBK 183 

P.Nut,, ..188 


IHDEX. 


295 


Pithecolobium,  Martin 183 

P    Un^nis-Cati,  Benth 18o 

'    liign  Ungm*-Ca/i,W\M. 

P.  Qiuiditlupense,  Nutt. 

Plane  Tree,  American 185 

Plane  Tree,  Oriental 185 

Planera  aquat  ica,  Gmel loo 

P.  Gmelini,  L.  C.  Rich. 

P.uimifolia,  Michx. 

Anonymos  aqnatica^  Walt. 

Planer  Tree 183 

Planer  Tree.  Caucasian 184 

Piautanus,  Tour  184 

P.  acerfolia IfB 

P.  asplenifolia 185 

P.  liriodendri  folia 

P.  Orientalis,  Linn , 

P.  occidentalis,  L 

P.  quinquelobata 

P.  racemosa,  Nutt , 

P.  Wrightii,  Watson 

Plum .   

Beach 

California    

Chickasaw 

Evergreen 

Wild 

Podocarpus  Japonica 

Podocarpus,  South  American. 
Poison  Dogwood 


185 
1»5 
184 
18o 
18o 
185 


19o 


236 
211 
211 
Oak.'..  ..................  210,211 

Sumach  ....................  211 

Wood  ....................   ...  220 

Poplar.  Balsam  -----  ..............  186 

Black  ........................  189 

Carolina  ...............     .....  187 

Crisp-leaved  or  curled-leaved..  Ic 
Downy-leaved  .................  187 

Lombardy  .....................  189 

Silver....  ......................  189 

Weeping  ...................... 

Willow-leaved  ................  186 

Populus,  Tour  ....................  185 

P.  alba,  Linn  .........  ............  189 

P.  angustifolia,  James  .............  18h 

P.     Canadensis,    var.   angustifoha, 

Wesmael. 
P.    balsamifera,   var.  angushfdia, 

Watson, 
P.  balsam!  fern,  Linn  .............  186 

Var.  caiidicans,  Gray, 
P.  dilatata,  Tour  ..................  It 

P.  fastigiata,  Desf.  ................  189 

P.  nir/ra.  Cat  -sb.  ^ 
P.  mttcrophyUa,  Li  mil. 
P.  Ontarteute,  Desf. 
P.  suaveotens,  Fischer. 
P.  Fremoi  tii.  Watson  ...........  187 

P.  moniltfera,  Newberry. 
P.  monilifera. 
Vav.  Wislizeni.  Watson. 
P.  grandidentata,  Micbx  ..........  187 

P.  hcterophylla,  Linn  ..............  187 

P.  argetitea*  Michx. 

P.  heterophytta,  var.  argentea,  Wes- 

mael. 
P.  c&rdifolia,  Burgsd. 


70 
67 
192 
192 


P.  monilifera.  Ait  ................  187 

P.  angulata,  Ait. 
P.  aiigulata,  Michx. 
P.  Canadensis,  Desf. 
P.  Martjlandica,  Bosc. 
P.  Icevigala,  Willd. 
P.  glanditlosa,  Mcench. 
P.  nt^ra,  Linn  .....................  189 

P.  tremuloides,  Michx  .............  188 

P.  grceca,  Willd. 
P.  benzoifera,  Tausch. 
P.  Suaveolens.  Regel  ..............  189 

P.  triehocarpa,  Torr.  and  Gray  .....  188 

P.  balsamtfera,  var.  Hook. 
P.  b  ils.amife.ro,,  var.  Watson. 
Porliera  angustiiblia.  Gray  .......     284 

Guiacum  angustifolium,  Engelm. 
Preparing  a  Seed-bed  ..............     28 

Preservation  of  Forests  .......  -----     78 

Prickly  Ash  .....................  231 

Pride  of  India  .................  ....  172 

Propagation  by  Layering  ..........     55 

Pmsopis.  Linn  .......  .............  189 

P.  juliflora,  DC  ...    ...............  190 

Alqarobia  glandulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
P.  pnbescen<,  Bent  h   ....  ........  190 

Strambocarpa  pubescens,  Gray. 
Pruning  Evergreens  .............. 

Pruning  of  Forest  Trees  .......... 

Prunus  Americana,  Marshall  ...... 

P.  Andersoni.  Gray  ............. 

P.  Caroliniana,  Ait  ............  . 

Cerasus  Caroliniana,  Michx. 
P.  Chicasa,  Michx  .................  192 

Cerasus  Chicasa,  Sering. 
P.  demissa,  Walpers  ............  192 

P.  emarginata,  Walpers  ...........  193 

Var.  mollis.  Brewer. 
P.  mollis.  Walpers. 
Ceraaus  mollis,  Dougl. 
C.  glanduloms,  Kellogg. 
P.  fasciculatt-i,  Gray  ................  193 

Empleclodadiis  faciculatus,  Torr. 
P.  illicitblia.  Walpers  .............  193 

Cerams  illidfolius,  Nutt. 
P.  tnaritima.  Wansr  ......   .........  19<J 

P.  Uttorallis.  Bigelow. 
P.pygmcea,  Willd. 
P.  Pennsylvania  ................  194 

Cerasus  borealis,  Michx. 
Cerasus  Pennsylvanica,  Sering. 
P.  puinila,  Linn  ......         —  .,..195 

Cerasus  pumila,  Michx. 
C.  glauca,  Mcench. 
P.  serotiria,  Ehr  ____  ,  .......     .....  ly5 

Cerasus  Virginiana,  Michx. 
Cerasus  seroiina,  Loisel. 
P.  Virginiana.  Mill. 
P.  carittagenea,  Lehm. 
P.  subcordata,  Benth 
P.  umbellata,  Elliott 
Pseudotsuga  Donplasti,  Carriere 
P.  Douctlasii,  Sabine. 
Abies  DoiiglaMi,  Doasrl. 
Tsuga  Douglasii,  Carriere. 
Var.  macrocarpa,  Engelm. 
Abies  macrocarpa^  Vasey. 


195 
254 


296 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


Ptelea  trifoliata,  Linn 284 

Pterocarya  fraxinifolia,  Spach 283 

Juglansfraxiittfolia^&mk. 

J.  pterocarya,  Willd. 
P.  Btenoptera,  Cas.  DC 283 

P.  laevigata,  Hort. 

Quaking  Asp..  188 

Quassia 222 

Quercus,  Linn 197 

Q.  airrifolia,  N6e 197 

Q.  oxyadenia,  Torr. 

Q.  alba,  Linn 197 

Q.  aquatica.  Catesby 198 

Q.  maritima,  Willd. 
Q.  bicolor,  Willd 198 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  tomentosa,  Michx. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  discolor,  Michx. 

0.  Michauxii,  Nutt. 

Var.  Michauxii,  Engelm. 

0.  Prinm  palustris,  Michx. 

Q.  Michauxii,  Nutt. 

Q.  Prinus  plantanoides,  Lamk. 
Q.  Breweri,  Engelm 198 

O.  lobaia,  Engelm. 

Q.  Catesbsei,  Michx 199 

Q.  cerris.  Linn . .  207 

Q.  cinerea.  Michx 199 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  cinerea,  Spach. 

Q.  sempervirens,  Catesby. 
Q.  chrysolepis,  Liebm 

O.  fulvescens,  Kellogg. 

Q.  crassipocula,  Torr. 

Var.  vacciniifolia,  Engelm. 

Q.  vacciniifolia,  Kellogg. 
Q.  coccinea,  Wang 

0.  ambigna,  Michx. 

Q.  borealis,  Michx. 
Q.  densiflora,  Hook,  and  Arn. . 

Q.  echinacea,  Torr. 
Q.  Douglasii,  Hook,  and  Arn. . 
Q.  clumosa,  Nutt. .    200 

Q.  berberidifolia,  Liebm. 

O.  acutidens,  Torr. 
Q.  Emoryi,  Torr 201 


..  199 


.  199 


200 


Q.  hastata,  Liebm. 
).  falcs 


Q.  faloata,  Michx  .................  201 

Q.  elongata,  Willd. 

Q.  discolor,  var.  foliata,  Spach. 

O.  triloba,  Michx. 

Q.  falcata.  var.  triloba,  DC. 
O.  Garryana,  Dougl  ...............  201 

Q.  Necei,  Liebm. 
Q.  Georgiana,  M.  A.  Curtis  ........  201 

Q,  heterophylla,  Michx     .........  201 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  heterophylla,  DC. 

Q.  Phellos  X  coccinea,  Engelm. 
Q.  hypoleuca,  Engelm  ...........  202 

Q.  confertifolia,  Torr. 
Q.  illicifolia,  Wang  ...............  202 

Q.  imbricaria,  Michx  .............     202 


Kelloggii,  Newberry  ....... 

.  rubra, 


202 

,  Be  nth. 

.  tinctoria,  var.  Californica,  Torr. 
0.  Sonomensis,  Benth. 
Q.  lauri  folia.  Michx  ...............  202 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  laurifolia.  DC. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  laurifolia,  Chap. 

Q.  Ic&ata,  Nee  .....  ............  203 


0.  Hindsii,  Benth. 

$.  Ransomi,  Kellogg. 

Q.  lyrata,  Walt .... 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx 

0.  olivceformis,  Michx. 

Q.    macrocarpa,    var. 

Gray. 
Q.  Muhlenbergii,  Engelm 203 

O.  castanea,  MnhT.  ap.  Willd. 

^).  Prinus,  var.  acitminata,  Michx. 
Q.  nigra,  L. 204 

0.  ferruginea,  Michx. 

Q.  quinqueloba,  Engelm. 

Q.  nigra,  var.  quinqueloba,  A. DC. 

Q.  oblongifolia,  Torr 204 

Q.  Palmeri,  Engelm. . .  204 

Q.  chrysolepis,  var.  Palmeri,  Englm. 
Q.  palustris,  DuRoi 204 

Q.  rubra  dissecta,  Lamk. 

Q.  Pliellos,  Linn 204 

Q.  prinoides,  Willd ,.     205 

O.  Prinus  pumila,  Michx. 

O.  Chinquapin,  Pursh. 
Q.  Prinus,  L 205 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  monticola,  Michx. 

O.montana,  Willd. 

Q.  Rober 207 

Q,.  rubra,  Linn 205 

Q.  stellata,  Wang 205 

Q.  obtusiloba,  Michx. 

Q.  Durandii,  Buckley. 
Q.  tinctoria,  Bartram 205 

Q.  mgra.  Marsh. 

O.  velutina,  Lam. 

Q.  coccinea,  var.  tmctoria,  Gray. 

Q.  tomentella,  Engelm  206 

Q..  nmlulata,  Torr 206 

Var.  Gambelii,  Engelm. 

O.  Gambelii,  Nutt. 

^.  Drummondii,  Liebm. 

\ar.  Jamesii,  Engelm. 

Var.  Wright ii,  Engelm. 

Var.  breyiloba,  Engelm. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  breviloba,  Torr. 

Var.  oblongata,  Engelm. 

O.  ob/ongi folia,  Torr. 

Var.  grisea,  Engelm. 

Q.  grisea,  Liebm. 

Var.  pungens,  Engelm. 

Q.  pungehs,  Liebm. 
Q.  virene,  Ait 206 

Q.  sempervirens,  Ait 

O.  oleoides.  Cham,  and  Schl. 

Q.  retusa,  Liebm. 

O.  maritima,  Willd. 

Var.  maritima,  Chap. 
Q.  Wislizeni,  A.DC 20T 

O.  Morehus,  Kellogg. 

Rabbit  Berry 22l 

Railroad  Ties,  Wood  Used  for 75 

Raising  Trees  from  Seed 25 

Red  Bay 180 

Red  Bud 131 

Redwood 124,247 

Retinispora.  Siebold  246 

R.  obtiisa,  Sieb 246 

R.  pisifera,  Sieb 246 

R.  var.  aurea  plumosa 246 


INDEX. 


297 


Rhamnus,  Linn 208 

R.  alni folia 208 

R.California.  Esrh 208 

R.  dei folia.  Hook. 
Frangula  CaJiformca,  Gray. 

Var.  toinenteila   208 

B.  Carolinians,  Wsilt 208 

Frangula  Caroliniana,  Gray. 

R.  catharticee,  Linn 209 

R.  crocea.  Nutt 208 

E.  illicifolia,  Kellogg. 

R.  lanceolatus,  Pnrsh 208 

R.  Purshiaim,  DC 208 

Frangula  Purshiana,  Cooper. 

Rhizopliora  Mangle,  Linn 209 

Rhododendron,  Linn  209 

R.  catawbiense,  Michx 210 

R.  Liipponicum.  Wall! 210 

R.  maximum,  Linn  209 

Rhns,  Linn 210 

R.  arornatica,  Ait 212 

R.  trilobata,  Nutt. 

R.  copallina,  Linn 212 

R.  Cotinus,  Linn 214 

R.  Cotonides,  Nutt  211 

R.  diversiloba,  Torr.  and  Gray...   .  210 
R.  lobafa,  Hook. 

R.  glabra,  Linn 212 

R.  Caroliniana,  Mill. 
R.  elegans,  Ait. 
Var.  ladniata. 

R.  Integrifolia,  Benth  and  Hook..    212 
Stypfionia  integrifolia,  Nutt. 
S.  serrata,  Nutt. 

R.  laurina,  Nutt 214 

Lithrce  laurina,  Walp. 

R.  Me  topi  u  in,  Linn 214 

R.  Osbecki.DC 214 

R.  semialala,  Murr. 

R.  alata,  Sav. 

R.  Japonica,  Hort. 

R .  pumila,  Michx 212 

B.  Toxicodendrnn,  Linn 211 

Var.  quercifoliiim,  Michx. 
Var.  radicans,  Torr. 

R.  typhina,  Linn  4 214 

Robinia,  Linn 215 

R.  hispida,  Linn .215 

R  rosea,  Loisel. 

l?.  Peeudacacia,  Linn 215 

R.  viscosji,  Vent 215 

R.  glulinosa,  Curtis. 

Rose  acacia , 215 

Rose  Bay 209 

Sulisbnria  adiantifolia 236 

Salix,  Tour 215 

S.  cordata,  Muhl 216 

8.  lutea,  Nutt. 

Var.  Mackenziana,  Hook. 

Var.  Watsoni,  Bebb. 

S.  laevigata,  Bebb 216 

Var.  angusfi folia,  Bjbb. 
Var.  congesta,  Bebb. 

S.  lasiandra,  Benth 210 

8.  Hqffmanniana,  Hook.  &Arn. 
S.  speaosa,  Nutt. 

S,  argula,  var.  lasiandra,  Anders. 
Var,  typea,  Bebb. 


Var.  landfotia,  Bebb. 

8.  lancifolia,  Anders. 

Var.  Fendlenana,  Bebb. 

8  pentandra,  var.  caudata,  Nutt. 

8.  laeiolepis,  Benth 217 

Var.  Bigelowii,  Bebb. 
Var./oSoa?,  Bebi). 

S.  lucida,  Muhl 217 

S.  nigra,  Marsh 217 

S.  ambigua,  Pursh. 
8.  Houstoniana,  Pursh. 
8  Caroliniana,  Michx. 
S.falcata,  Pursh. 

Sambncua,  Tour 218 

S.  Canadensis,  Linn 219 

S.  glauca,  Nutt 218 

S.  pubens,  Michx 219 

S.  racemosa,  Linn 219 

Sapindus,  Linn 219 

S.  marginatus,  Willd 219 

S.  Saponaria,  Linn 219 

Sassafras  officinale,  Nees 219 

Lauras  Sassafras^  Linn. 
Persea  Sassafras,  Sprensr. 

Satin  Wood 7. 231 

Schaefferia  frutescens,  Jacq 220 

S.  completa,  Swartz. 
-SI  buxifolia,  Nutt. 

Schcepfia  arborescens,  R.  &  S 220 

Sciadopitys  verticillata,  Siebold  & 

Zucc 281 

Screw  Bean 189 

Screw-pod  Mesquit 190 

Sea-side  Grape 135 

Season  for  Transplanting 66 

Sebastiana  lucida,  Muell 220 

Gi/mnanthes  lucida,  Swartz. 
Excoecaria  lucida,  Swartz. 

Seedling  Black  Walnut ...    30 

S  •edlings  of  Conilerse 58 

Seedling  Maple 19 

Seedling  Pine ...     61 

Sequoia,  Endl  247 

S.  gigantea,  Decais-e 247 

Wettingtonia  gigantea,  Lindl. 
WasMngtonta  (Jalifornica,  T. 
S.  Wettingtonia.  Laws. 
Taxodinm  gigant.eum,  Kell.&Behr. 
Taxodium  Washingtonianum,  Wins- 
low. 

S.  sernpervirens,  Endl 246 

Taxodium  semfMrvirens,  Lamb. 
Schubertia  sernpervirens,  Spach. 

Service  Tree 105 

Shad  Bush 105 

Sheep  Berry 230 

Sht'plierdia,  Nutt 221 

S.  argentea,  Nutt 221 

S.  Canadensis,  Nutt 221 

S.  rotundifolia.  Parry 221 

Sideroxylon,  Linn 222 

S.  mastichodendron,  Jacq 222 

S.  pallidum,  Spreng. 
Biimelia  pallida.  Swartz. 
Biimeliafoetidissima,  Nutt. 

Silver  Bell  Tree 155 

Simaruba,  Aublet 222 

S.  glauca,  HBK 823 


298 


PRACTICAL  FORESTRY. 


Snowbal? '. , 

Snow-drop  Tree 

Soap  Berry 

Sophora,  Li  nn 

S.  afrinis,  Torr.  &  Gray 

Styphnolobmm  qffine,  Walp. 

S.  Japonica,  Sieh.. ! 

S.  secundiflora,  Lag 

S.  speciosa,  Torr. 

S.  tomentosa,  Linn 

Sorrel  Tree 

Sour  Gum 

Sowinir  Seeds 

Sweet  Gale 

Sweet  Gum 

Sweet  Leaf 

Spanish  Buckeye 

Spice  Tree.... 

Spoon  wood 

Spruce,  Douglass 

Black  or  Double. 

Engelmann's 

Norway 

Silver 

Sitcha 

Tiger's  Tail 

Stinking  Cedar 

Striped  Dog- wood 

Stuartia,  Catesby 

S.  Japonica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc 

S.  pentagynia,  L'Her... 

S.  Virginica,  Cav 

Sugar-berry 

Sumach 

Coral 

Dwarf 

Entire-leaved 

Evergreen  

Fragrant 

Oak-leaved .... 

Smooth 

Staghorn 

Venetian 

Swietenia  Mahagoni,  Linn 

Sycamore 

Symplocos  tinctoria,  L'Her 

Hopea,  tinctorea,  Linn. 

Tacamahac 

Tamarack 

Taxodium  distichum,  Richard..   .. 

Cupressm  distictia,  Linn. 

Taxus,  Tour 

T.  adpressa,  Knight 

T.  baccata,  Linn.,  var.  Canadensis, 
Gray 

T.  Canadensis,  Willd. 
T.  brevifolia,  Nutt 

T.  baccata,  Hook. 

T.  Boursieri,  Carriere. 

T.  Lindleyana,  Muir. 

T.  cuspidata,  Sieb  —   . 

T.  Floridana,  Nutt 

T.  globosa,  Schlect 

Torreya,  Arnott 

T.  California,  Torr 

T.  Myristica,  Muir. 

T.  grandis,  Fortune 

T.  nucifera,  Zucc 


155 
219 
222 
222 


223 
22-2 

223 
178 

175 
60 
174 
164 
224 
229 
228 
163 
246 
256 
256 
257 
257 
257 
258 
235 
92 
223 
224 
224 
224 
129 
210 
214 
212 
212 
214 
212 
211 
212 
211 
213 
224 
184 


234 


235 


Torreya,  Nut-bearing 338 

Tall 236 

T.  taxifolia,  Arn 235 

Thorn,  Barberry-leaved 139 

Coekspur.   . 139 

Douglass 139 

English  Hawthorn 141 

Evergreen 141 

Parsley-leaved 139 

Pear  or  Black 140 

Scarlet-fruited 139 


Small-leaved. 

Sp.itula-leaved. 
ii..  i 


140 
140 
139 
139 
152 
244 


Tall  Hawthorn 

Yellow-fruited 

Three-thorned  Acacia 

Thuya,  Tour 

T.  gi<zan tea,  Nutt 245 

T  plicata, 'Bonn. 
T.  Menziesii,  Dougl. 

T.  occidentalis.  Linn: 245 

Tilia  Americana,  Linn 225 

Var.  macrophytta,  Hort. 
Var.  ffitfaocens.  Gray. 
T.pubescens,  Ait. 
T.  laxifolia,  Michx. 

Tilia  Europsea,  Linn 226 

T.  heterophylla,  Vent 225 

T.  alba,  Michx. 
T.  la:riflora,  Pursh. 

Time  to  Prune 69 

Tooth-ache  Tree 231 

Tornilla 190 

Torch  Wood 106 

Toyon 156 

Transplanting  Seedlings 32 

Tree-Digger 29 

Trees  for  Shelter 17 

Tsuga  Cauadensis,  Carriere 254 

Finns  Canadensis,  Linn. 

Abies  Canadenxis,  Michx. 

Picea  Canadensis.  Link. 
T.  Mertensiana.  Bongard 255 

Pimis  Mertemiana,  Bong. 

Abies  Mertensiana,  Lindl. 

Abies  Albertiana,  Murr. 

Abies  Bridgesii,  Kellogg. 
T.  Pattoniana,  Engelm 255 

Abies  Pattoniana,  Jeffrey. 

Abies  Hookeriana,  Murr. 

Abies  Williamsonii,  Newberry. 

Pinus  Pattoniana,,  Parl. 

Tulip  Tree 166 

Tupelo 175 

Large 176 

Ulmus,  Linn ...  226 

U.  alata,  Michx  . .   227 

U.  pumila,  Nutt. 
U.  Americana,  Willd 227 

U.  Floridana,  Chapman. 
U.  crassifolia.  Nutt 227 

U.  opaca,  Nutt. 
U.  fulva,  Michx 227 

U.  rubra,  Michx. 

U.  racemosa,  Thomas 228 

Umbellularia  Calif ornica,  Nutt  ...  229 

Oreodaphne  Californica,  Nees. 

Tetrcmthera  Californica,  H.  &  Arn. 


INDEX. 


299 


Drlmyphy&ian  pmutftontm,  Nutt. 

Ungnadia  speciosa,  Eudl 229 

Umbrella  Tree 170 

Viburnum,  Linn 230 

V.  Lentago.  Linn 230 

V.  opulus,  Linn 230 

var.  o.rycocc>tSi  Pursh. 
Var.  ed'/le,  Pursh. 

V.  prunifolium.  Linn 230 

Virgilia  lutea.  Michx 128 

Virginia  Poplar 1H6 

Walnut 158 

Barthere 161 

Black 15!) 

Oalifornian 159 

Cut-leaved    162 

English  ..   160 

French 160 

Gibbous 161 

Small-fruited 161 

Water  Beech 115 

Wax  Myrtle 174 

West  Indian  Birch 114 

Whahoo 227 

White  Basewood. .     225 

White  Fringe  Tree 132 

White  Mangrove  164 

White  Wood  166 


|  Wicky 163 

Willow.  Babylonian 218 

Black 217 

Hoart-leaved 216 

Hooped-leaved 218 

Lo 'g-leaved 816 

Ring-leaved 218 

Shining 217 

Weeping 218 

White.   .  218 

Xanthoxylum,  Linn 231 

X.  Americanum,  Mill 232 

X.  Caribreum 231 

X.  Floiidamim,  Nutt. 

X.  Clava-Herculis,  Linn 231 

X.  Carotinianum,  Lam. 

1  X.  Pterota,  HBK 231 

!  Ximenia  Americana,  Linn 232 

Yeara 210 

Yellow  Cucumber  Tree 168 

Yellow  Wood  133 

Yew,  American 233 

Canada 233 

Florida 234 

Mexican 234 

Western 234 

Zizyphus  obtusifolius.  Gray 232 

Paliurus  Textnsis,  Scheele. 


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